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Lecture 8
Power Dividers and Couplers

A. Nassiri -ANL
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators
USPAS 2010
Power dividers and directional couplers

Basic properties of dividers and couplers
three-port network (T-junction), four-port network (directional coupler),
directivity measurement
The T-junction power divider
Lossless divider, lossy divider
The Wilkinson power divider
Even-odd mode analysis, unequal power division divider,
N-way Wilkinson divider
The quadrature (90) hybrid branch-line coupler
Coupled line directional couplers
Even- and odd-mode Z0, single-section and multisection coupled line
couplers
The Lange coupler
The 180 hybrid
- rat-race hybrid, tapered coupled line hybrid

Other couplers
reflectometer
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Basic properties of dividers and couplers

N-port network
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Three-port network (T-junction)
Discussion
1. Three-port network cannot be lossless, reciprocal and matched at all ports.
2. Lossless and matched three-port network is nonreciprocal
circulator
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3. Matched and reciprocal three-port network is lossy

resistive divider
4. Lossless and perfect isolation three-port network cannot be matched at
all ports.
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Four-port network (directional coupler)
Input port 1
Through port 2
Isolated port 4
Coupled port 3
Coupling:
Directivity:
Isolation:
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Discussion
1. Matched, reciprocal and lossless four-network
symmetrical
(90) directional coupler or antisymmetrical (180) directional
coupler.
2. C = 3dB
90 hybrid (quadrature hybrid, symmetrical coupler),
180 hybrid (magic-T hybrid, rate-race hybrid)
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The T-junction power divider

Lossless divider
not practical
Lossless divider has mismatched ports
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Resistive (lossy) divider
matched ports
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Wilkinson power divider

Basic concept
Input port 1 matched, port 2 and port 3 have equal potential
2Z 0 , 4
Input port 2, port 1 and port 3 have perfect isolation
lossy, matched and good isolation (equal phase) three-port divider
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The Wilkinson power divider has these advantages:
1. It is lossless when output ports are matched.
2. Output ports are isolated.
3. It can be designed to produce arbitrary power division.
Port 2
/4
Port 1
2Z 0
Z0
Z0
Film resistor
R = 2Z0
Z0
2Z 0
/4
2Z 0
2Z b
Port 1
Z0
Port 2
Port 3
Z0
R = 2Z0
Z0
Port 3
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If we inject a TEM mode signal at port 1, equal in-phase signals reach
points a and b. Thus, no current flows through the resistor, and equal
signals emerge from port 2 and port 3. The device is thus a 3dB power
divider. Port 1 will be matched if the /4 sections have a characteristic
impedance 2Z 0 .
If we now inject a TEM mode signal at port 2, with matched loads placed
on port 1 and on port 3, the resistor is effectively grounded at point b. Equal
signals flow toward port 1, and down into the resistor, with port 2 seeing a
match. Half the incident power emerges from port 1 and half is dissipated in
the resistor film.
Similar performance occurs when port 1 and port 2 are terminated in
matched loads, and a TEM mode signal is injected at port 3.
If we choose the terminal planes at 1.0 wavelengths from the three Tee
junctions, the scattering matrix is
0
1
[S ] = j
2
j
j
0
0
j
0
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Wilkinson power divider for unequal power splits
P2
Z 02
P1
R2 = KZ0
Z0
Z 03
P3
R3 = Z0/K
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Design a Wilkinson power divider with a power division ration of 3 dB and a source
impedance of 50
Solution:
P3
= 0.5(3dB )
P2
P3 1
2
K =
= K = 0.707
P2 2
Z 03 = Z 0
1+ K 2
K3
1 + 0.5
= 50
= 103.0
(.5)(.707 )
Z 02 = K Z 03 = (.5)(103 ) = 51.5
2
1
1
R = Z 0 K + = 50 0.707 +
= 106.1
K
0.707
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The output impedances are
R 2 = Z 0K = 50(0.707 ) = 35.35
R 3 = Z 0 K = 50 / 0.707 = 70.72
50
Z 03 = 103
R = 106.1
Z 02 = 51.5
Z 0 = 50
Z 0 = 50
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Bethe-Hole Directional Coupler

