ME2302

DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY

LTPC
3104

CLASS/SEM: III MECH / V SEM

OBJECTIVE:
To understand the method of static force analysis and dynamic force analysis of mechanisms
To study the undesirable effects of unbalances in rotors and engines.
To understand the concept of vibratory systems and their analysis
To understand the principles of governors and gyroscopes.
UNIT I
FORCE ANALYSIS AND FLYWHEELS
12
Static force analysis of mechanisms D Alemberts principle - Inertia force and Inertia torque
Dynamic force analysis - Dynamic Analysis in Reciprocating Engines Gas Forces - Equivalent
masses - Bearing loads - Crank shaft TorqueEngine shaking Forces - Turning moment
diagrams - Flywheels of engines and punch press
UNIT II
BALANCING
12
Static and dynamic balancing - Balancing of rotating masses - Balancing a single cylinder
Engine Primary and secondary unbalanced forces - Balancing Multi-cylinder Engines Firing
order Pivoted cradle balancing machines
UNIT III
FREE VIBRATION
12
Basic features of vibratory systems - Basic elements and lumping of parameters - Degrees of
freedom - Single degree of freedom - Free vibration - Equations of motion - natural frequency Types of Damping - Damped free vibration Whirling of shafts and critical speed - Torsional
systems; Natural frequency of two and three rotor systems.
UNIT IV
FORCED VIBRATION
12
Response to periodic forcing - Harmonic Forcing Forced vibration caused by unbalance Support motion Force transmissibility and amplitude transmissibility - Vibration isolation
UNIT V
MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL
12
Governors - Types - Centrifugal governors - Gravity controlled and spring controlled centrifugal
governors Characteristics - Effect of friction - Controlling Force Quality of governors effect
of friction. Gyroscopes - Gyroscopic couple - Gyroscopic stabilization - Gyroscopic effects in
Automobiles and ships
TUTORIAL = 15 L = 45 TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ambekar A. G., Mechanism and Machine Theory, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2007.
REFERENCES
1. Thomas Bevan, "Theory of Machines", CBS Publishers and Distributors, 1984.
2. Ghosh A. and Mallick A.K., "Theory of Mechanisms and Machines", Affiliated East- West
Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1988.
3. Shigley J.E. and Uicker J.J., "Theory of Machines and Mechanisms", McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
1995.
4. Rao J.S. and Dukkipati R.V., "Mechanism and Machine Theory ", Wiley-Eastern Limited,
New Delhi, 1992.
5. John Hannah and Stephens R.C., "Mechanics of Machines", Viva low-Priced Student
Edition, 1999.
6. Sadhu Singh Theory of Machines Pearson Education, 2002.

STANDARDS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

IS 11717 : 2000, Vocabulary on Vibration and Shock

IS 13301 : 1992, Guidelines for vibration isolation for machine foundations
IS 13274 : 1992, Mechanical vibration - Balancing Vocabulary
IS 13277 : 1992, Balancing machine - Description and evaluation

44

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK I
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-I FORCE ANALYSIS AND FLYWHEELS
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
PART A
1.

102=20

What is free body diagram?

(Keywords: Weight forces, Externally applied loads)
A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the pertinent
weight forces, the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its supports and
connections acting upon it by the removed elements.

2.

What are the conditions for a body to be in static and dynamic equilibrium?
(Keywords: Vector sum, Arbitrary point)
Necessary conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are
Vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero.
The vector sum of the moments of all forces acting about any arbitrary point or axis is
zero.

3.

Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis.

Static force analysis:
(Key words: Machine accelerate, Externally Applied loads, Inertia effect)
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses. However,
the magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally applied loads. Hence
inertia effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as static force analysis.
Dynamic force analysis:
If the inertia effect due to the mass of the component is also considered, it is called
dynamic force analysis.

4.

Define inertia force and inertia torque.

(Keywords: Imaginary force, Imaginary torque, Accelerating couple, Equilibrium
position)
Inertia Force:
The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in
an equilibrium position.
Inertia force = - Accelerating force = - m.a.
Inertia Torque:
The inertia torque is an imaginary torque, which when applied upon the rigid body,
brings it in an equilibrium position. It is equal to the accelerating couple in magnitude but
opposite in direction.
45

5.

State DAlemberts principle.

(Keywords: Static equilibrium, Separately zero)
It states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and torques acting on a
body together result in static equilibrium.
In other words, the vector sum of all external forces and inertia forces acting upon a
system of rigid bodies is also separately zero.

6.

What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

(Keywords: Crank effort, Crank angle x-axis)
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various
position of the crank in turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate
(y-axis) and crank angle x-axis.

7.

Give any three advantages of free body diagrams.

(Keywords: Aspects, Mathematical relations)
Free body diagram assist in seeing and understanding all aspects of problem.
They help in planning the approach to the problem.
They make mathematical relations easier to the problem.

8.

What is the function of a fly wheel in engines?

(Keywords : Reservoir, Strokes)
Fly wheel acts as a reservoir. It absorbs some portion of energy while power stroke and
delivers it in all other strokes in an Engine.

9.

Single cylinder engine needs heavier size flywheel. Justify.

(Keywords : Multi cylinder, Store energy in flywheel)
In multi cylinder engine more than one power stroke is produced per second. So the need
to store energy in flywheel is lesser than single cylinder engines. This leads Single cylinder
engine needs heavier size flywheel.

10. Define coefficient of the fluctuation of energy?

(Keywords: Maximum and the minimum energies, Turning moment diagram)
The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies in turning moment
diagram is known as Fluctuation of energy.

