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seismic attributes
Brian Russell
Introduction
Seismic attributes have evolved into a set of seemingly
unrelated methods:
Instantaneous attributes,
Windowed frequency attributes,
Coherency and semblance attributes,
Curvature attributes,
Phase congruency, etc.
November, 2012
Boonsville Geology
In the Boonsville gas field, production is from the Bend
conglomerate, a middle Pennsylvanian clastic deposited in a
fluvio-deltaic environment.
The Bend formation is underlain by Paleozoic carbonates,
the deepest being the Ellenburger Group of Ordovician age.
The Ellenburger contains numerous karst collapse features
which extend up to 760 m from basement through the Bend
conglomerate, shown here in schematic:
November, 2012
Lucia (1995)
A seismic volume
The 3D seismic
volume is shown here
in grey level variable
density format.
It consists of 97
inlines and 133
crosslines, each with
200 samples (800
1200 ms).
The karst features are
illustrated by the red
ellipses.
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Crossline or
y direction
Inline or
x direction
Time or t
direction
Inline
146
1000
ms
s(t ) S (w ) S (w ) e (w ) , where
Spectral decomposition
x
time
x
Fourier
Transform
frequency
Spectral slices
Data slice
5 Hz
10 Hz
25 Hz
30 Hz
35 Hz
15 Hz
40 Hz
20 Hz
45 Hz
10
11
12
h(t)
A(t)
f(t)
s(t)
time
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h(t )
A(t ) s(t )2 h(t )2 , F (t ) tan 1
.
s(t )
Instantaneous frequency
Taner et al. (1979) also introduced the instantaneous
frequency of the seismic trace, which was initially derived
by J. Ville in a 1948 paper entitled: Thorie et applications
de la notion de signal analytique.
The instantaneous frequency is the time derivative of the
instantaneous phase:
dh(t )
ds(t )
s(t )
h(t )
dF(t ) d tan1 (h(t ) / s(t ) )
dt
dt
w (t )
A(t )2
dt
dt
Note that to compute w(t) we need to differentiate both the
seismic trace and its Hilbert transform.
Like the Hilbert transform, the derivative applies a 90o phase
shift, but it also applies a high frequency ramp.
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Instantaneous attributes
+1.0
+1.0
Data slice
-1.0
+180o
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Inst. Phase
-180o
Inst. Amp.
Inst. Freq.
0.0
120 Hz
0 Hz
15
New attributes
Attribute analysis until the mid-90s was thus based on the
three basic attributes introduced by Gabor and Ville in the
1940s: instantaneous amplitude, phase, and frequency.
Then, in the space of two years, papers on two new
approaches to attribute analysis appeared:
The coherency method (Bahorich and Farmer, 1995)
2-D (and 3-D) complex trace analysis (Barnes, 1996)
The coherency method was a new approach which utilized
cross-correlations between traces.
The paper by Barnes actually showed how instantaneous
attributes and aspects of coherency were related.
However, let us first discuss the coherency method.
November, 2012
16
2M+1 samples
p dip
17
Coherency mathematics
If the covariance matrix between all locations i and j is:
c11 c1J
Mt
C ( p, q) , cij si (t pxi qyi ) s j (t px j qy j ),
t Mt
cJ 1 cJJ
then the two coherency measures are as follows:
1/ 2
a T C ( p, q ) a
c12
c13
and coh2 max
coh1 max
,
1/ 2
1/ 2
(c11c22 ) (c11c33 )
TrC ( p, q)
where a T 1, , 1 and TrC ( p, q) sum of main diagonal of C ( p, q).
1
coh3 max
, 1 first eigenvalue of C ( p, q).
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TrC ( p, q)
18
Coherency slice
1.1
0.7
+1.0
Data slice
-1.0
19
November, 2012
20
Crossline or
y direction
Inline or
x direction
Time or t
direction
21
Instantaneous wavenumber
Analogous to instantaneous frequency, Barnes (1996)
therefore defined the instantaneous wavenumbers kx and
ky (using the Marfurt (2006) notation):
h
s
s h
F(t , x, y )
kx
x 2 x , and
x
A
h
s
s h
F (t , x, y )
y
y
ky
.
2
y
A
As with instantaneous frequency, the derivative operation
can be done either in the frequency domain or using
finite differencing up to a given order.