This the simplest form of a waveguide directional coupler. A small hole in the
common broad wall between two rectangular guides provides 2 wave components
that add in phase at the coupler port, and are cancelled at the isolation port.
Coupling hole
COUPLED
ISOLATED
THROUGH
2b
1
S
2
b
INPUT
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Let the incident wave at Port 1 be the dominant TE10 mode:
Top Guide
Port 3
(coupled)
E y = A sin
Hx =
e j z
x
A
sin e jz
Z 10
a
+
A10
A10
A10
Port 1
(input)
Coupling
hole
+
A10
Port 2
(through)
Bottom Guide
A = amplitude of electric field (V m-1)
Z0 =
0
1 ( 0 2a )
x jz
jA
cos e
Hz =
aZ 10
a
= 0 1 ( 0 2a )2
= wave impedance,
dominate mode,
= phase constant rad/m
0 = 2 0
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In the bottom guide the amplitude of the forward scattered wave is given by
jA
2 s 0 m
+
A10 =
0e sin
2
P10
a
Z 10
2
2 s
s
2
sin
+
cos
2
2
a
a
while the amplitude of the reversed scattered wave is given by
0 m
A
2 s
+
A10 =
0e sin
2
P10
a
Z 10
where
P10 =
ab
Z 10
2
2 s
s
2
sin
cos
2 2
a
a
For round coupling hole or radius r0, we have
2 2
e = r0
3
4 2
m = r0
3
electric polarizability
magnetic polarizability
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Let s = offset distance to hole
a
s
We can then show that
sin
2 20 a 2
The coupling factor for a single-hole Bethe Coupler is
A
C = 20log (dB )
A10
and its directivity is
A10
D = 20log + (dB )
A10
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Design procedure:
1. Use
2. Use
sin
C = 20 log
2 20 a 2
A
A10
(dB )
to find position of hole.
to determine the hole radius r0 to
give the required coupling factor.
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Typical x-Band -20 dB coupler
0
C
C ( dB) - 20
D (dB)
- 40
- 60
6
10
11
Frequency (GHz)
Note: Coupling very broad band, directivity is very
narrow band (for single-hole coupler)
We can achieve improved directivity bandwidth by
using an array of equispaced holes.
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UPPER GUIDE
Port 4
(ISO)
B0
F0 B1
F1 B2
F2 BN
Port 1
B0
F0 B1
F1
F2
B2
FN
BN
FN
Port 4
Coupl
Port 2
TRU
n=0
n=1
d
n=2
d
n=N
d
Let a wave of value 10 be injected at Port 1. If the holes are small, there is
only a small fraction of the power coupled through to the upper guide so that
we can assume that the wave amplitude incident on all holes is essentially
unity. The hole n causes a scattered wave Fn to propagate in the forward
direction, and another scattered wave Bn to propagate in the backward
direction. Thus the output signals are:
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Port 1 (input)
and Port 4 (isolated)
Port 2 (through)
B (1) = B (4 ) =
(2 ) =
FTotal
j 2 nd
B
e
n
n =0
jN d
e jNd
Fn
main incident wave

= 0
N
forward scattered waves
(
)
j
N
d
3
Port 3 (coupled)
F =e
Fn
n =0
All of these waves are phase referenced to the n = 0 hole.
N
C = 20 log F (3) = 20 log
F n dB
n =0
N
j 2 nd
B
e
n
(
4)
B
D = 20 log (2 ) = 20 log n = 0 N
dB
( )
Fn
( )
n =0
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We can rewrite this as
N
n =0
n =0
D = 20 log B ne j 2nd + 20 log F n
= C 20log
j 2nd
B
e
n
n =0
The coupling coefficients are proportional to the polarizability e and m of

the coupling holes. Let rn = radius of the nth hole. Then the forward scattering
coefficient from the nth hole is
+
(n )
F n = A10
And the backward scattering from the hole is
(n )
B n = A10
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Now let us assume the coupling holes are located at the midpoint across
common broad wall, i.e. s = a/2. Then for circular holed, we have
Fn =
But
0 =
+
A10
k0
2 0 A
2 0 3
=j
1
rn
2
3P10 0 Z 10
and
F n = K f rn
2
Z 10
02
1 ( 2a )2
0
02
f
1 c
2
f
j 2 k0 A
where K f =
1 2 1 c f