46

PART B

516=80

The length and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating engine are 250mm and
1meter respectively. The crank is rotating at 500rpm.When the crank has turned
30ofrom the inner dead center, the difference of pressure between cover end and
piston rod is 0.4 N/mm2. If the mass of the reciprocating parts is 100kg and a
cylinder bore is 0.4meters.Calculate
(i) Inertia force (ii) Force on piston (iii) Piston effort (iv) Thrust on the side
of the cylinder walls
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Or
(b) (i) What is turning moment diagram, and draw its for four stroke IC engine?(4)
(ii) Deduce the expression for the inertia force in the reciprocating force neglecting the
weight of the connecting rod.
(12)(Nov/Dec 2013)

11. (a)

12. (a)

The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine, running at 1800 rpm are 50 mm
and 200 mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm and the mass of the
reciprocating parts is 1 kg at a point during the power stroke, the pressure on the
piston is 0.7 N/mm2, when it has moved 10 mm from the inner dead center
Determine the net load on the gudgeon pin, thrust on the connecting rod, reaction
between the piston and cylinder and the engine speed at which the above values
become zero.
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Or

(b)

The length of crank and connecting rod are 300mm and 1.2 meter
respectively(horizontal reciprocating engine). When the crank has turned 30ofrom
the inner dead center, the acceleration of piston is 35 m/s2. The average frictional
resistance to the motion of piston is equivalent to a force of 550 N and net effective
steam pressure on piston is 500 KN/ m2 The diameter of the piston is 0.3 m and the
mass of the reciprocating parts is.Calculate,
(i). reaction on the cross head guides, (ii) Thrust on the crank shaft bearings, and
(iii) torque on the crank shaft
(Nov/Dec 2010)

13. (a)

The turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder engine has been drawn to the
following scale 1 mm = 500 Nm vertically and 1 mm = 6O vertically. The
intercepted areas between the output torque curve and the mean resistance line,
taken in order from one end, in sq. mm are as follows: -30, +410, -280, +320, -330,
+250, -360, +280, -260 sq. mm, when the engine is running at a speed of 800 rpm.
The engine has a stroke of 300mm and total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed of
the mean, determine the a suitable diameter and cross section of the fly wheel rim
for a limiting value of the safe centrifugal stress of 7 N/mm2. The density of the
material may be assumed as 7200 kg/m3. The width of the rim is to be 5 times the
thickness.
(Nov/Dec 2010)
Or
The connecting rod of an I.C engine is 225 mm long and has a mass 1.6 kg. The
mass of the piston and gudgeon pin is 2.4 kg and the stroke is 150 mm. The cylinder
bore is 112.5 mm. The center of gravity of the connecting rod is 150 mm from the

(b)

47

small end. Its radius of gyration about the center of gravity for oscillations in the
plane of swing of the connection rod is 87.5 mm. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force on the crank pin when the crank is at 40 o and the
piston is moving away from I.D.C under an effective gas pressure of 1.8 MN/m2.
The engine speed is 1200 rpm.
(Nov / Dec 2009)
A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 300mm and a stroke of 400mm.The
connecting rod is 1000mm long. The mass of the reciprocating parts is 140kg.On the
expansion stroke with the crank at 30ofrom the top dead center, the gas pressure is
0.7MPa.If the runs at 250rpm, determine,
(i) Net force acting on the piston (ii).resultant load on the gudgeon pin (iii). Thrust
on cylinder walls(iv). The speed above which other things remaining same, gudgeon
pin loads would be reversed in direction.
(Nov / Dec 2012)
Or
(b) (i) Deduce the expression for the inertia force in the reciprocating force neglecting the
weight of the connecting rod.
(ii) A vertical petrol engine with cylinder of 150mm diameter and 200mm strokes has a
connecting rod of 350mm long. The mass is 1.6kg, the engine speed is 1800 rpm.
The gas pressure is 750KPa. On the expansion stroke with crank angle 30o from
TDC. Determine the net thrust on the piston.
(Apr / May 2010)

14. (a)

15. (a)

(b)

A vertical double acting steam engine has a cylinder 300 mm diameter and 450 mm
stroke and runs at 200 rpm. The reciprocating part has a mass of 225 kg and the
piston rod is 50 mm diameter. The connecting rod is 1.2 m long. When the crank has
turned through 125 from the top dead center the steam pressure above the piston is
30 KN/m and below the piston is 1.5 KN/ m2. Calculate (i) Crankpin effort and
(ii) The effective turning moment on the crank shaft.
(Apr / May 2010)
Or
The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to the following scales:
Turning moment, 1 mm= 5 Nm; crank angle 1 mm = 1O. The turning moment
diagram repeats itself at every half revolution of the engine and the areas above and
below the mean turning moment line taken in order are 295,685,40,340,960, and 270
mm2. The rotating parts are equivalent to mass of 36 kg at radius of gyration of 150
mm. Determine the co-efficient of fluctuation of speed when the engine runs at 1800
rpm.
(Apr / May 2013)

48

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK II
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-I FORCE ANALYSIS AND FLYWHEELS
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
1. What is meant by Dynamics of Machinery?
Dynamics of Machinery is the branch of mechanics of machines which deals with
the forces and their effects while acting upon the parts of machinery which are in motion.
i.e. system changes with time.
2. Define static force analysis.
It is a force analysis in which the inertia forces of the machine components are
neglected.
3. Define principle of superposition.
In liner systems, if a number of forces act on a member, the net effect is equal to
the superposition of the effects of the individual forces taken one at a time.
4. What is the principle of virtual work?
It state that if a system is in equilibrium and undergoes an infinitesimal
displacement from its equilibrium position without any lapse of time, the net work done
is equal to zero
5. What is dynamic force analysis?
It is defined as the analysis of various forces acting on the components of the
machine or mechanism by taking inertia force due to accelerating parts into account.
6. Define crank effort.
Crank effort is the net effort applied at the crank pin perpendicular to crank,
which gives the required turning moment on the crankshaft.
7. Define crank-pin effort.
The component of force acting along the connecting rod perpendicular to the
crank is known as crank-pin effort.
8. Define Piston effort.
Piston effort is defined as the net or effective force applied on the piston, along
the line of stroke. It is also known as effective driving force (or) net load on the gudgeon
pin.
9. Why flywheels are need in forging and pressing operations.
In both forging and pressing operations, flywheels are required to control the
variations in speed during each cycle of an engine.

