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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON AUTOCAD

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD


OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Mechanical Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO:

SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. JASWANT SINGH

KRISHAN

HOD

Roll No. - 5909622

M.E. Engg.

Semester - 5th

Department of Mechanical Engineering


OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT,
HISAR (Affilated to Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words are inadequate and out of place at times particularly in the context of expressing sincere
feelings in the contribution of this work and it is no more than a mere ritual. It is our privilege to
acknowledge with respect & gratitude, the keen, valuable and ever-available guidance rendered to us
by Mr.Rohit Saini (Cadd Centre Head)without whose counsel and able guidance, it would have been
impossible to complete the training in this manner.
We shall always be highly grateful to Dr. B.K. Roy, Principal, OITM, Hisar, For providing this
opportunity to carry out the present work. The constant guidance and encouragement received from
Mr. Jaswant Singh, Assistant Prof. & Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering has been
great help in carrying out the present work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks.
We express gratitude to other faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department, OITM, Hisar,
for their intellectual support throughout the course of this work.
Finally, we are indebted to our family and for their ever available help in accomplishing this task
successfully.
Above all we are thankful to the almighty God for giving us strength to carry out the present work.

KRISHAN

CONTENTS
S. No.

NAME

PAGE No.

INTRODUCTION

Opening AUTOCAD

Drawing in AUTOCAD

Drawing/Modifying Commands

Line

Circle

Eraser

Oops

Drafting setting

10

Dynamic Input

11

Arc

12

Ellipse

13

Polygon

11

14

Copy

11

15

Array

11

16

Break

12

17

Mirror

12

18

Offset

12

19

Scale

12

20

Rotate

13

21

Join

13

22

Trim

13

23

Extend

24

Stretch

13

25

Revision Cloud

14

26

Solid

14

10

13

27

Donut

14

28

Limits

14

29

Units

14

30

Single Line Text

15

31

Multiline Text

15

32

Aerial View

15

33

Layer

16

34

Properties

16

35

Hatch

17

36

Polyline

37

Spline

17

38

Dimensioning

17

39

Tolerance

40

Leader

18

41

Qleader

18

42

Dimension Style

18

43

Xline

19

44

Ray

19

45

Group

19

46

Block

20

47

Wblocks

21

48

Design Center

21

49

Explode

22

50

External references

51

3D MODELANG

52

Extrude

53

Subtract

17

18

22
24
25
25

LIST OF FIGURE
S. No.

FIGURE NAME

PAGE No.

Opening AUTOCAD

Drawing in AUTOCAD

Line

Circle

Erase

Drafting setting

Dynamic Input

Arc

Ellipse

11

10

Polygon

11

11

Array

12

12

Unit

15

13

Layer

16

14

Properties

16

15

Hatch

17

16

Tolerance

18

17

Dimension style

19

18

Group

20

19

Block

20

20

Wblocks

21

21

Design Center

22

22

External References

23

23

3D Modeling

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INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a CAD (Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Drafting) software
application for 2D and 3D design and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc.
Initially released in late 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run
on personal computers, and notably the IBM PC. Most CAD software at the time ran
on graphics terminals connected to mainframe computers or mini-computers.
In earlier releases, AutoCAD used primitive entities such as lines, polylines,
circles, arcs, and text as the foundation for more complex objects. Since the mid1990s, AutoCAD has supported custom objects through its C++ API. Modern
AutoCAD includes a full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools. With the release of
AutoCAD 2010 came improved 3D modeling functionality, which meant better
navigation when working in 3D. Moreover, it became easier to edit 3D models.
The mental ray engine was included in rendering, it was now possible to do quality
renderings. AutoCAD 2010 introduced parametric functionality and mesh modeling.
AutoCAD supports a number of application programming interfaces (APIs) for
customization
and
automation.
These
include AutoLISP,Visual
LISP, VBA, .NET and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also
the base for products extending AutoCAD functionality to specific fields, to create
products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil 3D, or
third-party AutoCAD-based applications.
AutoCAD currently runs exclusively on Microsoft Windows desktop operating
systems. Versions for Unix and Mac OS were released in the 1980s and 1990s, but
these were later dropped. AutoCAD can run on an emulator or compatibility
layer like VMware Workstation or Wine, albeit subject to various performance issues
that can often arise when working with 3D objects or large drawings.
AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT are available for English,German, French, Italian,
Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Russian,
Czech, Polish, Hungarian, Brazilian Portuguese, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish,
Norwegian and Vietnamese. The extent of localization varies from full translation of
the product to documentation only.

OPENING AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is designed to work in a Windows operating system. In general, to open
AutoCAD, either double-click on the AutoCAD shortcut in the Windows desktop, or
right-click on the icon, followed by a left-click on Open in the menu which then
appears.