30P10

Let A = 1 v/m. Then
j 2 k0
Kf =
30P10
f 2
2 c 1
f
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Likewise the backward scattering coefficient is
2 k0
Kb =
30P10
f 2
2 c 3
f
and
n = K b rn3
Note that Kf and Kb are frequency-dependent constants that are the same for
all aperture. Thus,
N
C = 20 log K f 20 log
3
r
n
(dB )
n =0
D = C 20 log K b 20 log rn3e j 2nd
(dB )
n =0
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Consider the following design problem:
Given a desired coupling level C, how do we design the coupler so that the directivity D is
above a value Dmin over a specified frequency band? N
Fn
Note that if the coupling C is specified, then
is known.
n =0
We now assume that either (1) the holes scatter symmetrically (e.g. they are
on the common narrow wall between two identical rectangular guides) or (2)
holes scatter asymmetrically (e.g. they are on the centerline of the common
broad wall, i.e. s=a/2 ). Thus:
or
Bn = F n
B n = F n
Fn
In either case, we have
D = 20log
n =0
N
F ne j 2nd
n =0
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Bethe-Hole Directional
Coupler
N
Thus, keeping the directivity D > Dmin is equivalent to keeping
j 2nd
F
e
n
n =0
below a related minimum value. Let
= 2d and w = e j = e j 2d
We also introduce the function
g (d ) =
j 2 nd
g () =
F
e
n
n =0
g (w ) =
n
F
w
n
n =0
Thus we have
D = 20log
g (1) =
jn
F
e
n
n =0
N
Fn n
= FN
w = F N (w w n )
F
n =0 N
n =1
N
g (1)
g (w )
C / 20
F
=
10
n
Coupling
factor (dB)
n =0
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From the previous two equations we can deduce that
max
= g (1) 10 D min / 20
The multi-hole coupler design problem thus reduces to finding a set of roots wn
that will produce a satisfactory g(w), and thus a satisfactory D(f) in the desired
frequency band under the constraint that
g (w ) g
max .
Example: Design a 7-hole directional coupler in C-band waveguide with a binomial
directivity response to provide 15 dB coupling and with Dmin =30 dB. Assume an operating
center frequency of 6.45 GHz and a hole spacing d = g/4 (or g + g/4). Also assume broadwall coupling with s = a/2.
Solution:
From g (w ) = F N
(w w n )
, we have
n =1
6
g (w ) = F 6 (w w n ) where w n = e j 2d = 1
g (w ) = F 6 (w + 1)6 = F 6 w 6 + 6w 5 + 15w 4 + 20w 3 + 15w 2 + 6w + 1

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Thus,
g (1) = F 6 (1 + 1)6 = 64 F 6 = 10 15 20 = 0.1778
F 6 = 0.00278 = F 0
By the binomial expansion we have
(w
where,
+ 1) =
6
C n(6 ) =
(6 )w n
C
n
n =0
6!
N!
=
(N n )! n! (6 n )! n!
is the set of binomial coefficients
Thus
F 5 = F1 = 6 F 6 = 0.01667
F 4 = F 2 = 15 F 6 = 0.04168
F 3 = 20 F 6 = 0.05557
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We now can compute the radii of the coupling holed from
F n = K f rn
where
2
f
j 2 k0 A
Kf =
1 2 1 c f