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22
kx
and q
ky
f tan1 ( p / q) tan1 (k x / k y ),
and q
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p 2 q2 .
23
= 36 traces
T = 50 ms
dip = 1.4
ms/trace
24
ky
kx
q
ky
kx
w
f
ky
kx
25
Examples
Next, we will illustrate these instantaneous spatial
attributes using the Boonsville dataset.
There are many possible displays based on the building
blocks for these attributes.
These include the derivatives of seismic amplitude, Hilbert
transform and phase in the t, x, and y directions, the three
frequencies, and p, q, true dip and azimuth.
Note that the many divisions involved in the computations
make this method very sensitive to noise when compared
to correlation based methods.
In the following displays, I show the true dip and azimuth.
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26
True dip
27
Azimuth volume
Azimuth
28
Curvature attributes
Roberts (2001) shows that curvature can be estimated from
a time structure map by fitting the local quadratic surface
given by:
t ( x, y ) ax 2 by 2 cxy dx ey f
This is a combination of an ellipsoid and a dipping plane.
November, 2012
29
Curvature attributes
Roberts (2001) computes the curvature attributes by first
picking a 3D surface on the seismic data and then finding the
coefficients a through f from the map grid shown below:
x
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t9
t (t3 t6 t9 ) (t1 t4 t7 )
d
x
2x
30
Curvature attributes
The coefficients d and e are identical to dips p and q defined
earlier, so when a = b = c = 0, we have a dipping plane and
can also define the true dip and azimuth as before.
For a curved surface, Roberts (2001) defines the following
curvature attributes (Kmin and Kmax are shown on the surface):
2
K max K mean K mean
K gauss ,
2
K min K mean K mean
K gauss,
4ab c 2
where : K gauss
, and
2
2 1/ 2
(1 d e )
K mean
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a (1 e2 ) b(1 d 2 ) cde
.
2
2 3/ 2
(1 d e )
31
Curvature attributes
Note that the inverse relationships are:
K K max
Kmean min
and K gauss K min K max .
2
Also, can compute most positive and negative curvature K+
and K-, which are equal to Kmin and Kmax with d = e = f = 0 (or,
the eigenvalues of the quadratic involving a, b and c):
K (a b) (a b)2 c2 and K (a b) (a b)2 c2 .
The next few slides show some examples from our dataset.
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32
Minimum Curvature
Minimum curvature
33
Maximum Curvature
Maximum curvature
34
Azimuth comparison
Instantaneous Azimuth
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1 p
1 q
1 p q
a , b , c , d p and e q.
2 x
2 y
2 y x
This leads to the following quadratic relationship:
1 p 2 1 q 2 1 p q
t ( x, y ) x y xy px qy f
2 x
2 y
2 y x
Thus, all of the curvature attributes can be derived from
the instantaneous dip attributes described earlier, using
a second differentiation.
The next figure shows a comparison between maximum
curvature derived the two different ways.
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37
Low
Data slice
Instantaneous maximum
curvature
Correlation maximum
curvature
38
Possible instability
However, there is a lot of complexity hidden in the second
differentiation.
To see this, lets expand the p term:
s h
s
h
s h s h
x t
t
p (k x / w )
x
, where :
x
x
x
s seismic volume and h Hilbert transform volume.
Performing this differentiation will produce a large number of
seismic and Hilbert transform derivatives in both the
numerator and denominator, which can cause instability in
some datasets.
November, 2012
39
Amplitude curvature
To avoid this instability, Chopra (2012) recommends a new
approach to curvature called amplitude curvature (as
opposed to the previous structural curvature), which involves
first and second derivatives of only the seismic data:
s s 2 s 2 s
, , 2, 2
x y x y
s
s
s
1 2s 2s
a
cos
sin
and emean 2 2 .
x
y
2 x
y
In the above options, a represents the amplitude
curvature at an azimuth angle and emean is the mean
amplitude curvature.
Examples are shown in the next slides.
November, 2012
40
X derivative
Y derivative
44
E(x)
f(x)
f (x)
Real
45
Create N radial
filters in kx-ky space
Create M angular
filters in kx-ky space
2D FFT
Data slice in
kx-ky space
Multiply to create
N*M filters
Apply filters
Inverse 2D FFT
Normalize and sum radial
terms for each angle
Minimum moment
= corners
Apply moment
analysis
Maximum moment
= edges
Time slices
FFT
Animation of seismic
coherency for each time slice
in the Boonsville dataset.
