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NICMAR

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND


RESEARCH
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES- NCP 26


ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY
SONI KUMARI
Course: GPCCM
REG No. : 214-02-23-12103-2142

ASSIGNMENT
NICMAR/CODE OFFICE
1. Course No.

NCP 26

2. Course title

Construction Project Management Techniques

3. Assignment No.

4. Date of Dispatch

5. Last Date of receipt

-05-14

of Assignment at CODE office

ASSIGNMENT
A new international cricket facility is to be constructed outside a mega city over a
piece of land. Facility to include1.

Capacity of spectators- 80,000

2.

Day / Night play facility

3.

T.V. camera platform in six directions.

4.

Safety of players from spectators.

5.

Pavilion for VIPs to sit 300.

6.

Parking (adequate space for all above).

Time available is 16 months including monsoon. Cost of construction need to be


recovered in 5 years. The average cost per ticket is Rs100/-. Approximate 4 matches
per year. Submit a report covering:
1.

Identification of project

2.

Stages in development of project

3.

Work breakdown structure to undertake the project

4.

Milestones and CPM chart for corporate control.

5.

Cost of project

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
PROJECT DVELOPMENT PROCESS
PROJECT WORK BREAKDOWN
CPM / NETWORK ANALYSIS
RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY/READINGS

INTRODUCTION
The future of a country can always be assessed from the nature and volume of new
projects that are being undertaken by the country. Projects create the new facilities and
infrastructure required to sustain the growth in different economic sectors. A project is a
temporary undertaking designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a
defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained and often constrained by funds
and deliverables), under taken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring
about beneficial change or added value. Projects need to be completed within a defined
scope, time and cost constraints. In addition to these challenges, project management
requires general management, technical and interpersonal skills for achieving the
project objectives.
Most projects start with a need to have a new facility long before designers start designs
and drawing of the projects and certainly before field construction work can commence.
Elements of this phase include:
- Conceptual analysis
- Technical and feasibility studies and
- Environmental impact reports.
Here is a project report for construction of an international cricket stadium outside a
mega city over a piece of land in 16 months inclusive of monsoon and the cost of
construction need to be recovered within 5 years.
Stadium is to be built near the mega city hence there will be easy availability of
resources, machinery and manpower. Infrastructure facilities are there so the roads and
transportation, electricity, water, and materials will also be available effortlessly. Market
is highly competitive and we are living in the era of advertising and marketing. So many
companies would like to sponsor matches. Lot of money can be generated through
giving rights to the television channels for broadcasting of the matches. Not only this,
sponsors are ready to pay money for their logos on the uniform of the cricketers. Money
can be generated through the advertising hoardings on the ground boundary. There is
no doubt that commercialization and glamour will draw more and more cricket
spectators to the stadium to watch their favourite cricketers in action as well as beautiful
girls or cheer leaders.
A traditional phased approach identifies a sequence of steps to be completed which are:
1. Project Identification
2. Project Development Process
3. Project Work Breakdown
4. CPM / Network Analysis

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Construction of a new international cricket facility outside a mega city. It should have the
following facilities1. Capacity of spectators- 80,000
2. Play facility for- Day & Night play
3. 6 directional T.V. camera platforms.
4. Safety of players from the spectators.
5. Pavilion for V.I.P with a seating capacity for 300.
6. Adequate parking space for all.
Time available- 16 months inclusive of monsoon.
Other details- Cost of construction is to be recovered in 5 years. The average cost per
ticket will be Rs 100/- & there will be 4 matches per year.
Feasibility Studies
A feasibility study needs to be performed before the start of a project. This stage should
include a plan that incorporates the following areas:

Analysing the business needs/requirements in measurable goals.


Reviewing of the operations/ technical studies.
Financial analysis of the costs and benefits including a budget.
Project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule.

The major construction projects are undertaken to meet the particular needs of a client.
Generally, a client is well informed and clear about what he needs, but sometimes what
he thinks he wants and what he really needs may actually be different. The first step in
the development of a project is to analyse the needs of the client. This requires a critical
examination of the needs through feasibility studies.
Technical studies cover the production process selection, construction methodology,
location study, power and local resources availability, means of transportation, scope of
work, wastage disposal arrangement, construction cost estimates, preliminary time plan,
resource forecasts, outline project organization, and statement of project time and cost
objectives.
Financial analysis contains sales forecast, project budget, capital costs, profitability
trend, payback period, net present worth, cash flow forecast, and sources of financing.
Economic feasibility highlights social implications and cost benefit analysis.