30P10

and
2
j 2 k0 f c
Kf =
2 1
30P10 f
We have with fc = 4. 30 GHz for C-Band guide, f =6.45 GHz, k0 =2/0 =135.1 m-1,
0 =376.7 , P10 = ab/Z10,
Z 10 = 0
Kf =
f
1 c
f
= 505.4 , P10 = 1.08 10 6 m 2
2 135.1
3 376.7 1.08 10 6
4.30 2
2
1 = 24598
6.45
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The hole radii are:
13
0.00278
r0 =
K
f
= 0.00483m = r6 0.483cm
13
0.01667
= 0.00878m = r5 0.878cm
r1 =
Kf
13
0.04168
= 0.011921m = r4 1.192cm
r2 =
Kf
13
0.05557
r3 =
Kf
= 0.0131m 1.31cm
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4.68 cm
2r0 = 0.966cm 2r1 = 1.756cm
a = 3.485cm
2 r3 = 2.62cm
2 r2 = 2.384cm
Top view of C-Band guide common broad wall with coupling holes
The guide wavelength is
g =
= 0.624 m
4.3
1
6.45
g
= 1.56cm . However, the center hole
The nominal hole spacing is d =
4
has a diameter of 2.62 cm, so it would overlap with adjacent holes. We can
3
g
increase the hole spacing to d =
= 4.68cm
4
performance.
with no effect on electrical
The total length of the common broad wall section with coupling holes is ~
30 cm, which is fairly large WG section.
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We now plot the coupling and directivity vs. frequency
6
j j
j
j
6
2 2
6
j
g (w ) = F 6 (w + 1) = F 6 e + 1 = F 6 e
e + e 2 = F 6 2e 2 cos
6
g (w ) = 2 F 6 cos
= 0.1778 cos
2
2
We then have
g (w )
2d
D (dB ) = 20 log
= 120 log cos
g (1)
g
where d=4.68 cm
g =
0
1 ( 0 2a )2
(3 108 f )
1 (f c f
)2
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0
-10
D (dB)
-20
900 MHz
-30
-40
Dmin
-50
5.75
6.0
6.25
6.5
6.75
Frequency (GHz)
7.0
7.25
7.5
Note that the directivity is better than Dmin= -30 dB over a bandwidth of 900 MHz
centered about 6.45 GHz.
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Even-odd mode analysis
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Even-mode
Symmetry of port 2 and 3
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Odd-mode
symmetry of port 2 and 3,
open, short at bisection
S 32 = S 23
port 1 matched
S11 = 0
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Discussion
3dB Wilkinson power divider has equal amplitude and phase outputs at port
2 and port 3.
3dB Wilkinson power combiner
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Unequal power division Wilkinson power divider
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N-way Wilkinson power divider
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The quadrature (90) hybrid

Branch-line coupler
Port 2 and port 3 have equal amplitude, but 90 phase different
Input
Z0
Output
Z0
Z0
/4
/4
4
Z0
Isolated
A1=1
1 1
B1 0dB0
1
4
1
B4
B2
1 j
[S ] =
2 1
3 3dB 90
0
1
1
B3
3dB 90
Z0
Output
Z0
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j
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
43
Quadrature Hybrids
We can analyze this circuit by using superposition of even-modes and 0ddmodes. We add the even-mode excitation to the odd-mode excitation to produce
the original excitation of A1=1 volt at port 1 (and no excitation at the other ports.)
1
1/2
+1 2 1
+1 2 1
1
1
1
Even Mode Excitation
1 1
1 2
1
-1/2
+1 2 1
Line of symmetry v=0, I=max
1
1
Open circuit
(2 separate 2-ports)
Line of symmetry I=0, v=max
1/2
0
1 2
1/2
1 1
T0
1 2
1
short circuit stubs
(2 separate 2-ports)
Odd Mode Excitation

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Quadrature Hybrids
We now have a set of two decoupled 2-port networks. Let e and Te be the
reflection and transmission coefficients of the even-mode excitation. Similarly o
and Te for the odd-mode excitation.

