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hjchoi@cau.ac.kr
School of Mechanical
Engineering
Contents
Introduction
Square-Threaded Screws
Angles of Friction
Problems Involving Dry Friction
Sample Problem 8.1
Sample Problem 8.3
Wedges
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-2
Introduction
In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact were
either frictionless (surfaces could move freely with respect to each
other) or rough (tangential forces prevent relative motion between
surfaces).
Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces
in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if
one attempts to move one relative to the other.
However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not
prevent motion if sufficiently large forces are applied.
The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a matter
of degree.
There are two types of friction: dry or Coulomb friction and fluid
friction. Fluid friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The
present discussion is limited to dry friction between nonlubricated
surfaces.
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-3
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-4
m k @ 0.75m s
Maximum static-friction force and kineticfriction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of
contact surfaces
- independent of contact area
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-5
No friction,
(Px = 0)
No motion,
(Px < Fm)
Motion impending,
(Px = Fm)
Motion,
(Px > Fm)
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-6
Angles of Friction
It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force
N and friction force F by their resultant R:
No friction
No motion
Fm m s N
tan f s =
=
N
N
tan f s = m s
Motion impending
Motion
Fk m k N
tan f k =
=
N
N
tan f k = m k
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-7
Angles of Friction
Consider block of weight W resting on board with
variable inclination angle q.
No friction
No motion
Motion
impending
Motion
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8-8
Coefficient of static
friction is known
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 10
Fx = 0 :
100 N - 53 (300 N ) - F = 0
F = -80 N
Fy = 0 :
N - 54 (300 N ) = 0
N = 240 N
Calculate maximum friction force and compare
with friction force required for equilibrium. If it is
greater, block will not slide.
Fm = m s N
Fm = 0.25 ( 240 N ) = 60 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 12
Fx = 0 : N B - N A = 0
Fy = 0 : FA + FB - W = 0
NB = N A
0.25 N A + 0.25 N B - W = 0
0.5 N A = W
N A = N B = 2W
M B = 0 : N A (6 cm ) - FA (3 cm ) - W ( x - 1.5 cm ) = 0
6 N A - 3(0.25 N A ) - W ( x - 1.5) = 0
6(2W ) - 0.75(2W ) - W ( x - 1.5) = 0
x = 12 cm
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 14
Wedges
Wedges - simple
machines used to raise
heavy loads.
Force required to lift
block is significantly
less than block weight.
Friction prevents wedge
from sliding out.
Want to find minimum
force P to raise block.
Block as free-body
Wedge as free-body
Fx = 0 :
Fx = 0 :
- N1 + m s N 2 = 0
- m s N 2 - N 3 (m s cos 6 - sin 6)
Fy = 0 :
+P=0
Fy = 0 :
- W - m s N1 + N 2 = 0
or
r r
v
R1 + R2 + W = 0
- N 2 + N 3 (cos 6 - m s sin 6) = 0
or
r r
r
P - R2 + R3 = 0
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 15
Square-Threaded Screws
Square-threaded screws frequently used in jacks, presses, etc.
Analysis similar to block on inclined plane. Recall friction
force does not depend on area of contact.
Thread of base has been unwrapped and shown as straight
line. Slope is 2pr horizontally and lead L vertically.
Moment of force Q is equal to moment of force P. Q = Pa r
Impending motion
upwards. Solve for
Q.
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 17
Q
W
)(
= 2.975 103 N 5 10 -3 m
Torque = 14.87 N m
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 19
8 - 20
Rrm k
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 21
mk P
2p R2
p R22 - R12
) 0 R
r 2 drdq
R23 - R13
= 23 m k P 2
R2 - R12
SOLUTION:
With the load on the left and force
P on the right, impending motion
is clockwise to raise load. Sum
moments about displaced contact
point B to find P.
Impending motion is counterclockwise as load is held
stationary with smallest force P.
Sum moments about C to find P.
With the load on the left and force
P acting horizontally to the right,
impending motion is clockwise to
raise load. Utilize a force triangle
to find P.
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 24
= 0:
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 25
= 0:
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 26
sin q =
P = 577 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 27
Belt Friction
Relate T1 and T2 when belt is about to slide to right.
Draw free-body diagram for element of belt
Dq
Dq
(
)
F
=
0
:
T
+
D
T
cos
T
cos
- m s DN = 0
x
2
2
Dq
Dq
(
)
F
=
0
:
D
N
T
+
D
T
sin
T
sin
=0
y
2
2
Combine to eliminate DN, divide through by Dq,
DT
Dq
DT sin (Dq 2 )
cos
- m s T +
Dq
2
2 Dq 2
8 - 28
School of Mechanical
Engineering
8 - 29
T1 =
600 N
= e 0.25(2p 3) = 1.688
T1
600 N
= 355.4 N
1.688