49

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK I
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-II BALANCING
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
1.

What is dynamic balancing?

(Keywords: Rotating masses, Resultant couple)
A system of rotating masses is said to be in dynamic balance if there does not exist any
resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.

2.

What is static balancing?

(Keywords: Combined mass centre, Lies on the axis rotation )
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of
the system lies on the axis rotation.

3.

List the effect of partial balancing of locomotives.

(Keywords: Tractive force, Swaying couple)

4.

Variation in Tractive force along the line of stroke, and

Swaying couple.

What is the effect of hammer blow and what is the cause of it?
(Keywords: Variation in pressure, Force acting perpendicular to the line of stroke)
The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel and
the rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously. Hammer blow is caused due to the effect of
unbalanced primary force acting perpendicular to the line of stroke.

5.

Define swaying couple.

(Keywords: Vertical axis, Clockwise and Anticlockwise)
The couple has swaying effect about a vertical axis, and tends to sway the engine
alternatively in clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Hence the couple is known as
swaying couple.

6.

Define hammer blow.

(Keywords: Maximum magnitude, Perpendicular)
The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of
stroke is known as hammer blow.

50

7.

Difference between static and dynamic balancing.

(Keywords: Net dynamic force, Net couples, Couple due to dynamic force)
S. No
1.

2.

8.

Static Balancing
The dynamic forces as a result of the
unbalanced masses are balanced by
introducing balancing masses in the
plane of rotation or diff planes. The net
dynamic force acting on the shaft is
made zero.
It deals with only balancing of dynamic
forces.

Dynamic Balancing
The arrangement made in static balancing
gives rise to a couple which tends to rock
the shaft in the bearing. Dynamic balancing
considers the net couples well as net
dynamic force to do complete balancing.
It deals with balancing of dynamic force
and balancing couple due to dynamic force.

Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating masses?

(Keywords: Opposite to the crank, Complete balancing is not possible)
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite
to the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives rise
to hammer blow. In order to reduce hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is
balanced. Hence complete balancing is not possible.

9.

Write the different types of balancing.

(Keywords: Static Balancing, Dynamic balancing)

10.

Balancing of rotating masses

i). Static Balancing
ii). Dynamic balancing
Balancing of reciprocating masses
State the condition for static balancing.
(Keywords: Equal to zero, Centrifugal forces)
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of
action of their centrifugal forces must be same.

PART B
11. (a)

516=80

A,B,CandDarefourmassescarriedbyarotatingshaftatradii100mm,125mm,200mmand
150mmrespectively.Theplanesinwhichthemassesrevolvearespaced600mmapartandth
emassesofB,CandDare10kg,5kgand4kgrespectively.FindtherequiredmassAandrelati
veangularsettingof the four masses so that the shaft be in complete balance.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Or

51

(b)

12. (a)

(b)

13. (a)

(b)

14. (a)

(b)

An inside cylinder locomotive has the its cylinder center lines 0.7m apart and has a
stroke of 0.6m. The rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 160 kg at the
crank pin and the reciprocating masses per cylinder to 190 kg. The wheel centre
lines are 1.5m apart. The cranks are at right angles. The whole of the rotating and
4/5 of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced by masses at a radius of 0.65m.
Find the magnitude and direction of the balancing masses. Also find the variation of
tractive effort and swaying couple.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D in this order along its axis. The
mass A may be assumed to be concentrated at radius of 18cm, B of 24cm. C of
12cm and D of 15cm. The masses of B, C and D are 30kg, 50kg and 40kg
respectively. The planes containing B and C are 30 cm apart. The angular spacing of
the planes containing C and D are 90 and 210 respectively relative to B measured
in the same plane. If the shaft and masses are to be in complete dynamic balance,
Find :
(i) The mass and the angular position of mass A.
(ii) The position of planes A and D.
(May/Jun 2012)
Or
Derive the following expression of effects of partial balancing in two cylinder
locomotive engine
(i) Variation of tractive force (ii) Swaying couple (iii) Hammer blow
(Nov/Dec 2009)
Four masses A, B, C, and D are attached to a rotating shaft with radii 50 mm, and
62.5 mm, 100 mm 75 mm res. The distance between planes A and B, between
plane B and C and between plane C and D are 600 mm each. The masses B,C and D
are 20 kg, 10 kg and 8 kg res. If the shaft is in complete balance, then find
(i) Magnitude of mass A and (ii) Relative angular position of the four masses
(Nov/Dec 2010)
Or
A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150mm long. The plane of rotation of the
first, second and fourth cranks are 400mm, 200mm and 200mm respectively from
that of the third crank and their reciprocating masses are50kg, 60kg, 50kg
respectively. Find the mass of the reciprocating parts for the third cylinder and
relative angular position of the cranks in order that the engine maybe in complete
balance.
(Nov/Dec 2010)

Four masses A, B, C, and Dare completely balanced masses C and D makes angles
of 90 and 195 respectively with B in the same sense. The rotating masses have
the following properties:
mA=25kg, rA=150mm, mB=40kg, rB=200mm,mC=35kg, rC=100mm,
rD=180mmPlanesBandCare250mmapart.Determine
(i) the mass A and its angular position
(ii) the position of planes A and D.
(Nov/Dec 2010)
Or
Shaft caries four rotating masses A, B, C and D which are completely balanced. The
masses B, C and D are 50kg, 80kg and70kg respectively. The masses C and D make
angles of 90 and 195 respectively with mass B in the same sense. The masses A,
B, C and D are concentrated at radius 75mm, 100mm, 50mm and 90mm
52

respectively. The plane of rotation of masses B and C are 250mm apart. Determine,
(i) The magnitude of mass A and its angular position.
(ii) The position of planes A and D.
(Apr / May 2010)
15. (a)