Superposition:
1
1
B1 = e + o
2
2
1
1
Through B 2 = e + o
2
2 Reflected
1
1
waves
Coupled B3 = e o
2
2
1
1
Isolated B 4 = e o
2
2
Input
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Quadrature Hybrids
Consider the even-mode 2-port circuit:
Port 1
Input
8 1 2 8
open
Port 2
Coupled
open
8 open circuit stubs by their admittance:
1
+ j tan
z
4
y = lim L
=j
j
z L
1+
tan
zL
4
We can represent the two
The 4 transmission line, with characteristic impedance 1

ABCD matrix
j 2
has ab
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Quadrature Hybrids
Thus, the ABCD matrix for the cascade is
j
1 0
1 1 j
A B
1 0 0
2
=
=
C D
j 1
j 1
2 j 1
e
j 2

0
8 stub
4 line
8 stub
Using the conversion table (next slide) to convert [S] parameters (with Z0=1 as
the reference characteristic impedance).
B
j
j
1
1
+ CZ 0 + D = +
+
Z0
2
2
2
2
B
CZ 0 D
A+
Z0
(
1 + j + j + 1) 2
e = S11 =
=
=0
B
(
)
1+ j + j 1 2
+ CZ 0 + D
A+
Z0
2
2
1
(1 + j )
e = S 21 =
=
=
B
2
A+
+ CZ 0 + D ( 1 + j + j 1) 2
Z0
1
(1 j )
Similarly for odd mode we have: S 11 = 0 = 0 and S 12 = 0 =
2
denominator
=A+
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Conversion between two-port network parameters

S
ABCD
D. Pozar
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Quadrature Hybrids
Therefore we have
Scattered wave
voltages
B1 = 0
B 2 =
B3 =
B = 0
4
(port 1 is matched)
j
2
1
2
Through (half power, -900 phase shift port 1 to 2)
(half power, -1800 phase shift port 1 to 3)
(no power to port 4)
The bandwidth of a single branch-line hybrid is about 10% - 20%, due to the
requirement that the top and bottom lines are /4 in length. We can obtain
increased directivity bandwidth (with fairly constant coupling) by using three or
more sections.
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Quadrature Hybrids
Next we consider a more general single section branch-line coupler:
Input
Z0
Z01
Z0
Through Output
Z02
Z02
3
Isolated
Z0
Z01
Z0
Output (coupled)
4
We can show that if the condition
Z 02
Z 01 Z 0
=
Z0
1 (Z 01 Z 0 )2
is satisfied, then port 1 is matched; port 4 is decoupled from port 1.
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Quadrature Hybrids
Single section branch-line coupler
B1 = 0
Z
B 2 = j 01
scattered wave
Z0
voltages
B = Z 01 Z 0
3
Z 02 Z 0
isolated B 4 = 0
matched
90
180
(matched)
Thus, the directivity is theoretically infinite at the design frequency. We can

also show that the coupling is given by
1
(dB )
C = 10log
2
1 (Z 01 Z 0 )
For stripline + microstrip, we control Z01/Z0 by varying the strip width, in coax
by adjusting the ratio b/a, and in the rectangular guide by changing the b
dimension.
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Quadrature Hybrids
Example:
Design a one-section branch-line directional coupler to provide a coupling of 6 dB.
Assume the device is to be implemented in microstrip, with an 0.158 cm substrate
thickness, a dielectric constant of 2.2, and that the operating frequency is 1.0 GHz.
Solution:
1
C = 10 log
=6
2
1 (Z 01 Z 0 )
(dB )
Z 01 Z 0 = 0.8653 Z 01 = 43.27
Z 02
Z 01 Z 0
=
= 1.7263 Z 02 = 86.31
2
Z0
1 (Z Z )
01
0
30
=
= 20.226 cm
r
2.2
l=
= 5.0565 cm
4
r 1
w 2
0.61
= 3.081
= B 1 ln(2B 1) +
ln1B 1 + .39
r
d
2 r
w = 0.487 cm
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Quadrature Hybrids
For Z 01 = 43.27, w 1 = 0.601cm

w2
8e A
For Z 02 = 86.31 ,
= 2A
= 1.1675
d e 1
w 2 = 0.185cm
0.4868 cm
Input
(0 dB)
Through
(-1.26dB)
0.6008 cm
Z01
Z0
5.0565 cm
Z0
Z02
Z02
0.1845 cm
Z01
Isolated
Z0
Z0
Coupled
(-6dB)
5.0565 cm
With 0 dB power input at the upper left arm, the power delivered to a matched load
(in )
at the through arm is
P2 (dB ) = 10 log
P1
1
10
log
=
B 2B 2*
P2(out )
2
2
Z0
50
= 10 log
= 10 log
= 1.26dB
Z
43
27
.
01
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Coupled Line Directional Couplers