The right-click menu which appears from the shortcut icon

When working in education or in industry, computers may be configured to allow


other methods of opening AutoCAD, such as a list appearing on the computer in use
when the computer is switched on, from which the operator can select the program
they wish to use.

When AutoCAD is opened a window appears, depending upon whether a 3D


Modeling, Classic AutoCAD or a 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace has been
used previously. In this example the 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace is shown
and includes the drop-down menu from which a choice of the AutoCAD workspace to
be opened can be made. This 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace shows:

The AutoCAD 2D Drafting & Annotation workspace with its various parts

Standard Annotation toolbar docked at the top of the AutoCAD window under the
Menu bar.

The tools in the Standard Annotation toolbar

Workspaces toolbar to the left of Standard Annotation.

The Workspace Settings dialog appearing when the Workspace Settings... icon of the
Workspaces toolbar is clicked

DRAWING IN AUTOCAD
Command palette can be dragged from its position at the bottom of the AutoCAD
window into the AutoCAD drawing area, when it can be seen as a palette. As with all
palettes, an AutoHide icon and a right-click menu is included:

The command palette when dragged from its position at the bottom of the AutoCAD window

DASHBOARD palette showing a number of Control panels. The names of the tools
in the 2D Draw control panel are included. Menu bar and menus: The menu bar is
situated under the title bar and contains names of menus from which commands
can be selected. View drop-down menu which appears with a leftclick on the name.
Left-click 3D Views in the drop-down menu and a submenu appear, from which other
sub-menus can be selected if required.

10

The tools in the 2D Draw control panel

DRAWING/MODIFYING COMMANDS
LINE
Draw > Line

The Line tool from the 2D Draw control panel or from the Draw toolbar

LINE command allows you to create a line where the end points are specified by
two dimensional or three dimensional coordinates
AutoCAD prompts for points to draw continuous line segments. You may specify the
points randomly with the mouse or by any of the point fixing methods.
CLOSE
Close option joins the very last point with the very first point in a series of line
segments that you had drawn using the line command, thus forming a closed shape.

CIRCLE
Draw > Circle > [OPTIONS]

The Circle tool from the 2D Draw control panel or from the Draw toolbar

Circles can be created in several ways. The default method is to specify a centre and
radius. AutoCAD provides three more methods to draw circles which are discussed
below.
Various methods to draw a circle are as follows.
Centre,Radius/Centre,Diameter
3 Points
11

Tangent, Tangent, Radius

ERASE
Modify > Erase
If an error has been made when using any of the AutoCAD 2010 tools, the object or
objects which have been incorrectly drawn can be deleted with the Erase tool. The
Erase tool icon can be selected from the 2D Draw control panel or by entering e at
the command line.

The Erase tool icon from the 2D Draw control panel or from the Modify toolbar

OOPS
When OOPS is entered at the command: prompt, AutoCAD restores the objects
erased by the last ERASE command.

DRAFTING SETTINGS
Tools > Drafting settings
This command provides some of the drawing aids to create the drawing at a faster
pace. When you invoke this command AutoCAD displays the Drafting Settings
Dialogue box.

12

The Drafting Settings dialog with some Osnaps set on

This dialogue box contains three tabs.


Object Snaps constrain point specification to exact locations, such as a midpoint or
an intersection, on existing objects. Using objects snaps, you can locate an exact
position on an object without knowing the coordinate or by drawing construction
lines.
For example, you can use an object snap to draw a line to the centre of a circle or to
the midpoint of a polyline segment. You can specify an object snap when AutoCAD
prompts for a point.

DYNAMIC INPUT
The Dynamic Input feature enables the graphics cursor with the power of the
command line. Thus, when you enter dimensional and command option information
as you work, you get immediate feedback.
By using the Dynamic Input feature you can enter coordinate and dimension values
in the tooltip area instead of typing them at the command window.

13

Settings for DYN can be made in the Drafting Settings dialog

ARC
Draw> Arc > [Options]
In AutoCAD 2008, arcs can be constructed using any three of the following
characteristics of an arc: its Start point; a point on the arc (Second point); its
Center; its End; its Radius; Length of the arc; Direction in which the arc is to be
constructed? Angle between lines of the arc. In the examples which follow, entering
initials for these characteristics in response to prompts at the command line when
the Arc tool is called allows arcs to be constructed in a variety of ways. To call the
Arc tool click on its tool icon in the 2D Draw control panel (Fig. 3.2), or click on Arc
in the Draw drop-down menu. A sub-menu shows the possible methods of
constructing arcs. The abbreviation for calling the Arc tool is a.

The Arc tool icon in the 2D Draw control panel

14

The Arc sub-menu of the Draw drop-down menu

The different methods of creating an arc are listed below.


