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TRUSS CONNECTIONS
Type of connections to be fixed at conceptual stage
planar trusses
Web members may be directly welded to chord
members
Eccentricities
Element centroidal axes not intersecting at a point
Connection centroid not coinciding with the
element centroid
EAVES CONNECTION
Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,
SERC Madras, ANNA Univ,
e P
e
(a)
(b)
MOMENT TRANSMISSION AT
CORNER USING A SHEAR PANEL
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(b)
10
11
X-X
X Only weld here if its
absence could lead to
corrosion
HYBRID CONNECTION
X
Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,
SERC Madras, ANNA Univ,
12
13
Web angles
Beam seats
Shear connections
Stiffened beam seats
Moment resistant connections
14
End return
Erection bolt
15
w kg /m
w kg / m
wl2 / 8
+
(a)
wl2 / 24
wl2 / 12
+
(b)
w kg /m
wl2 / 24
wl2 / 12
w kg /m
wl2 / 12
wl2 / 24
wl2 / 16
(c)
wl2 / 16
+
wl2 / 16
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
16
End returns
End returns
Erectio
n bolts
17
R/2 R/2
e
0.1
L
0.6L
End return
0.9L
0.3L
fh
Beam web
18
Top angle
Optional
location of top L
Erection Bolts
Erection bolt
19
20
Continuous structures
Connections are designed to resist full moments
Efficient connections
Moment resistance may reduce
Bending of the column at the connection point
Top connection plate tries to bend column flange
21
Groove weld
Fillet weld
End connection plate
(b)
C
Stiffened seat
(a)
22
Weld is over
stressed here
(a)
(b)
23
FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Number of cycles or the time taken to attain a
pre- defined failure criteria eg. Bridges,Crane
girders
High cycle low stress fatigue - 108 cycles
Low-cycle high stress fatigue <105 cycles
Corrosion fatigue
Uncertain features due to
Environmental effects
Prediction of internal stresses
Time to failure
Methods of analysis
S-N approach and fracture mechanics approach
Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,
SERC Madras, ANNA Univ,
24
25
Stress range
Stress concentration
Rate of cyclic loading
Residual stresses
Size
Geometry
Environment
Temperature
Previous stress history
26
27
FATIGUE MECHANISM
10
-3
min
5*10 6 mm
(a) Fine slip
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Nominal stress
Hot spot stress
Number of stress reversals before failure
35
36
R = Smin / Smax
S
tr
e
s
s
Se
Se = Alternating stress altitude
Smax
Sm
Sr
One load cycle
Time
Smin
Sr = Stress range
Sm =Mean stress
Smax =Maximum stress
Smin =Minimum stress
37
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
38
F1,00,000
S
F2,000,000
N
Cycles to failure N (Log scale)
F1,00,000 = fatigue strength for 100,000 Cycles
F2000,000 = fatigue strength for 2000,000
Cycles
39
GOODMAN DIAGRAM
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
33% of Ultimate
40
True spectrum
st1
st2
st3
st4
st5
n1 n2 n3 n4
n5
41
Fracture mechanics
Presence of cracks is accounted
K = Y** P a
Stress intensity factor,K
da
log10
vs log10 D k
dN
da
m
= c (D k )
dN
Paris equation
42
-3
-6
Non
continuum
mechanism
Threshold DKth
Continuum
mechanism
(striation
growth)
B
m
1
-9
Log10 DK
43
44
f e = (f bt ) + 3 (f S )
2
(f bc )2 + 3 (f S )2
or
f e = (f bc ) + (f b ) + (f bt f b ) + 3 (f S ) or (f bc ) + (f b ) - (f bc f b ) + 3 (f S )
2
45
46
Ends of Flange
Plates Whether
Weld transversely
or not
X
X
In this case load is
resisted by bending of
the plate
Check principal stress in web at ends of
stiffener to web welds (or equally at any other
attachment to a shear-loaded
m ember)
47
X
X
48
X Member under
consideration
Cruciform
Egg box
X
X
(b)
X
(c)
49
50
51
52
53
54
SUMMARY
Types of beam-to-beam and beam-to-column
welded connections are described.
Fatigue effects and factors affecting fatigue
behaviour of welded connections are explained.
Methods of evaluating fatigue lives of welded
connections are presented.
Techniques for improving fatigue performance
and fracture resistant design are explained.
Indian Standard codal provisions are included.
55