These are either stripline or microstrip 3-wire lines with close proximity of parallel
lines providing the coupling.
Co-planar stripline
Side-stacked coupled stripline
Broadside-stacked coupler stripline
Co-planar microstrip
open ckt
0V
even mode
0V
short ckt
0V
odd mode
0V
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Theory of Coupled Lines

C12
C22
C11
Three-wire coupled line
C12
C11 ,C22
Equivalent network
capacitance between two strip conductors in absence of the ground conductor.

capacitance between one conductor and ground
In the even mode excitation, the currents in the strip conductors are equal in
amplitude and in the same direction.
In the odd mode excitation, the currents in the strip conductors are equal in
amplitude but are in opposite directions.
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In the even mode, E

fields have even symmetry about centerline, and no
current flows between strip conductors. Thus C12 is effectively open-circuited.
The resulting capacitance of either line to ground is
Ce = C11 = C22
The characteristic impedance of the even modes is
Z 0e =
L
1
=
C e C e
In the odd mode, E fields have an odd symmetry about centerline, and a
voltage null exists between the strip conductors.
2C12
C11
2C12
The effective capacitance between

either strip conductor and ground is
C0 = C11 + 2 C12 = C22 + 2 C12

C22
Z 0o
L
1
=
=
C o C o
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Example: An edge-coupled stripline with r=2.8 and a ground plane spacing of 0.5
cm is required to have even- and odd-mode characteristic impedance of Z0e 100

and Z0o=50 . Find the necessary strip widths and spacing.
r =2.8
Solution: b = 0.50 cm, r = 2.8, Z0e=100 , Z0o=50
r Z 0e = 167.3
even
r Z 0o = 83.66
b=.5cm
odd
from the graph, s/b 0.095, W/b 0.32
W
s
S=0.95 b = 0.095 0.5 = 0.0425 cm

W=0.32b=0.320.5=0.16 cm
0.16cm
0.5cm
0.16cm
r=2.8
0.0425cm
USPAS 2010
57
Waveguide magic-T
2
3
1
Input at port 1
Input at port 4
Port 4:0
Port 1:0
Ports 2 and 3: equal amplitude and

phase
Ports 2 and 3: 1800 phase difference
USPAS 2010
58
Even Mode ABCD Analysis

Consider the equivalent circuit for the even mode:
1 2
4 2
3
8
At port 1, the admittance looking into

the /8 o.c. stub is
y S 1 = y 0 ( j tan l ) =
j
1
2
j
=
tan
8
2
2
o.c.
o.c.
The ABCD matrix of a shunt admittance yS1 is
A=1+Y2/Y3
Y3
B=1/Y3
Y1
Y2
C=Y1 + Y2+Y1Y2/Y3
A B 1
C D = j
1 2
0
1
D=1+Y1/Y3
USPAS 2010
59

At port 2, the admittance looking into the 3/8 o.c. stub is
y S 2 = y 0 ( j tan l ) =
j
1
2 3
j
=
tan
8
2
2
The ABCD matrix of this shunt admittance is
0
1
Zo = 2
The ABCD matrix is
cos l
A B
C D = jy sin l
2 o
where
jZ o sin l
ys2
Zo = 2
quarter-wave section
cos l
l = 2 4 = 2
Zo = 2,y o = 1 2
ys1
1
A B
C D = j
3 2
0
A B
= j
C D 2 2
USPAS 2010
j 2
60