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS


From conceptualization to implementation, stages in the development of construction
project (here cricket stadium) fall into broadly consistent patterns but time and degree of
emphasis each project takes on its own a unique character. An idea of a project passes
through six phases before it become a reality:
- Conceptualization
- Engineering and design
- Procurement Construction
- Commissioning
- Operation and maintenance
Project Management Organization
Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of
corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project. A project organization will
generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. Depending upon the nature
of project and the corporate policy, the project management organization pattern can
vary from highly centralized functional organization to a dedicated project team with fully
decentralized authority. The matrix organization of project management lies in-between
these two extreme organizational concepts.
The matrix structure is viewed as a temporary organization having human and nonhuman resources with reduced vertical hierarchy so as to respond speedily in a
changing complex situation for achieving the specified performance objectives.
The managers in a project team are its key personnel. They are drawn from their parent
departments and are specialists in their field. Following are the advantages of the matrix
structure
a) It has a single project manager responsible for the whole project. The project
management, working as a team, performs management functions of planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, controlling and coordinating the project work.
b) All managers owe their allegiance to the project manager, and not to their parent
departmental heads.
c) Personal commitment to objectives is the key of matrix organization. It provides a
climate for motivation, effectiveness and personal development.
d) The specialist staffs are employed effectively. The matrix organization balances
their conflicting objectives by reducing the communication gap.
e) The top management is freed from making routine decisions, as the decisionmaking machinery forms an integral part of the matrix structure.

f) It provides enough flexibility to meet uncertain arid changing situations by


establishing a project planning and control system at site to monitor the input flow of
resources and performance output.
Project Planning and Control
Planning: Planning involves preparation of various work plans for achieving the
objectives and finally selecting a plan which is best suited for the successful and timely
completion of the project keeping in view the project constraints and the available
resources. Planning aims at deciding upon the future course of action. Schedule depicts
when the planned activities are to be carried, it puts the plan on calendar date scale. In
brief, planning and scheduling involves the following objectives:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Gathering and creating data/statistics.


Developing alternative courses of action within specified constraints.
Comparing alternatives in terms of objectives feasibility and consequences.
Selecting and scheduling the optimum course of action.
Establishing policies, procedures, methods, schedules, programmers, systems,
standards and budgets for accomplishing project objectives.

Controlling: Controlling involves monitoring of the performance and applying corrective


measures in case of deviations from the plan. Without control, planning loses much of
its value. It must be applied continuously to update the plans and to enable
reconsideration of the work load. Control involves comparing the actual achievement
with the plans. The process of control can be sub-divided into the following stages:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Specifying the factors to be controlled.


Stating the methods of measuring control factors.
Evolving systems for generating performance data.
Monitoring data received and formulating corrective options.
Applying corrective measures to put a plan on the scheduled path.

PROJECT WORK BREAKDOWN


Project work breakdown is the division of the project into small identifiable activities or
events with some milestones also. These activities are also called as levels, which can
be classified very well. For instance the activities of cricket stadium can be divided into
three phases:
1.

Pre-Construction Phase
Selection of land
Preliminary design
Final design & preparation of working drawings
Selection of vendors for the execution of work & supply of equipments &
materials

2.

Construction Phase
Demarcation of the field area.
Construction of foundation for the stands and other sitting areas.
Construction of boundary walls.
Construction of steps with proper risers.
Construction of seats and VIP cabin
Construction of roof.
Provisions of services application of wall, floor and ceiling finish.
Completion of electrical and mechanical works.
External works: drainage etc.
Parking facility
Structure for Lights.
Road work.

3.

Commissioning & Handing Over


Testing & commissioning of the electrical equipments.
Testing & commissioning of the HVAC system.
Testing & commissioning of the other services such as Fire Fighting, security
system, fire detection system etc.
Final handing over of the facility to the client.

Work Breakdown Methodology


Work breakdown methodology in project management, is a deliverable oriented
decomposition of a project into smaller components. It is a hierarchical and incremental
decomposition of the project into phases, deliverables and work packages. It is a tree
structure, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective. The
project is divided into activities and events. In the preparation of the network for the
project, the arrows indicate the activities and events are identifiable instantaneous

stages they are represented as Nodes in a network. So, arrows of the network are
joined in accordance with the interdependence of the activities, which they represent. In
small and simple work this interrelationship is obvious but in a large project it is
necessary to establish it systematically.

