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P. Rama Rao
ARCI, Hyderabad
Outline
The prospect
Review of the present status
The prospect
N.Y
T f (k . h . r)
The potential for Indias economic growth via its human capital (h) is
stupendous and exceeds that of the major competing nations 5
YEAR
No of Engg Graduates
INDIA
0.6 per
million,
1955
9600
1985
>36000
22%
% going to PG Education
No of Ph.Ds per million (1998)
50%
(2011)
22
Engg : Science
>2 : 1
$33400
USA
- 4 per 1000
INDIA
Central Universities
43
58
296
Private universities
100
State Universities
39
90
659
Colleges
33,023
Diploma-granting
institutions
12,748
Central
152
Central
669
Central
NIL
State
316
State
13,024
State
3,207
Private
191
Private
19,930
Private
9,541
10
43
58
140
38
8
----------287
Total intake
3,400
210
20,00,000
IITs (7+8)
7,500
NITs(20+10)
15,000
Other good institutions / universities
17,500
-----------40,000
The best account for less than 3%. System of accreditation dysfunctional.
12
Govt support to private institutions should be seriously considered
13
66%
51%
Engg.
MCA
15
100
80
64
66
52
60
40
29
30
20
0
12
Population
Univ.
Industries
Faculty shortage
17
> 20,00,000
faculty shortage
(at 1:15 students)
~ 80,000
shortage of PhDs
(at 1:2:6 cadre ratio)
~ 60,000
shortage of masters
~ 25,000
18
19
U.S.A
INDIA
~75,000
~20,00,000
(4% of India)
Masters
~37,500
(50% of India)
PhD
7500
(500% of India)
(Accounted for
by ~40 (~12%)
of the 3,400 institutions)
75,000
(4% of Bachelors)
1500
(< 0.1% of Bachelors)
21
3500
Patents
3000
2500
2000
1500
Israel ~ 1500
1000
India ~ 500
500
N G SATISH, ASCI
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
22
India
China
Israel
250
Patents
200
150
100
50
0
2001
2005
2010
2012
N G SATISH, ASCI
23
Papers
Impact
USA
1,89,000
6.1
ISRAEL
7000
5.5
24
CHINA
73000
3.9
25
INDIA
24000
3.6
Qualified manpower in
specialised fields
25
ARDE
TBRL
HEMRL
Armaments
Missiles
Light
combat
aircraft
ADA
DRDO
Avionics
ADE
ADRDE
CABS
CEMILAC
DARE
Aircraft
DEAL
IRDE
DLRL
LRDE
ADA
Aircraft
Engines
GTRE
Speciality topics
Aerodynamics
M. Tech
175
B. Tech
285
- CFD
- Experimental
Rocket propulsion
- Solid / Liquid rockets
- Ramjet / Scramjet
Aircraft engines
Airframe design
Guidance & control
Avionics
Fabrication
Materials
The concern is not so much about how many DRDO has in a given broad
field, but it is more about how many there are in a required specialisation.
Attrition thro
resignation
2005
Attrition thro
retirement
Reduced number
of experts
Improved manpower
with poor expertise
Addition of raw
scientists
Further
attrition
with no
Inputs
Further reduction of
manpower & expertise
Future
250000
M.Tech
5000
Ph.D
< ~50
(0.02% of
B.Tech)
29
2.5
2
Institutions Outturn
50,000
1.5
M.Sc
(Geology)
~50
~500
B.Tech
(Mining)
~10
~200
0.5
0
1983
500,000
2006
Reserves
Production (mT
OE)
Consumption
(mT OE)
Import
44
Bt
190
204
6%
6
b Barrels
38
120
68%
Exploration inadequate
Gas
1.0
trillion
Cu.m
27
30
10%
Wind
(Shore
based)
45,000
MW
<4000
MW
--
--
(Offshore)
No Data
Nil
Nil
Solar
Substantial
potential
~10 MW
using
Crystalline
silicon
Small
relative
to world
Mostly
imported
Coal
25 years ago
India
: 12 Bil. Tons
Australia
: 12 Bil. Tons
Brazil
: 12 Bil. Tons Oil
Currently
Australia
Brazil
India
: 50 Bil. Tons
: 40 Bil. Tons
: 12 Bil. Tons
Coal only 45 % of
potential coal
bearing area
surveyed so far
Remarks
~ 20,000 MW by 2012
International
flavour in our
Patents
US Patents 2011-12
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
India
China
Assigned to host
country institutions
Israel
Assigned to foreign
institutions
Military
Aircraft
Fusion energy
Genome
Indian Institute of
Science (IISc)
Indian Institute
of Technology
(IIT) Madras
Automotive
Research
Association of
India (ARAI),
Pune
Adhesive bonding
Institute for
Materials and
Beam
Technologies
(IWS), Dresden
Institute for
Manufacturing
Technology and
Applied Materials
Research (IFAM)
Institute for NonDestructive
Testing (IZFP)
34
Consequences of low
research across disciplines
35
Technology base
index (tbi)*
0.73
JAPAN
0.70
S. KOREA
0.67
INDIA
0.20
Successful stories
37
38
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Million People
Million Rupees
100000
90000
0.5
10000
0
0
1951 19611971 19811991 19982001 2004
CLRI founded in 1948 built up an organic link with Anna University in providing education in
leather technology. 1300 graduates have played the lead role in causing technological changes in
60% of Indian leather industry & 15% of Asian Industry.