49
50
Seismic vs Coherency
51
Conclusions
In this document, I have given an overview of most of the
commonly used attributes and how they are related.
The most basic attributes are derived from the Fourier
transform, but cannot be localized.
Instantaneous attributes involve combinations of the
derivatives of the seismic amplitude volume and its Hilbert
transform, and were initially just done in the time direction.
Correlation attributes involve computing the cross-correlation
between pairs of traces in the inline and crossline directions.
Coherency is based on the correlation amplitude and
curvature on the correlation time-shift.
Instantaneous attributes in all three seismic directions can be
combined to give dip, azimuth and curvature.
November, 2012
52
Conclusions (continued)
Finally, we discussed the phase congruency algorithm which
involved both the 2D Fourier transform and radial filters, and
looks at where the Fourier phase components line up.
I illustrated these methods using the Boonsville dataset,
which was over a gas field trapped in karst topography.
It is important to note that the seismic volume itself is
probably our best seismic attribute!
However, each of the attributes that I discussed has its own
advantages and disadvantages when used to extend the
interpretation process.
By helping to show the relationships among the various
attributes, I hope that I have shed some light on when these
attributes can be used to best advantage by interpreters.
November, 2012
53
Acknowledgements
I first met instantaneous attributes while working at Chevron
Geophysical in Houston in 1979 and am indebted to Tury
Taner, Fulton Koehler and Bob Sheriff for introducing them.
I became fascinated by the coherency and spectral decomp
attributes introduced by Mike Bahorich, Kurt Marfurt, Greg
Partyka and their colleagues at Amoco in the 1990s, but did
not at first see their relationship to the earlier methods.
I also failed to see the importance of Art Barnes work on 2D
and 3D instantaneous attributes when it first appeared, but
now appreciate how important his work has been.
The ongoing work by Professor Kurt Marfurt and his students
also provided the inspiration for much of this talk.
Finally, my thanks go to Satinder Chopra for both his work on
attributes and his book, co-authored with Kurt Marfurt.
November, 2012
54
References
al-Dossary, S., and K. J. Marfurt, 2006, 3D volumetric multispectral estimates of
reflector curvature and rotation: Geophysics, 71, 4151.
Bahorich, M. S., and S. L. Farmer, 1995, 3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and
stratigraphic features, The coherence cube: The Leading Edge, 16,
10531058.
Barnes, A. E., 1996, Theory of two-dimensional complex seismic trace analysis:
Geophysics, 61, 264272.
Cohen, L., 1995, Time-Frequency Analysis: Prentice-Hall PTR.
Gabor, D., 1946, Theory of communication, part I: J. Int. Elect. Eng., v. 93,
part III, p. 429-441.
Gersztenkorn, A., and K. J. Marfurt, 1999, Eigenstructure based coherence
computations as an aid to 3D structural and stratigraphic mapping:
Geophysics, 64, 14681479.
Klein, P., L. Richard and H. James, 2008, 3D curvature attributes: a new
approach for seismic interpretation: First Break, 26, 105111.
November, 2012
55
References
Marfurt, K. J., 2006, Robust estimates of 3D reflector dip: Geophysics, 71, 29-40
Marfurt, K. J., and R. L. Kirlin, 2000, 3D broadband estimates of reflector dip and
amplitude: Geophysics, 65, 304320.
Marfurt, K. J., R. L. Kirlin, S. H. Farmer, and M. S. Bahorich, 1998, 3D seismic
attributes using a running window semblance-based algorithm:
Geophysics, 63, 11501165.
Marfurt, K. J., V. Sudhakar, A. Gersztenkorn, K. D. Crawford, and S. E. Nissen,
1999, Coherency calculations in the presence of structural dip:
Geophysics 64, 104111.
Roberts, A., 2001, Curvature attributes and their application to 3D interpreted
horizons: First Break, 19, 85100.
Taner, M. T., F. Koehler, and R. E. Sheriff, 1979,Complex seismic trace analysis:
Geophysics, 44, 10411063.
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