Assessing Duration
Assessment of duration of work can be carried out after the work breakdown structure is
created as it will help to assess the duration provided for every single activity that
comes under work breakdown. The estimation of this time is based upon the current
practices carried out in an organized manner under the normal prevailing conditions,
and the person responsible for its performance does its assessment preferably. The unit
of time can be a month, a week, a day or even an hour. Following is the calculation of
project duration considering delays due to several factors.
Project duration calculation:
The time available for construction = 16 months (Including monsoon)
Number of days per month = 30
Number of Sundays per month = 4
Thus number of working days per month = 30 4 = 26
Number of weeks per month = 4
Allowed project duration = 16 * 4 = 64 weeks
Loss of time due to monsoon = 4 weeks
Loss due to public holidays = 2 weeks
Thus, the project must be completed within 58 weeks.

Costing Activity
Cost estimating is one of the most important steps in project management. A cost
estimate establishes the base line of the project cost at different stages of development
of the project. A cost estimate at a given stage of project development represents a
prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator on the basis of available data. The
costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the
subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories
consists of a number of cost components. Costing activity comprises of the following
components:

1. Direct cost
Cost of material
Wages paid to labour
Expenditure on tools and equipment used on the activity.
2. Indirect cost
Supervision charges
Administrative charges
Interest and capital
Revenue due to early completion of work and loss due to delay.
Indirect costs is worked out per day of the project execution or it is allocated on the
basis of certain stages of work packages e.g. foundation, sill level, lintel level in the
case of building or foundations substructure super structure, approaches etc. Indirect
cost increases as duration increase and direct cost goes on decreasing as duration
increases.
Stadium needs and standards: Based on the given technical available data, following
proposal is made for the new stadium

Area of Stadium = 90,000 sq.m (Assumed)

Capacity of Stadium = 80,000

Since the cost of construction need to be recovered within 5 years, following is the
calculation to check the economic feasibility of the project in which the comparison of
actual cost of construction and revenue collected in 5 years is done.
Assumed built up area of the stadium

= 90000 sq.m

Assuming cost of construction per sq.m = Rs.3000


Therefore, Total cost of construction

= 90000 x Rs. 3000


= Rs.27,00,00,000

This cost need to be covered in 5 years exactly.


Note- Assuming one match average spectators = 75,000.
All figures taken for calculations are based on assumptions except those provided. All
conditions are also assumed regarding the project execution & nature of work.

S
No.

Expenditure Head Per Match

Number

Average Rate
Per Number

Total

Income
1

Charges from Spectator

75,000

100

75,00,000

Charges from VIP seats

300

500

1,50,000

Advertisement / Sponsors /
Broadcasting

60,00,000

Parking

10,000

30

3,00,000

Stalls

20

3000

60,000

Housekeeping and Maintenance

(-) 30,000

Facilities for Players and VIPs

(-) 60,000

Miscellaneous

(-) 20,000

Expenses

Total Income Per Match

1,39,00,000

Total Income Per Year

5,56,00,000

Total Income in 5 Years

27,80,00,000

Since the Total Income from the stadium in 5 years (27,80,00,000 INR) is more than the
Cost of Construction (27,00,00,000 INR) Hence, this project will be economically
feasible.
After preliminary planning of the project, detailed estimates of the cost is prepared for
the project which involves land costs, project construction cost, fee for the consultants,
indirect cost such as supervision cost, administration cost etc.

CPM / NETWORK ANALYSIS


Development of a network essentially starts from the defined Work Breakdown
Structure. Each work package is then broken down into separate operations or
processes necessary for its completion. Each of these separate operations or
processes is called an activity. Completion of an activity is an event that signals the
successful achievement of work. Activities therefore consume time and resources,
whereas events do not. When the list of all activities in a project is prepared, the next
step is to determine relationships between these activities. Although many of the
activities may proceed concurrently, some activities must be constrained to a given
sequence or chain like casting of concrete can be done only after the formwork.
A network is a diagrammatic representation of a program or a plan for a particular
project or for a part of project that shows the correct sequence and relationship of
activities and events required to achieve the end objectives.
The most widely used scheduling technique is the Critical Path Method (CPM) for
scheduling, often referred to as critical path scheduling. This method calculates the
minimum completion time for a project along with the possible start and finish times for
the project activities. Indeed, many texts and managers regard critical path scheduling
as the only usable and practical scheduling procedure. Computer programs and
algorithms for critical path scheduling are widely available and can efficiently handle
projects with thousands of activities.
The critical path itself represents the set or sequence of predecessor/successor
activities which will take the longest time to complete. The duration of the critical path is
the sum of the activities' durations along the path. The duration of the critical path
represents the minimum time required to complete a project. Any delays along the
critical path would imply that additional time would be required to complete the project.
There may be more than one critical path among all the project activities, so completion
of the entire project could be delayed by delaying activities along any one of the critical
paths.
Following table describes the task details along with the assumed duration to complete
each task which will help to make a schedule for work.
TASK