(b)

The cranks of a two cylinder uncoupled inside cylinder locomotive are at right
angles and are 300mm long. The distance between the centre lines of the cylinder is
650mm. The wheel centre lines are 1.6m apart. The reciprocating mass per cylinder
is 300kg. The driving wheel diameter is 1.8m. If the hammer blow is not to exceed
45KN at 100 Km/hr, Determine:
(i) The fraction of the reciprocating masses to be balanced,
(ii) The variation in tractive effort
(iii) The maximum swaying couple.
(May/Jun 2012)
Or
A shaft is rotating at a uniform angular speed. Four masses M1, M2, and M3 and
M4 of magnitudes 300kg, 450kg, 360kg, 390kg respectively are attached rigidly to
the shaft. The masses are rotating in the same plane. The corresponding radii of
rotation are 200mm, 150mm, 250mm and 300mm respectively. The angle made by
these masseswithhorizontalis0, 45,120and255respectively.Find,
(i) The magnitude of balancing mass
(ii) The position of balancing mass if its radius of rotation is 200mm.
(Nov/Dec 2010)

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK II
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-II BALANCING
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
PART A
1.

Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?

If the rotating masses are not dynamically balanced, the unbalanced dynamic forces
will cause worse effects such as wear and tear on bearings and excessive vibrations on
machines. It is very common in cam shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank shafts and
centrifugal pumps, etc.

2.

How do you ensure dynamic balancing of rotating masses?

53

Conditions of dynamic balancing are:

1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is zero.
2. The net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the shaft is zero.
3.

Define Dalbys method of balancing masses?

Dalbys method is used for balancing several masses rotating in different planes. In
this method several forces acting on several planes are transferred to a single reference plane.

4.

Write phenomenon of transferring forces from one plane to other?

Transferring a force (F) from one plane to another plane having distance l is
equivalent to transfer of the same force F in magnitude and direction in the reference plane
is accompanied by a couple of magnitude Fl.

5.

Whether grinding wheels are balanced or not? If so why?

Yes, the grinding wheels are properly balanced by inserting some low density
materials. If not the required surface finish wont be attained and the vibration will cause
much noise.

6.

Whether your watch needles are properly balanced or not?

Yes, my watch needles are properly balanced by providing some extra projection
(mass) in the opposite direction.

7.

Why are the cranks of locomotive , with two cylinders, placed at 90o to each other?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position (i.e., in order to have
uniformity in turning moment) the cranks of a locomotive are generally at 90o to one another.
PART B

8.

(a)

(b)

The cranks of a two cylinder, uncoupled inside cylinder locomotive are at right
angles and are 325 mm long. The cylinders are 675 mm apart. The rotating mass per
cylinders are 200 kg at crank pin and the mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder
is 240 kg. The wheel center lines are 1.5 m apart. The whole of the rotating and two
thirds of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced and the balance masses are to
be placed in the planes of the rotation of the driving wheels at a radius of 800 mm.
Find (i) the magnitude and direction of the balancing masses. (ii) the magnitude of
hammer blow (iii) variation in tractive force and (iv) maximum swaying couple at a
crank speed of 240 rpm.
(16)
Or
Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 attached to a rotating shaft on the same plane are
200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation
are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive
masses are 45, 75 and 135. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass
required, if the radius of rotation is 0.2 m.
(ii) Explain with neat sketches, balancing of single revolving mass, by masses in two
different planes in a rotating system.
(16)

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK I
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-III FREE VIBRATION
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
54

PART A
102=20
1. What do you mean by a degree of freedom or movability?
(May/Jun 2012)
The number of independent coordinates required to completely define the motion of a
system is known as degree of freedom of the system.
2. Define Damping factor and Resonance.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
Damping factor:
The ratio of actual damping co-efficient to critical damping coefficient is known as
damping factor.
Resonance:
Resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equal to the natural frequency
of vibration of the system. The amplitude of vibration at resonance becomes excessive.
3. Define Damping ratio.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
It is defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient(c) to the critical damping
coefficient (cc). Mathematically, Damping ratio, =C/ Cc= C/(2mn).
4. Define logarithmic decrement.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The amplitude
reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the same side of the mean
position in an under damped system.
5. Define critical or whirling or whipping speed of a shaft.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other words,
the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of
rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
6. What are torsional vibrations?
(Apr/May 2010)
When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then
the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.

7. Define free vibration.

(May/Jun 2011)
When no external force acts on the body, after giving its an initial displacement, then the
body is said to be under free or natural vibrations.
8. What is meant by critical damping?
(Nov/Dec 2006)
The system is said to be critically damped when the damping factor=1. If the system is
critically damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium position within no time.
9. What are the types of damping?
Viscous damping
Coulomb or dry friction damping
Solid or structural damping
Slip or interfacial damping.