3 Points
Start, Centre, End
Start, Centre, Angle
Start, End, Centre
Start, End, Angle
Start, End, Direction
Start, End, Radius
Centre, Start, End
Centre, Start, End
Centre, Start, Angle
Centre, Start, Length

ELLIPSE
Draw > Ellipse > [Options]
Ellipses can be regarded as what is seen when a circle is viewed from directly in
front of the circle and the circle rotated through an angle about its horizontal
diameter. Ellipses are measured in terms of two axes a
major axis and a minor axis, the major axis being the diameter of the circle, the
minor axis being the height of the ellipse after the circle has been rotated through an
angle.
To call the Ellipse tool, click on its tool icon in the 2D Draw control panel (Fig. 3.6) or
click on its name in the Draw drop-down menu. The abbreviation for calling the
Ellipse tool is el.

15

The Ellipse tool icon in the 2D Draw control panel

POLYGON
Draw > Polygon
Call the Polygon tool either with a click on its tool icon in the 2D Draw control
panel, by entering pol or polygon at the command line. Or it can be called from the
Draw drop-down menu.

The Polygon tool icon in the 2D Draw control panel

MOVE
Modify > Move
Move command is used to move one object from a position to another. This needs to
select objects to be moved and to specify the source and destination of the move.

COPY
Modify > Copy
As an extension to the MOVE, command COPY moves the selected objects from a
given source to destination, leaving a copy at the originally selected location.

ARRAY
Modify > Array
When multiple copies are needed but at regular intervals, array command comes in
handy, in such situations. There are two types of arrays rectangular array and polar
array.

16

Array settings in the dialog

BREAK
Modify > Break
If only a part of an object is to be removed, BREAK command is used.
Break at point command is used to break a line or object at a point

MIRROR
Modify > Mirror
At times, we need to create objects that are symmetrical about a particular axis. In
such cases, MIRROR command comes in handy. One half of the model is drawn and
other half is produced by mirroring the first half model.

OFFSET
Modify > Offset
Offset creates a new object at a specified distance from an existing object or through
a specified point. The selected object such as circles and polygons, which are close
one, might be get scaled up or down uniformly.

SCALE
Modify > Scale
Scale command enlarges the selected objects according to the scale factor equally
in X, Y, Z directions.

17

ROTATE
Modify > Rotate
Rotate command is used to rotate objects around a specified point. To determine the
angle of rotation, an angle value or specify a second point.

JOIN
Modify > Join
This command helps to join the individual segments of line, arcs, elliptical arcs and
splines into a single object.

TRIM
Modify > Trim
TRIM command trims off an object using cutting edges defined by other objects.
Object is selected to define the cutting edges and then object to be trimmed is
selected; the selected side of the object is removed based on the side of selection of
the object to be trimmed relative to the cutting edge.

EXTEND
Modify > Extend
Extend command elongates an object to a boundary. This command facilitates you to
extend an object to a boundary defined by a other objects.

STRETCH
Modify > Stretch
STRETCH command stretches or compresses the selected objects in the direction
and magnitude specified by the user.

18

OTHER 2D COMMANDS
REVISION CLOUD
It creates a polyline of sequential arcs to form a cloud shaped object. By default,
Revcloud takes the current width of the polyline.

SOLID
This command creates solid filles triangles and quadrilaterals.

DONUT
This command draws filled circles and rings.

LIMITS
Format > Drawing Limits
The drawing limits are two dimensional points in the world coordinate system that
represent a lower left limit and an upper right limit. It cannot be impose o n the Z
direction. It restricts the coordinates within the rectangular area.

UNITS
Format > Unit
Every object is measured in units. The value of units within the AutoCAD is
determined.

19

SINGLE LINE TEXT


Draw > Text > Single Line Text
Text command creates text objects with specified height and orientation. Text objects
can be created within a variety of character pattern called style. This command
allows to type single line text.

MULTILINE TEXT
Draw > Text > Multiline Text
Text in the form of paragraphs can be effectively generated in AutoCAD with this
convenient tool. MTEXT creates paragraphs that fit within a non printing text
boundary

AERIAL VIEW
The Aerial View window is a navigation tool. It displays a view of the entire drawing
in a separate window, so that you can quickly locate and move to a specific area.
With the Aerial View window open, you can zoom and pan without choosing a menu
option or entering a command.

20

LAYER
Format > Layer
Layer is an organizing tool. Layers are like one, where you can keep various types of
information. It is always good idea to keep notes and reference symbols about each
element of the drawing as well as drawing dimensions on a new layer.

The Layer Properties Manager dialog

PROPERTIES
Modify > Properties
The properties palette is the main method for viewing and modifying properties of
AutoCAD objects.