We can now compute the ABCD matrix of the even mode cascade
2
2
3
8
o.c.
o.c.
1
A B
C D = j
e 2
0 0
j
1
2
j 2 1
1
= j
2
0 1
j
1
2
j 2
j
0
2
= 1
0 j 2
0
1
j 2
1
USPAS 2010
61
Odd Mode ABCD Analysis
The input admittance to a shortcircuited lossless stub is
y in = y 0 ( j cot l )
Thus the input admittance to the
s.c. /8 tub is
1 2
j
1
2
y S1 =
j cot =
8
2
2
2
2
yS2
s.c.
0
1
j
1
2 3
=
j cot = +
8
2
2
3
8
s.c.
ABCD matrix:
A B 1
C D = j
1 2
(Input admittance to s.c. 3/8 stub)
USPAS 2010
62
Odd Mode ABCD Analysis

and
1
A B
C D = j
3 2
0
1
So the ABCD matrix of the odd-mode cascade is
1
A B
C D = j
o 2
0 0
j
1
2
1
=
j 2
j 2
e = j
o = j
0
2
0
1
2 , e = j
2 , o = j
j 2 1
j
2
2
USPAS 2010
63
Excitation at Port 4
We have derived the ABCD matrices for the Even (e) and Odd (o) modes:
1
A B
C D =
e j 2
j 2
and
1
A B
C D =
o j 2
j 2
For excitation at Port 4 instead of Port 1 the ABCD matrices remain the
same. What changes are the definitions of and T for each mode and their
relations to B1 B4 .
Te
Te
e
Even
Mode
O.C.
e
Odd
Mode
S.C.
S.C.
O.C.
USPAS 2010
64
Excitation at Port 4
Even mode:
e = S 22 =
1
A B
=
C D
e j 2
A +B
CZ o + D
Zo
A + B Z + CZ o + D
j 2
e =
j
1+ j 2 j 2 1
2
=
=
j2 2
1+ j 2 + j 2 1
2
e =
j
2( 1 + 2 )
2
=
=
1+ j 2 + j 2 1 j 2 2
2
e = S12
2(AD BC )
=
A + B Z o + CZ 0 + D
1
A B
=
C D
o j 2
Odd mode:
j 2
j
1+ j 2 j 2 +1
2
=
=
1+ j 2 + j 2 +1 j 2 2
2
j
2( 1 + 2 )
2
=
=
=
1+ j 2 + j 2 +1 j 2 2
2
o = S 22 =
o = S12
Excitation at Port 4 is expressed as :
Even
V 2+ = 1 2
V 4+
=1 2
Odd
V 2+ = 1 2
V 4+ = 1 2
USPAS 2010
65
Excitation at Port 4 of Rat-Race Coupler (cont.)
e =
o =
e =
j
2
o =
1
1
2
2
1
1
B 2 = e o
2
2
1
1
B3 = e + o
2
2
1
1
B 4 = e + o
2
2
B1 = e o
Output waves
j
2
The resulting output vector for unit excitation at Port 4 is :
[B i ]4
j
2
=
2
j
USPAS 2010
66

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Lecture 8

Power Dividers and Couplers

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Power dividers and directional couplers

- rat-race hybrid, tapered coupled line hybrid

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Basic properties of dividers and couplers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Three-port network (T-junction)

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3. Matched and reciprocal three-port network is lossy

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Four-port network (directional coupler)

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RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

The T-junction power divider

Lossless divider has mismatched ports

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Resistive (lossy) divider

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Wilkinson power divider

Input port 1 matched, port 2 and port 3 have equal potential

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Wilkinson power divider

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Wilkinson power divider

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Wilkinson power divider for unequal power splits

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Wilkinson power divider

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RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Wilkinson power divider

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Bethe-Hole Directional Coupler

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Bethe-Hole Directional Coupler

A = amplitude of electric field (V m-1)

= phase constant rad/m

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Bethe-Hole Directional Coupler

while the amplitude of the reversed scattered wave is given by

For round coupling hole or radius r0, we have

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Bethe-Hole Directional Coupler

We can then show that

The coupling factor for a single-hole Bethe Coupler is

RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators

Bethe-Hole Directional Coupler

to find position of hole.

to determine the hole radius r0 to

give the required coupling factor.