(Nov/Dec 2012)

55

10. Define resonance.

(Apr/May 2013)
When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating body,
the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This phenomenon is known as
resonance.
PART B

11. (a)

516=80

A shaft 1.5 m long supported in flexible bearings at the ends carries two wheels each50 kg
mass. One wheel is situated at the center of the shaft and the other at distance of 375 mm
from the center towards left. The shaft is hollow o external diameter 75 mm and internal
diameter 40 mm. the density of the material is 7700 kg/m 3 and its modulus of elasticity is
200 GN/m2. Find the lowest whirling speed of shaft, taking into account the mass of the
shaft.
(May/Jun 2012)
Or

(b) (i) A cantilever shaft 50 mm diameter and 300 mm long has a disc of mass 100 kg at its free
end. The youngs modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Determine the frequency
of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the shaft.
(ii) Explain with sketches different cases of damped vibrations.
(Nov/Dec 2009)

12. (a)

The mass of an electric motor is 120 kg and it runs at 1500 rpm. The armature mass is
35 kg and its CG lies 0.5 m from the axis of rotation. The motor is mounted on five
springs of negligible damping so that the force transmitted is one-eleventh of the
impressed force. Assume that the mass of the motor is equally distributed among the
five springs. Determine: (i) Stiffness of each spring. (ii) Dynamic force transmitted to
the base at the operating speed. (iii) Natural frequency of the
system.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
Or

(b)

A steel shaft 1.5 m long is 95 mm in diameter for the first 0.6 m of its length, 60 mm
in diameter for the next 0.5 m of the length and 50 mm in diameter for the remaining
0.4 m of its length. The shaft carries two flywheels at two ends, the first having a mass
of 900 kg and 0.85 m radius of gyration located at the 95 mm diameter end and the
second having mass of 700 kg and 0.55 m radius of gyration located at the other end.
Determine the location of the node and the natural frequency of free torsional
vibration of the system. The modulus of rigidity of the shaft material may be taken as
80 GN/m2
(Nov/Dec 2007)

13. (a)

Calculate the whirling sped of shaft of a 20 mm diameter and 0.6 m long shaft.
Carrying a mass of 1 kg at its mid point. The density of the shaft material is 40 mg/m3
shaft and youngs modulus is 200 GN/m2. Assume the shaft is freely supported.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
56

Or
(b)

The flywheel of an engine driving a dynamo has a mass of 180 kg and a radius of
gyration of 25 mm. the shaft at the fly wheel end has an effective length of 250 mm
and is 15 mm diameter. The armature mass is 120 kg its radius of gyration is 22.5 mm.
the dynamo shaft has 50 mm diameter and 200 mm effective length. Calculate the
position of node and frequency of torsional oscillation. C= 83KN/mm2
(Nov/Dec 2012)

14. (a)

The moment of inertia of three rotors A, B and C mounted on a shaft are respectively
7.5 kg m2. The distance between A and B is 1.25 m and between B and C is 4 m. the
shaft is 40 mm in diameter and modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 85 GN/m2.
Find (i) the frequency of torsional vibrations, (ii) position of nodes and (iii) amplitude
of vibrations. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Or
In a single degreedamped vibrating system, the suspended mass of 4kg makes 24
oscillations in 20 seconds. The amplitude decreases to 0.3 of the initial value after 4
oscillations. Find the stiffness of the spring, the logarithmic decrement, the damping
co efficient. (Nov/Dec 2010)

(b)

15. (a)

(b)

A vibrating system consists of a mass of 8 kg, the spring of stiffness 5.6 N/mm and a
dash pot of damping co efficient of 40 N/m/sec. Find
(i) Damping factor.
(ii) Logarithmic decrement.
(iii) Ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.(Apr/May 2010)
Or
A coil of spring stiffness 4 N/mm supports vertically a mass of 20 kg at the free end.
The motion is resisted by the oil dashpot, it is found that the amplitude at the
beginning of the fourth cycle is 0.8 times the amplitude of the previous vibration.
Determine the damping force per unit velocity. Also find the ratio of the frequency of
damped and undammed vibrations. (Apr/May 2010)

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK II
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-III FREE VIBRATION
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
PART A
1. What are the causes and effects of vibration?
The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self
excitations, winds and earthquakes.
The existence of vibrating elements in any mechanical system produces unwanted
noise, high stresses, poor reliability and premature failure of one or more of the parts.
57

2. What is meant by free vibrations and forced vibrations?

Free vibrations: when no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial
displacement, then the body is said to be in free vibration.
Forced vibration: When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then
the body is said to be in forced vibrations.
3. What do you mean by damping and damped vibrations?
Damping: The resistance against vibration is called damping.
Damped vibration: When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of
vibration, then the motion is said to be damped vibration.
4. Define steady state and transient vibrations.
In ideal systems, the free vibration continues indefinitely as there is no damping.
Such vibration is termed as steady state vibrations.
In real systems, the amplitude of vibration decays continuously because of natural
damping and vanishes finally. Such vibration in real system is called transient vibration.
5. Define torsional vibration? Define node in torsional vibration.
When the particles of a shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then
the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
Node is the point or the section of the shaft at which amplitude of the torsional
vibration is zero. At nodes, the shaft remains unaffected by the vibration.
PART B
6.

(a)

(b)

7.

(a)

A steel shaft 1.5 m long is 95 mm in diameter for the first 0.6 m of its length, 60 mm
in diameter for the next 0.5 m of the length and 50 mm in diameter for the remaining
0.4 m of its length. The shaft carries two flywheels at two ends, the first having a
mass of 900 kg and 0.85 m radius of gyration located at the 95 mm diameter end and
the second having mass of 700 kg and 0.55 m radius of gyration located at the other
end. Determine the location of the node and the natural frequency of free torsional
vibration of the system. The modulus of rigidity of the shaft material may be taken
as 80 GN/m2.
(16)
Or
The length of the upper and lower arms of a porter governor are 200 mm and 250
mm respectively. Both the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The central load
is 150 N, the weight of each ball is 20 N and the friction on the sleeve together with
the resistance of the operating gear is equivalent to a force of 30 N at the sleeve. If
the limiting inclinations of the upper arms to the vertical are 30 and 40, determine
the range of speed of the governor.
(16)
A ship is propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of
2100 rpm. The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise
direction when viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effect in the following
conditions. (i) the ship sails at a speed of 30 km/hr and steers to the left in curve
having 60 m radius. (ii) the ship pitches 6 above and 6 below the horizontal
position. The bow is descending with its maximum velocity. The motion due to
pitching is simple harmonic and the periodic time is 20 seconds. (iii) the ship rolls at
a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/sec clockwise when viewed
from stern.
(16)
Or

58

(b)

Derive an expression for the natural frequency of the free longitudinal vibration by
(i) Equilibrium method
(ii) Energy method
(iii)Rayleighs method
(16)

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK I
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-IV FORCED VIBRATION
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
PART A

1.