CLRI was the only CSIR Laboratory to be established on a University Campus ( A.L. Mudaliyar)
First Head
Disciplines
OUTPUTS (20011-12)
Govt. Grant (per year)
Private funding
Faculty Strength
No. of Ph.Ds
No. of Cited Publications
No. of Patents filed
Donation, Sponsorship, etc.
Project Funding
Graduates
ICT ranked best PG centre in India and comparable to the best in the world.
39
40
Introduction
Key Highlights of NKN
NKN is a state-of-the-art multi-gigabit pan-India network for providing a unified high
speed network backbone for all knowledge related institutions in the country
9th April
National Informatics
Centre (NIC) designated
as the Project Execution
Agency
2009: Honble
President of India, Smt.
1500+ institutes to be
connected; connectivity
to 885 institutes has
already been provided
31 PoP
76 Backbone Links
216 Edge Links
NKN Connectivity
Educational
Research Labs
Institutions
CSIR/DAE/DRDO/ISRO/ICAR
NTRO
Cert-IN
EDUSAT
National
Internet
Exchange
Points (NIXI)
INTERNET
Connections to
Global Networks
(e.g. TEIN3)
NKN
MPLS
Clouds
Broad Band
Clouds
National / State
Data Centers/ Networks
BEIJING
HONGKONG
MADRID
MUMBAI INDIA
SINGAPORE
MUMB
AI
BANGALURU
DELHI
HYDERABAD
CHENNAI
GUWAHATI
KOLKATA
JAPAN
Over 1230
Over 1200
24
Disciplines
a)
b)
c)
d)
Basic sciences - 7
Engineering - 15
Humanities and Social Sciences 1
Mathematics - 1
Courtesy : Professor K Mangala Sunder
44
S Varma 2012
45
46
IIIT Hyderabad
Registered society through Public-Private partnership
State Government (Public) provided land and buildings
Plurality of private companies (therefore no single
company dominates management) invested in other
infrastructure and in a corpus fund via State Govt.
intervention
Governing Council chaired by an Internationally
acclaimed academic
Distinguished academic as the Director
Setup Research Centres
30% of B.Tech students choose the research option
and work toward B.Tech (Honours), 50% of whom go
on to one year MS by research
PhD Research underway
47
DAE-HBNI
Research centres: BARC, IGCAR, RRCAT, VECC,
Grant-in-aid institutions: SINP, HRI, IMSc, IPR, IOP
Academic programmes started in mid-2006.
Programmes include Ph.D. , M.Tech., M.Phil.,
M.Sc.(Engg.), M.Sc., Super-specialty and postgraduate medical courses, M.Sc.(Nursing), Diploma
in Nuclear Medicine, Diploma in Radiation Protection
etc.
Ph.D enrollment to-date : 1470 (engg - 330)
Output till now includes 194 PhDs, 8 MPhils , 19
MSc(engg.), 447 M.Techs., 48 from medical degree
programmes plus more from other programmes.
51
Level of excellence
Seems infeasible
High
Low
Low
High
Level of resources
Low
Most Public
Institutions
High
Most
Private
Institutions
in India
Present Situation
Level of autonomy
by Center needed
52
53
Setting a goal
54
INDIA
SOUTH
KOREA
FINLAND
U.S.A
1100
970
250
14000
R&D as % GNP
~1%
3%
2.8%
11.5%
3.5%
(nokia
alone 1%)
18%
<0.02
0.07
0.44
0.25
2900
15600
27,100
35800
20%
Worlds 30
of 40
topmost
universities
in USA
PhDs in S&T
RESEARCHERS
(Annually)
Electricity / Capita
INDIA
200,000
~7,000
650kWh
U.S.A.
1,200,000
~28,000
13,000kWh
Factor
~6
~4
~ 20
Bridging these
gaps doable
References
A Half-Century of Indian Higher Education
Essays by Philip G. Altbach, Ed Pawan Agarwal (SAGE
2012)
Profile of Engineering Education in India
Gautam Biswas et al INAE (Narosa 2010)
Indian Higher Education; Envisioning the Future
Pawan Agarwal (SAGE 2009)
Innovatiive India Rises
Ed L.K Sharma (Medialand, London, 2008)
India Science Report (NCAER 2005)
References
Science in India: Achievements & Aspirations (INSA
2010)
Higher Science Education, P.Rama Rao
Engg and Technical Education in India, D.V.Singh
Higher Education in Science and R &D: Challenges
and the Road Ahead (INSA, IASc 2006)
School
Restructuring
Post
Programme, Curr Sci (2008)
Science
Teaching
Thank you
DAE-HBNI
HBNI runs a unique Ph.D. programme where a student has two
supervisors: one having strength in basic research and the other
having strength in technology development. Aim of this programme
and HBNI itself is to develop strong epistemic bridges between
science, engineering and technology.
HBNI has helped DAE to strengthen academic collaborations
within its units and also outside. Formal arrangements established
with IIT-Bombay; IIT-Madras; IIT-Kanpur; Institute of Chemical
Technology, Mumbai; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research;
Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata; Jadavpur University, Kolkata;
Commissariat lnergie Atomique (CEA), France; and University of
Virginia, USA. Likely to be established with IISc, Bangalore;
University of North Texas, USA; and University of Texas at Austin,
USA.
retired
teachers
with
augmented
63
Animations/ visuals /
illustrations, video
demonstrations/documentar
ies and interactive
simulations wherever
required
Supplementary reading/Wiki
Development on the course,
other resources /open content
in the internet, Case studies,
anecdotal information,
historical development of the
subject
Problems, quizzes,
assignments and solutions,
online feedback through
discussion forums and setting
up the FAQ