Communications Systems tutorial 3v1 (lectures 8-11) Solutions

1) i) The maximum frequency deviation is 1V (the peak value of the intelligence signal) multiplied by 20
kHz/V (the sensitivity of the voltage controlled oscillator) to give a peak (maximum) deviation of 20
kHz. The modulation index is the maximum deviation divided by the intelligence frequency, which gives
2 in this case.
ii) 10 cos (t+2.0cos t)
iii) For a modulation index of 2, the Bessel functions are J0=0.22389, J1=0.57672, J2=0.35283,
J=30.12894, J4=0.03400.
This makes the voltage equation of the waveform
10(
0.22 cos ()+
-0.58cos[(- )t]+0.58cos[(+)t]+
+0.35cos[(- )t]+0.35cos[(+)t]+
-0.13cos[(- )t]+0.58cos[(+)t]+
+0.03cos[(- )t]+0.03cos[(+)t]+
)
iv) Carsons rule is

BW 2( max f imax )
In our case the maximum deviation is 20 kHz and the maximum intelligence frequency is 10 kHz, giving
a bandwidth of 60 kHz.
The percentage power within this bandwidth is easy to calculate if you remember that the sum of the
squares of the Bessel coefficients is 1 and that there are two terms with each Bessel coefficient except J0
(the carrier term). The percentage power within the 60 kHz is therefore:-

( J 02 2 J12 2 J 22 2 J 32 ) 100%
[ 0.223892 2 (0.57672 2 ) 2 (0.352832 ) 2 ( 0.128942 )] 100%
99.75677%
This is consistent with the statement that the Carson's rule bandwidth contains at least 98% of the power.
If we add the next term in the series, 2J4, with J4 = 0.03400, this gives the percentage power in the terms
up to J4 as 99.98797, so more than 99.9% of the power is contained within 80 kHz.
v) The signal is clearly wideband as there is significant energy beyond J1 and the modulation index is
greater than 1.
2) Looking at Bessel function tables, the carrier term J0 is -0.18 for modulation index 5.0 and 0.15 for
modulation index 6.0, so around a modulation index of ~5.5, J0 is zero. With a modulation index of 8.0,
J0 is 0.17 and with a modulation index of 9.0, J0 is -0.09 so around a modulation index of 8.7, J0 is zero.
3) i) For AM with modulation index 1, only 1/3 rd of the energy is in the sidebands, so assuming perfect
synchronous demodulation, the input signal to noise ratio of 5 dB (a power ratio of 3.16), the output
signal to noise ratio would be a power ratio of 1.054 or 0.22 dB. This is far too small for any practical
application. Note this figure can be even worse if an envelope detector is used or if the average
modulation index has to be reduced to prevent over modulation with intelligence signals with large
dynamic range such as speech or music.
ii) For SSB with ideal demodulation, all the energy is in the information carrying sideband, so the signal
to noise ratio out is the same as the signal to noise ratio in, in this case 5 dB
iii) For DS-SC with ideal demodulation, all the energy is in the two information carrying sidebands. As
long as the detector makes use of both sidebands, the signal to noise ratio out is the same as the signal to
noise ratio in, 5 dB in this case.
iv) For FM with an input signal to noise ratio of 5 dB (an amplitude ratio of 1.78), the maximum phase
shift occurs when the noise is at ninety degrees to the signal:-

N=1.0
=34.18
R=1.78

This gives the maximum phase shift as 34.18 (0.5966 rad). With a maximum intelligence frequency of
15 kHz, this gives a maximum deviation of 0.596615 kHz = 8.949 kHz. However, the maximum
deviation for this system is 60 kHz, giving an output amplitude signal to noise ratio of 6.705 or 16.53 dB.
4) The answer to this is related to the question above. The worst case signal to noise ratio occurs for high
frequency signals, so pre-emphasis is used to boost these before transmission and de-emphasis used at the
receiver to restore the signal to its natural level, thus this system increases the signal to noise ratio for the
high frequency signals, i.e. reduces hiss at the output. However, if the simple emphasis system as
described above is used for strong high frequency signals, the bandwidth of the transmission would
increase. Therefore dynamic pre-emphasis only boosts weak high frequency signals and not strong ones,
roughly maintaining the original bandwisth.
5) Many methods are possible here. Using a varactor diode to vary the capacitance and therefore the
output frequency in an oscillator circuit as shown in figure 5-12 of the notes/book is capable of producing
wideband modulation, but is also not very stable and the modulation not very linear. This would also
apply to the simple FM modulator such as shown figure 5-1. The Crosby modulator, figure 5-15) or the
wideband FM modulator shown in figure 5-18 have both wideband modulation and sufficient frequency
stability as they both have their carrier frequency controlled by a crystal oscillator.
6) A noise free FM signal should not have any variation in its peak amplitude. Therefore a limiter can
remove any signal which goes beyond the expected peak amplitude on an FM signal before it is passed to
a detector (discriminator) which might be sensitive to amplitude noise (e.g. the slope detector shown in
figure 6-6 would be sensitive to amplitude noise). Some FM detectors (such as the phase locked loop in
figure 6-12) are naturally insensitive to amplitude noise and therefore have a built in limiting function.
7) Slope detectors as shown in figure 6-6 and the quadrature detector shown in figure 6-10 can both
detect FM signals i.e. turn them back into audio signals. However, for a high quality audio output, the
phase locked loop in figure 6-12 has the advantage of a natural limiting function, high gain and a natural
AGC function and therefore is best for high quality audio output.