102=20
Define forced vibration.
(May/Jun 2010)
The body vibrates under the influence of external force is called as forced vibration. EX:
ringing of electrical bell where the vibration is by means of electrical means. (i.e., electric
supply is an external force)

2.

Define Damping ratio.

(Nov/Dec 2010)
It is defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient(c) to the critical damping
coefficient (cc). Mathematically, Damping ratio, =C/Cc= C/(2mn).

3.

Define critical or whirling speed.

(May/Jun 2010)
The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other words,
the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of
rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.

4.

What longitudinal vibration?

(Nov / Dec 2011)
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft, then
theVibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations.

5.

What are the causes and effect of vibration?

(Apr/May 2009)
The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, selfexcitations, winds and earthquakes.

6.

What are the different types of vibrations?

(Nov/Dec 2009)

(i) According to the actuating force:

a) Free vibrations
b) Forced vibrations

(ii) According to energy dissipation:

a) Undamped vibration
b) Damped vibration

(iii) According to behavior of vibrating

system:
a) Linear vibration
b) Non - linear vibration

(iv) According to motion of system w.r.t. axis:

a) Longitudinal vibration
b) Transverse vibration
c) Torsional vibration

7.

What are the methods of isolating the vibration?

(May/Jun 2010)
High speed engines/machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations
of excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces. It can be minimized
providing spring-damper, etc.
The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc. These are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body

8.

What is transmissibility & magnification factor?

59

(Apr/May 2009)

When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called transmissibility. And It is the ratio
of maximum displacement of the forced vibration (xmax) to the deflection due to the static
force F(x0). It depends on the ratio of the circular frequencies and the damping factor.
9.

Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibration.

(Nov/Dec 2010)
In transverse vibrations, the particles of the shaft move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. But in torsional vibrations, the particles of
the shaft move in a circle about the axis of the shaft.
Due to transverse vibrations, tensile and compressive stresses are induced. Due to
torsional vibrations, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.

10. A vibrating system consist of a mass of 7 kg and a spring stiffness 50 N/cm and damper
ofdamping coefficient 0.36 Ncm-1 sec. Find the damping factor. (Nov/Dec 2010)
M= 7kg, s=50 N/cm, c= 0.36 Ncm-1 sec= 36N/m/sec
n = (s/m)
= (5000/7)
= 26.72 rad/sec
cc = 2m
= 2x7x26.72
= 374.16 N/m/s
Damping factor = c/ cc = 0.0962.
PART B

516=80

11. (a)

A single cylinder vertical diesel engine has a mass of 400 kg and is mounted on a
steel chassis frame. The static deflection owing to the weight of the chassis is 2.4
mm. The reciprocating masses of the engine amount to 18 kg and the stroke of the
engine is 160 mm. A dashpot with a damping coefficient 2 N/mm/s is also used to
dampen the vibrations. In the steady-state of the vibrations, determine
1. the amplitude of the vibrations if the driving shaft rotates at 500 rpm.
2. the speed of the driving shaft when the resonance occurs.
(Apr/May 2013)
Or

(b)

A shaft of length 0.75 m supported freely at the ends is carrying a body of mass 90
kg at 0.25 m from one end. Find the natural frequency of transverse vibration.
Assume E = 200 GN/m2 and shaft diameter is 50 mm.
(Nov/Dec 2012)

12. (a)

Calculate the whirling speed of a shaft 20 mm diameter and 0.6 m long carrying a
mass of 1 kg at its midpoint. The density of the shaft material is 40 Mg/m3, and
youngs modulus is 200 GN/m2. Assume the shaft to be freely supported.
(Nov/Dec 2010)
Or

(b)

The following datas are given for a vibratory system with viscous damping. Mass =
2.5 kg, spring constant = 3 N/mm and the amplitude decreases to 0.25 of the initial
value after five consecutive cycles. Determine the damping co-efficient of the
damper in the system.
(Apr/May2008)
Find the stiffness of each spring when a refrigerator unit having a mass of 30kg is to
be support by three springs. The force transmitted to the supporting structure is only
10% of the impressed force. The refrigerator unit operates at 420rpm. Also deduce

13. (a)

60

the expression for transmissibility used in this problem.

Or

(Nov/Dec 2013)

(b)

A motor generator set consists of two armature A and C connected with flywheel
between them at B. The modulus of rigidity of the connecting shaft is 84 GN/m2.The
system can vibrate torsionally with one node at 95 mm from A, the flywheel being
at antinode. Find
(i) The position of the other node. (ii) The natural frequency of vibration and,
(iii) The radius of gyration of the armature C.
The other datas are given below:
Particulars
A
B
C
Radius of gyration in mm
300
375
Mass in kg
400
500
300
(Nov/Dec 2010)

14. (a)

A machine supported symmetrically on four springs has a mass of 80Kg. The mass
of the reciprocating parts is 2.2Kg which move through a vertical stroke of 100mm
with simple harmonic motion. Neglecting damping, determine the combined
stiffness of the springs so that the force transmitted to the foundation is 1/20th of the
impressed force. The machine crankshaft rotates at 800 rpm. If under actual working
conditions the damping reduces the amplitudes of successive vibrations by 30%
find:
i) The force transmitted to the foundation at 800rpm.
ii) The force transmitted to the foundation at resonance.
iii) The amplitude of the vibrations at resonance.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Or