The LIGHTS IN MODEL and PROPERTIES palettes HATCH

21

HATCH
Hatches are shaded patterns which generally represent a cross section of a
mechanical component or any civil representation like roof, RCC etc.

The Hatch and Gradient dialog and the ANSI Hatch Pattern Palette

POLYLINE
Draw > Polyline
Pline command allows drawing line and arcing segments, but from start to end, it is
treated as a single object. With Pline command, objects with line width can also be
drawn.

SPLINE
Draw > Spline
SPLINE fits a smooth curve a sequence of points within a specified tolerance.
AutoCAD uses Non Uniform rational B-Splines (NURBS) mathematics, which stores
and defines a class of curve and surface data.

DIMENSIONING
Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a drawing.
AutoCAD provides many ways to dimension objects and many ways to format
dimensions.

22

Dimensions show the measurement of objects, the distance or angles between


objects, or the distance of a feature from a specified origin.
Various types of dimensioning are as under:
Linear
Aligned
Radius
Diameter
Centre
Angular
Baseline
Continue
Ordinate
Jogged dimension radius

TOLERANCE
Dimension > Tolerance
Geometric tolerances define the maximum allowable variations of form or profile,
orientation, location, and runout from the exact geometry in a drawing. They specify
the required accuracy for proper function and fit of the objects drawn in AutoCAD.

The Geometric Tolerance dialog and the Symbol sub-dialog

LEADER
A leader line is an object that can be composed of an arrowhead attached to splines
or straight line segments. In some cases, a short horizontal line, called a hook line,
dogleg, connects text and feature control frames to the leader line.

QLEADER
Dimension > Leader
Qleader is used to create quickly leaders and leader annotations. It is used to limit
the number of leader points.

DIMENSION STYLE
Dimension > Dimension Style
A Dimension Style is a saved set of dimension settings defining the appearance and
behaviour of the dimensions. By creating dimension styles, you can set all relevant
23

dimension systems variables and control the layout and appearance of all
dimensions within a drawing.

Dimension Style dialogue box

XLINE
Draw > Construction Line
XLINE is a linear object, which starts at infinite and ends at infinite, or we can say it
is a line which has no start or end point but passes through a specified point. These
lines are used for projections.

RAY
Draw > Ray
RAY creates semi-infinite lines commonly used as construction lines. A ray has a
finite starting point and extends to infinity.

GROUP
Blocks are extremely useful tools, but for some situations, theyre too restrictive. At
times, youll want to group objects so theyre connected but can still be edited
individually. For example, consider a space planner who has to place workstations in
a floor plan. Although each workstation is basically the same, some slight variations
in each station could make the use of
blocks unwieldy. For instance, one workstation might need a different configuration to
accommodate special equipment, and another workstation might need to be slightly
larger than the standard size. Using a block, you would need to create a block for
one workstation and then, for each variation, explode the block, edit it, and create a
new block. A better way is to draw a prototype workstation and turn it into a group.
You can copy the group into position and then edit it for each individual situation
without losing its identity as a group.

24

BLOCK
Blocks are drawings which can be inserted into other drawings. Blocks are contained
in the data of the drawing in which they have been constructed. Wblocks (written
blocks) are saved as drawings in their own right, but can be inserted into other
drawings if required.

Block definition Dialogue box

25

The Insert Block tool icon in the 2D Draw control panel

WBLOCKS
Wblocks or written blocks are saved as drawing files in their own right and are not
part of the drawing in which they have been saved.

Wblock

DESIGN CENTER
Drawings can be inserted into the AutoCAD window from the Design-Center by
dragging the icon representing the drawing into the window
26

Drawing dragged from the DesignCenter

EXPLODE
A block is a single object no matter from how many objects it was originally
constructed. This enables a block to be dragged about the drawing area as a single
object. A check box in the bottom left-hand corner of the Insert dialog is labelled
Explode. If the check box is ticked, Explode will be set on and when a block is
inserted it will be exploded into the objects from which it was constructed.

EXTERNAL REFERENCES (Xrefs)


If a drawing is inserted into another drawing as an external reference, any changes
made in the original Xref drawing are automatically reflected in the drawing into
which the Xref has been inserted.

27

The EXTERNAL REFERENCES palette

The External Reference dialog

28

3D MODELING

The tool icons and tooltips in the 3D Make control panel

The various shapes which can be directly produced in 3D Modeling are as follows.
Polysolid
Box
Wedge
Cone
Sphere
Cylinder
Pyramid
Torus
The various modifying command for 3D models are as follows.

29

EXTRUDE
Extrude is used to increase or decrease the height of the object. Short form for
extrude is EXT.

SUBTRACT
Subtract is used to delete one object from the another. Short form for subtract is SU.
Various other commands are:
3D Move
3D Rotate
Sweep
Union

Thanks

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