DESCRIPTION

DURATION (in
weeks)

Site preparation

Cutting of shrubs and grass


Grading of land to a specific level

Installation of tower
cranes and
demarcation of field
area

Mobilization of tower heist parts


Erection of tower heist at specified
points
Demarcation/Layout of field area.

WORKING DETAIL

Excavated of specified points as per


drawings
Concreting the excavate fill and
footings.
Installation of steel columns on
concrete filling.
Rising of the columns to the required
height.

Beam Casting for brickwork.


Brickwork of boundary wall.
Plaster work.

12

Concreting of the steps.


Installation of the seats as per
specification.
Preparation of the entrance and exit
walkway
Construction of rest room for the
audiences.
Installation of water and sewer lines
in rest room.

12

Slab concreting.
Installation of comfortable seats
specified for VIP cabin.
Construction of balcony/
Installation of rest room for the VIP
Placing of lines for AC, electrical and
water lines.

10

Installation of roof panels over the


steel columns.
Bolting and fixing of the roof over the
steel column and between the roof
panels.

Provisions of
services
application of wall,
floor and ceiling
finish

12

Putty/Painting of Walls and Entrance


gates.
Floor Finishing.
Ceiling painting.

Completion of
electrical and
mechanical works.

External works:
drainage etc.

Construction of
foundation for the
stands and other
sitting areas.

Construction of
boundary walls.

Construction of
steps with proper
risers, seat
installation and rest
room construction

VIP cabin &


Players kit room

Construction of
roof

Parking facility

Marking of the parking plot for the


vehicles
Installation of fence as specified.
Placing of the light frame over the
steel column by the tower heist.
Installation of DG for the stadium
Technical assistant for the provision
for the stadium
Providing of the AC and electrical
lining for the stadium

Structure for Lights


and overlay TV

Ground/ Pitch
Preparation

N
O

Dismantling of
tower crane and
other temporary
structures
Road work

1
2

Testing &
commissioning

Total Weeks

84

Testing & commissioning of the


electrical equipments.
Testing & commissioning of the
HVAC system.
Testing & commissioning of the other
services such as Fire Fighting,
security system, fire detection
system etc.

Following table describes the task details along with the assumed duration to complete
each task which will help to make a schedule for work. The total number of weeks
required to complete the project is 84 weeks but we have only 64 weeks (including
holidays/monsoon) to complete it. Hence, by networking and making a schedule in
which some of the independent tasks may proceed concurrently, we can minimise the
duration of the project from 84 weeks to 64 weeks.
The schedule given below gives the detail of work chart along with the duration reduced
from 84 weeks to 64 weeks.

RECOMMENDATIONS
i.

Make detailed schedule and maintain careful oversight during the project
to ensure a positive outcome.

ii.

Technologies and resources must conform to local building authority


regulations and codes of practice.

iii.

Managing the project parameters of cost, schedule and quality


simultaneously with performance.

iv.

The data that has been used in the project planning & sequencing has
been taken from earlier projects or assumed as per the situation.

v.

There will be variances in the planning & execution since the ground
situation & the planning assumptions have certain conflicts.

vi.

The variances are to be carefully monitored during the project execution &
corrected.

vii.

Instead of hand make planning, structural drawings and schedule, uses of


Auto CAD, STAAD Pro and MS Project can be utilized. These things can
save lots of time in a busy schedule.

viii.

Working together as a team can achieve mutual goals and complete the
project within time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY / READINGS

Construction Project Management Techniques (NCP 26), Lesson


book by NICMAR

Handbook on Construction Management, P.K Joy

Fundamentals of Construction Management, Dr. Abimbola Windapo

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