(b)

A mass of 10Kg is supported from one end of a helical spring, the other end being
fixed. The stiffness of the spring is 10N/mm. The viscous damping causes the
amplitude to decrease to one tenth of the initial value in four complete oscillations.
If a periodic force of 150cos50t N is applied at the mass in the vertical direction,
find the amplitude of the forced vibrations? What is its value of resonance?
(Apr/May 2009)

15. (a)

A single cylinder vertical petrol engine of total mass of 200kg is mounted upon a
steel chassis frame. The vertical static deflection of the frame is 2.4mm due to the
weight of the engine .The mass of the reciprocating parts is 18kg and stroke of
piston 160mm with S.H.M.If dashpot of damping coefficient of 1N/mm/s used to
damped the vibrations, calculate al steady state (i) Amplitude of vibrations at engine
speed 500rpm.(ii)The speed of the driving shaft at which resonance will occurs.
(Nov/Dec 2010)
Or

(b)

The machine mounted on springs and fitted with a dashpot has a mass of 60 kg.
There are three springs, each of stiffness 12 N/mm. The amplitude of vibrations
reduces from 45 to 8 mm in two complete oscillations. Assuming that the damping
force varies as the velocity, determine
i) the damping coefficient,
ii) the ratio of frequencies of damped and undamped vibrations, and
iii) the periodic time of damped vibrations.
(May/Jun 2010)
61

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK II
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-IV FORCED VIBRATION
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
PART A
1. What is meant by harmonic forcing?
The term harmonic forcing refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping, excited
by a sinusoidal harmonic force.
F=Fo sinwt
2. Define transmissibility.
When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on the
machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called as transmissibility.
3. Briefly explain elastic suspension.
When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibration force
produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is called
as elastic foundation.
4. What is vibration isolation?
The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention and minimization of vibrations and
their transmission due to unbalanced machines.
5. What is meant by harmonic forcing?
The term harmonic refers to a spring-mass system with viscous damping, excited by a
sinusoidal harmonic force.
F = F0sin t
6. Define transmissibility?
When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on
the machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called transmissibility.

7. Briefly explain elastic suspension?

When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational force
produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is
called elastic suspension.
8. What is vibration isolation?
The term vibration isolation refers to the prevention or minimisation of vibrations and their
transmission due to the unbalanced machines.
9. Define Amplitude Transmissibility.
Amplitude transmissibility is defined as the ratio of absolute amplitude of the mass
(xmax)to the base excitation amplitude(y).
PART B

62

10. (a)

(b)

A machine of mass 75 kg is mounted on springs of stiffness 1200 kN/m and with an

assumed damping factor of 0.2. A piston within the machine of mass 2 kg has a
reciprocating motion with a stroke of 80 mm and a speed of 3000 cycles/min.
Assuming the motion to be simple harmonic, Find (i) the amplitude of motion of the
machine, (ii) its phase angle with respect to the existing force, (iii) the force
transmitted to the foundation, and (iv) the phase angle of transmitted force with
respect to the exciting force.
(16)
Or
. A body of mass of 50 kg is supported by an elastic structure of stiffness 10 kN/m.
The motion of the body is controlled by a dashpot such that the amplitude of
vibration decreases to one tenth of its original value after two complete cycles of
vibration. Determine (i) the damping force at 1 m/s; (ii) the damping ratio; and
(iii) the natural frequency of vibration.
(16)

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK I
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-V MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
102=20
PART A
1. What is meant by hunting?
(Nov/Dec 2010)
The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the
mean speed is termed as hunting. This occurs in over-sensitive governors.
2. Explain gyroscopic couple.
(Nov/Dec 2010)
If a body having moment of inertia I and rotating about its own axis at rad/sec is also
caused to turn at p rad/sec about an axis perpendicular to axis of spin, then it experiences a
63

gyroscopic couple of magnitude (I p) in an axis which is perpendicular to both the axis of

spin and axis of precession.
3. Explain the function of governor.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits
whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and hence the fuels
supply to cater the load variation on engines.
4. What is gyroscopic Torque or couple?
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque or couple is applied on the
rotating body. This torque or couple is known as gyroscopic torque or effect.
5. How governors are classified?
(May/Jun2010)
The broad classification of governor can be made depending on their operation.
Centrifugal governors
Inertia and flywheel governors
Pickering governors.
6. What are the types of Automatic control of systems?
Open-loop (or) unmonitored control system
Closed-loop (or) Monitored control system.
Continuous control system.
Discontinuous control system

(May/Jun 2010)

7. Define steering, pitching and rolling.

(Nov/Dec 2010)
Pitching: It is the turning of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about
transverse axis.
Rolling: It is the movement of a ship in a linear fashion.
8. What is meant by isochronous condition in governors?
(Nov/Dec 2010)
A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor. Actually the
isochronism is the stage of infinite sensitivity. When the equilibrium speed is constant for all
radii of rotation of the balls within the working range, the governor is said to be in
isochronisms.
9. Give the applications of gyroscopic principle.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
i) In instrument or toy known as gyroscope,
ii) In ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves, and
iii) In aero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses, etc.
10. Differentiate between governor and flywheel?

