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AC analysis 2
Course organization
TSANG, Stephen
E-mail:
Tel:
Office:
saitsang@cityu.edu.hk
3442-4618
P6706
Lecture 08 - Review
v R IP R sin(wt )
V L dI
dt
v L wLIP cos(wt )
vC -
Q
V
Ip
wC
i C dV
dt
cos(wt )
Lecture 08 - Review
Graphical
representation of
complex impedance
Pin, Vin
Rin
Pout, Vout
Rout
Lecture 09 - Outline
High-pass RC filter
Filter representation
Transfer function
Low-pass RL filter
4. Received by an antenna
3. Transmit in air
AM
FM
How to extract the sound?
Source: National Radio and Astronomy Observatory
FM receiver
In human, the audible range of frequency: 20Hz
to 20kHz
FM carrier frequency: 88-108MHz
A resonance circuit
Frequency response
A High-Pass RC Filter
10
RC Filter 1/2
1) Use complex numbers:
2) Find impendence:
where : tan -1
~ ~ ~
i vi / Z
3) Calculate current:
1
wRC
(w )
Vpe j (wt )
R 2 (1/ w 2C 2 )
i I p sin(wt )
(w I p )
11
RC Filter 2/2
v i Vp sinwt v~i Vpe jwt
Find
output:
v o iR
VpR
R (1/ w C )
2
Define: = RC , then:
vo
sin(wt )
Vpw
w 1
vo
vo
w 2 2
(w
)
2 2
vi
1 w
vi
2 2
VpRCw
w R C 1
2
sin(wt )
sin(wt )
vi
1 w 2 2
If : w 1
vo
1, Then high f signals can pass
vi
vo
If : w 1
0, Then low f signals can' t pass
vi
vo
If : w 1
vi
1
0.707
2
12
13
14
15
Differentiating Circuit
v i Vp sinwt
As we saw before : v R iR
Vp sin(wt )
1 (wRC )-2
Vp sin(wt )
1 (wRC)-2
wRCVp cos wt
dv i
v o v R RC
dt
This is a
differentiating
circuit!
16
Transfer function
vo
Z2
vi
Z1 Z 2
17
A Low-Pass RL Network
vi
Z R Z L R jwL 1 jw L
R
fc
wc
R
Hz
2p 2pL
18
A High-Pass RL Network
R
vi
Z R Z L R jwL 1 R
1- j
jwL
wL
R 1
wc
rad/s
L
fc
wc
R
Hz
2p 2pL
19
Low-pass filter
20
21
1
1
R j(wL )
jwC
wC
1
w
LC
2
1
LC
22
1
LC
1
LC
23
is known as resonance
24
Quality factor
The resonant effect can be quantified by the quality
factor, Q
1 L
Q
R C
Quality factor Q
WHY?
X L XC
R
R
What happens
when R 0?
25
RLC Resonance
1
LC
fo
1
2p LC
1 L
R C
Key points
26
In such frequency dependent system, we concern about the cutoff frequency, phase changes, quality(Q) factor.
Transient response
27
28
iR v V
In a capacitor we have:
i C
dv
dt
dv
Therefore : CR
v V
dt
i Ie
t
CR
Ie
(I=V/R)
29
Charging Capacitors(2/2)
v V (1 - e
t
CR
) V (1 - e )
i Ie
t
CR
Ie
30
Energizing Inductors
Rt
L
Ve
where I = V/R
i I (1 - e
Rt
t
L )I (1 - e )
31
Discharging Capacitors
Then:
dv
CR
v 0
dt
t
CR
t
CR
Ve
-Ie
(I = V/R)
De-energizing Inductors
Rt
L
(I = V/R)
-Ve
i Ie
Rt
L
Ie
32
33
i If (Ii - If )e- t /
34
Tutorial
The input voltage of this CR circuit
changes from 5 V to 10 V at t = 0.
What is the output voltage?
35
36
37
38
Second-Order Systems
39
RC
vC V
2
dt
dt
40
w n 2 dt 2
2 dy
y x
w n dt
41
Key Points
42
The increasing or decreasing exponential waveforms of firstorder systems can be described by the initial and final value
formulae
43
Tutorial
As we increase R, the frequency range over which the dissipative characteristics
dominate the behavior of the circuit increases. In order to quantify this behavior we
define a parameter called the Quality Factor Q which is related to the sharpness
of the peak and it is given by
Q = 2p
1
1
ES = LI 2 + CV 2
2
2
For Vc = Asin(t) the current flowing in the circuit is I = C dVc/dt =
CAcos(t) . The total energy stored in the reactive elements is
44
1
1
ES = Lw 2C 2 A 2 cos2 (wt ) + CA 2 sin 2 (wt )
2
2
1
At the resonance frequency where = 0 the
w
=
0
energy stored in the circuit becomes
LC
1
ES = CA 2
2
The energy dissipated per period is equal to the average
resistive power dissipated times the oscillation period.
ED = R I
1 RC 2
w 02C 2 A 2 2p
= R
= 2p
A
2
w
2
w
L
w0 L
R
1
1 L
=
w 0 RC R C
45
Tutorial
Z=
1
1+ jR wC
wL
w0 =
1
LC
Q = w0CR