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MIXTURES
A pure substance is defined as a substance having a constant and
uniform chemical composition (No chemical reaction taking place).
Properties of a mixture of gases can be determined as for a single gas,
e.g. the properties of air are considered as a single substance
1.1 Daltons Law and the Gibbs-Dalton Law
Consider;
(1.1)
By Daltons law:
P PA PB
(1.2)
m m i
or
(1.3)
or
P Pi
(1.4)
23.3
1 0.233kg
100
76.7
1 0.767kg
100
Thus,
PO 2
PO 2
PCO
PAV
R AT
m m A m B mC mi
P PA PB PC Pi
n n A n B nC ni
Where n
Figure
And referring to Figure 1.1
mA
PV A
R AT
PAV PV A
R AT R AT
i.e. PAV PV A
In general therefore,
Vi
Pi
V
P
(1.8)
Vi
i.e
Pi
V
V Pi
P
P
or
n A n B nC n
V A VB VC V
or
n n i
(1.9)
(1.10)
(1.11)
Therefore,
( PiV ) (ni T )
i.e.
VPi Tni
PV nT
Thus, the mixture is acted as a perfect gas and obeys all the perfect gas laws.
To find the specific gas constant for the mixture in terms of the specific gas
constants of the constituents,
i.e. PV mRT
and
PiV mi Ri T
Then,
PiV mi Ri T
or
VPi Tmi Ri
or
PV mRT Tmi Ri
i.e. mR mi Ri
or
where
mi
Ri
m
(1.12)
mi
is the mass fraction of a constituent.
m
PV nT
or
Pi ni
P n
(1.13)
(1.14)
This means that the molar analysis is identical with the volumetric analysis.
Another method of determining the molar mass is as follows:
mi
PiV
Ri T
and
PV
RT
m m i ,
or
Using equation of R
P
P
i i
i.e.
or
thus
P
P
i
R
Ri
Pi
i
P
(1.15)
Vi
i
V
and
ni
i
n
(1.16)
Example 1.2
Consider a gas mixture that consists of 3kg of oxygen (O2), 5kg of nitrogen
(N2), and 12kg of methane (CH4). Determine:
(a) the mass fraction of each component
(b) the mole fraction of each component
(c) the average molar and gas constant of the mixture
Solution:
(a) Total mass = 3 + 5 + 12 = 20kg
Oxygen:
mO 2
3
0.15
20
Nitrogen:
5
0.25
20
mN 2
Methane:
m NH 4
12
0.6
20
3
0.094kmol
32
Nitrogen:
nN 2
5
0.179kmol
28
Methane:
n NH 4
12
0.75kmol
16
u C v T . Hence,
mCvT mi CviT
Therefore,
mCv mi Cvi
Cv
or
mi
C vi
m
(1.18)
h C pT ,
Therefore;
mC pT mi C piT
Therefore;
mC p mi C pi
Cp
or
mi
C pi
m
(1.19)
mi
m
m
C pi i Cvi i (C pi Cvi )
m
m
m
mi
Ri
m
mi
Ri , therefore the mixture
m
C p Cv R
Cp
Cv
Cp
R
1
Cv
R
1
and
cv mC V
(1.20)
c p c v mC p mC v mR
And
mR
c p cv
(1.21)
From equation U mC vT
Also from equation m= nM and
mC v cv
U ncvT
(1.22)
and
U 1 (n A C vA n B C vB )T
and
Then
U1 = U2
i.e.
n C T
i.e.
U 2 T ni Cv
T ni Cvi
vi i
n C T
n C
i
vi i
vi
Another form of mixing is that which occurs when streams of fluid meet to
form a common stream in steady flow. The steady flow used in the mixing
section is
m C
i
T T mi CPi
Pi i
m C T
m C
i
Pi i
Pi
Hence, T
ni c piTi
n c
i
pi
i ni
i 1
Where is the compressibility factor for the mixture and i is that for a
component. Further by experience it is established that Daltons law is more
appropriate for mixtures at low pressures.
Example 1.3
A rigid tank contains 0.35kg of steam of quality 0.2 and 0.1kg of nitrogen
gas. If the temperature of the mixture is 90C, determine the volume of the
tank and the pressure of the mixture.
Solution:
mg
mT
0.2
65 .24 kPa
VN 2
0.07 2.361