(May/Jun2003)

S.
GOVERNOR
FLYWHEEL
No
The function of a governor is to regulate The function of a flywheel is to reduce
1
the mean speed of an engine, when there the fluctuations of speed caused by the
are variations in the load.
fluctuation of the engine turning
moment during each cycle of operation.
It is provided on prime movers such as It is provided on engine and fabricating
2
engines and turbines.
machines viz., rolling mills, punching
machines, shear machines, presses etc.
PART B
64

516=80

11. (a)

(b)

12. (a)

(b)

13. (a)

(b)

A disk with radius of gyration 60 mm and mass of 4 kg is mounted centrally on a

horizontal axel of 80 mm length between the bearings. It spins about the axle at 800
rpm counter-clockwise when viewed from the right-hand side bearing. The axle
precesses about vertical axis at 50 rpm in the clockwise direction when viewed from
above. Determine the resultant reaction at each bearing due to the mass and
gyroscopic effect.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Or
In a spring loaded Hartnell type of governor, the mass of each ball is 4 kg and the lift of
the sleeve is 40 mm. The governor begins to float at 200 rpm when the radius of the ball
path is 90 mm. The mean working speed of the governor is 16 times the range of speed
when friction is neglected. The lengths of the ball and roller arms of the bell-crank lever
are 100 mm and 80 mm respectively. The pivot center, the axis of governor are 115 mm
apart. Determine the initial compression of the spring, taking into account the obliquity
of arms.
Assuming the friction at the sleeve to be equivalent to a force of 15 N, determine the
total alteration in speed before the sleeve begins to move from the mid- position
(Nov/Dec 2013)
The length of the upper and lower arms of a porter governor is 200mm and 250mm
respectively. Both the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The central load is
150N, the weight of the each ball is 20N and the friction of the sleeve together with
the resistance of the operating gear is equivalent to a force of 30N at the sleeve. If
the limiting inclinations of the upper arms to the vertical are 30 and 40 taking
friction in to account. Find the range of speed of the governor.
(May/Jun 2010)
Or
The turbine rotor of a ship has 2.4 tonnes and rotates at 1750 rpm clockwise when
viewed from the aft. The radius of gyration of the rotor is 300mm. Determine the
gyroscopic couple and its effect when
i) The ship turns right at an radius of 250m with a speed of 22Kmph
ii) The ship pitches with the bow rising at an angular velocity of 0.85rad/s and
iii) The ship rolls at an angular velocity of 0.15rad/s.
(Nov/Dec 2009)
A ship is propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of
2100 rpm. The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise
direction when viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effect in the following
conditions. (i) the ship sails at a speed of 30 km/hr and steers to the left in curve
having 60 m radius. (ii) the ship pitches 6 above and 6 below the horizontal
position. The bow is descending with its maximum velocity. The motion due to
pitching is simple harmonic and the periodic time is 20 seconds. (iii) the ship rolls at
a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/sec clockwise when viewed
from stern.
(Apr/May 2010)
Or
In a Porter governor, each arm is 200 mm long and is pivoted at the axis of rotation.
The mass of each ball is 5 kg and the load on the sleeve is 30 kg. The extreme radii
of rotation are 80 mm and 140 mm. Plot a graph of the controlling force vs. radius of
rotation and set off a speed scale along the ordinate corresponding to a Porter
governor radius of160 mm.
(Nov/Dec 2009)

65

14. (a)

The arms of a porter governor are each 250mm long and pivoted on the governor
axis. The mass of each ball is 8.2Kg and the mass of the central sleeve is 42Kg. The
radius of rotation of the balls is 150mm when the sleeve begins to rise and reaches a
value of 200 mm for maximum speed. Determine the new speed range of the
governor.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
Or

(b)

Each arm of a Porter governor is 250 mm long. The upper and lower arms are pivoted to
links of 40 mm and 50 mm respectively from the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass
of 5 kg and the sleeve mass is 50 kg. The force of friction on the sleeve of the
mechanism is 40 N. Determine the range of speed of the governor for extreme radii of
rotation of 125 mm and 150 mm.
(Apr/May 2010)

15. (a)

The mass of each ball of a Proell governor is 7.5 kg and the load on the sleeve is 80 kg.
Each of the arms is 300 mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation
whereas the lower arms are pivoted to links of 40 mm from the axis of rotation. The
extensions of the lower arms to which the balls are attached are 100 mm long and are
parallel to the governor axis at the minimum radius. Determine the equilibrium speeds
corresponding to extreme radii of 180 mm and 240 mm.
(Apr/May 2008)
Or

(b)

The rotor of a turbine yatch rotates at 1200rpm clockwise when viewed from stern.
The rotor has a mass of750 kg and radius of gyration of 250mm.Find the maximum
gyroscopic couple transmitted to the hull when yacht pitches with a maximum
angular velocity of 1 rad/s.What is the effect of this couple?
(Nov/Dec 2009)

MAHARAJA ENGINEERING INSTITUTIONS, COIMBATORE & AVINASHI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK II
ME 2302-DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-V MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL
Class : III Mech/ V Sem
Maximum: 100 marks
PART A

1.

What is the principle of working of centrifugal governor?

These are based on balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal
and opposite radial force.
66

2.

What is the principle of inertia governors?

In inertia governors the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an
angular acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.

3.

What is controlling force?

An equal and opposite force to the centrifugal force acting radially inward is termed
as controlling force.

4.

What do you mean by governor effort?

The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed for lift of the
sleeve is known as governor effort.

5.

What is the effect of friction on the governor?

The effect of friction on the governors is to increase the range of speed, governor
effort, and power of the governor.

6.

What is controlling force diagram?

When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of
rotation of the balls as abscissa, the graph so obtained is called controlling force diagram.

7.

What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ships? Why?

We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of precession
should always be perpendicular to the axis of spin. In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of
precession is always parallel to the axis of spin for all positions. Hence there is no effect of
the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship during rolling.
PART B

8.

(a)

In a Porter governor, the mass of the central load is 18 kg and the mass of each ball
is 2 kg. The top arms are 250 mm while the bottom arms are each 300 mm long. The
friction of the sleeve is 14 N. If the top arms make 45 with the axis of rotation in
the equilibrium position, find the range of speed of the governor in that position.

Or
(b) (i) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Naval ship during pitching.
(ii) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Aeroplane

67