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As NFL teams have received public monies over the years for
construction of stadiums it would seem that the public, in
addition to NFL athletes, have a vested right to be duly informed
via Discovery of the concussion / brain injury knowledge
possessed by the NFL and support staff.
Furthermore, a strong argument may be made that the NFL
neglected to warn players re the dangers of concussions.
As a graduate student and clinician with limited resources I was
able to uncover significant data regarding the adverse effects of
concussions contained within the 1800s and 1900s
professional literature. Thus it seems that a large organization
like the NFL could easily access this same information.
It also seems reasonable that NFL players should have been
timely informed of the existence these relevant and significant
concussions issues after the articles were published in various
well respected professional journals.
A review of my Dissertation Reference section reveals the
significant amount of concussion information available within
the professional literature.
Galen
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1974, 1975, 1989 Gronwall (1989) also pointed out that inferential evidence
supporting that the brain becomes compromised due to a concussion may
be found in concussion research that emerged in the 1970s.
This research documented the reduction of information-processing skills
along with evidence of damage to brain structure. These findings were
subsequently interpreted as supporting the long-term, cumulative and
permanent effects of sustaining a concussion (Gronwall & Wrightson,
1974; Gronwall & Wrightson, 1975).
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1982 Levin, Benton and Grossman as cited in Reitan and Wolfson (1986),
pointed out that current available evidence regarding postconcussive
syndrome favors the view of concussion as a severity continuum of diffuse
injury (Reitan & Wolfson, 1986, p. 15).
Anderson, D. (1992). The NFLs quiet career killer. The New York Times. Retrieved May
12, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com
Brady, D. (2004). A preliminary investigation of active and retired NFL players
knowledge of concussions. Unpublished dissertation, The Union Institute and University
Brady, D. (1989). Should individuals who possess only one brain be allowed to box?
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED304435), 1-20.
Brady, D. (1999, October). Soccer participation: Athletes at risk for sustaining a
concussion. Paper presented at the New York State Counseling Associations 33rd
convention, Albany, NY.
Brady, D. (2001, March). The need for baseline data and follow-up assessment for
sports-related concussion management. Invited speaker at the Upstate Medical Center
health system 2001 Sports Medicine Symposium, Syracuse, NY.
Brady, D. (2002, July). A preliminary investigation of Active and Retired NFL Players
knowledge of concussions: Final report. Paper and poster presented at the University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System Centers International Conference on new
developments in sports-related concussions. Pittsburgh, PA..
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Cantu, R. C. (1996). Head injuries in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 289
296.
Evans, R. W. (1994). The postconcussive syndrome: 130 years of controversy. Seminars
in Neurology, 14, 3239.
Gavett, B.E., Stern, R.A., & McKee, A.C. (2011). Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A
potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma. Clinics in
Sports Medicine, 30, 179-188
Goldberg, D. (2009). Concussions, professional sports, and conflicts of interest: Why the
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Ethics Committee Forum, 20(4), 337355.
Goldstein, M. (1990). Traumatic brain injury: A silent epidemic. Annals of Neurology,
27, 327.
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974). Delayed recovery of intellectual function after
minor head injury. The Lancet, September, 605-608.
Gronwall, D. (1989). Cumulative and persisting effects of concussion on attention and
cognition. In H. S. Levin, H. M. Eisenberg, & A. L. Benton (Eds.), Mild head injury (pp.
153162). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Gronwall, D., (1991). Minor head injury. Neuropsychology, 5, 253265.
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1975). Cumulative effect of concussion. The Lancet, 2,
995997.
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Harding, H. P. Jr.,
Matthews, A., et al. (2007). Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired
professional football players. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(6), 903
909.
Holbourn, A. H. (1943, October 9). Mechanics of head injuries. The Lancet, 438441.
Hovda, D., Lee, S., Smith, M., VonStuck, S., Bergsneider, M., Kelly, D., & Shalmon, E.
(1995). The neurochemical and metabolic cascade following brain injury: Moving from
animal models to man. Journal of Neurotrauma, 12, 903906.
Huizenga, R. (1994). Youre okay, its just a bruise. New York, NY: St. Martins Press.
Kelly, J., & OShanick, G. (2003, March). The diagnosis and management of concussion.
Paper presented at the 54th annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology,
Denver, CO.
Kelly, J., & Rosenberg, J. (1998). The development of guidelines for the management of
concussion in sports. Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation, 13, 5365.
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King, N. S., Crawford, S., Wenden, F. J., Moss, N., & Wade, D. T. (1995). Rivermead
postconcussion symptoms questionnaire: A measure of symptoms commonly experienced
after head injury and its reliability. Journal of Neurology, 242, 587592.
Kieslich, M., Fiedler, A., Heller, C., Kreuz, W., & Jacobi, G. (2002). Minor head injury
as cause and co-factor in the aetiology of stroke in childhood: A report of eight cases.
Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery Psychiatry, 73(1), 1316.
Langlois, J. A. Rutland-Brown, W., & Wald, M. M. (2006). The epidemiology and
impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview. Journal of Head Trauma
Rehabilitation 21, 375378.
Levin, H. S., Benton, A. L., & Grossman, R.G. (1982). Neurobehavioral consequences
of closed head injury. New York: Oxford University Press.
McKee A, Cantu R, Nowinski C, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes:
progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol
2009;68:7093
McKeag, D. B. (2003). Understanding sportsrelated concussion: Coming into focus but
still fuzzy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 26042605.
Meeuwisse, W. H. (2002). Science without logic. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine,
12, 1.
Moore, N. (2001). What doctors can learn from lawyers about conflicts of interest.
Boston University Law Review, 81, 445-456.
Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a
national football league player. Neurosurgery 2005;57:12834.
Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Hamilton RL, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a
national football league player: part II. Neurosurgery 2006;59:108692
Ommaya, A., & Gennarelli, T. (1974). Cerebral concussion and traumatic
unconsciousness. Brain, 97, 633654.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1986). Traumatic brain injury (vol. 1). Tucson:
Neuropsychology Press.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (2000). Mild head injury: Intellectual, cognitive, and
emotional consequences. Tucson: Neuropsychology Press.
Rimel, R. W., Giordani, B., Barth, J. T., Boll, T. J., & Jane, J. A. (1981). Disability
caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery 9 (September), 221-228.
Ryan, A. J. (1987). Brain injuries in football. The Physician and Sports Medicine,
15(6), 39.
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Saunders, R. L., & Harbaugh, R. E. (1984). The second impact in catastrophic contactsports head trauma. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 252, 538-539.
Schneider, R. C., & Kriss, F. C. (1969). Decision concerning cerebral concussions in
football players. Medicine and Science in Sports, 1, 112-115.
Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of
neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military
personnel. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014 Jan 15;6(1):4.
Strich, S. J. (1961, August 26). Shearing of nerve fibers as a cause of brain damage due to
head injury: A pathological study of twenty cases. The Lancet, 443338.
Strauss, I., & Savitsky, N. (1934). Head injury. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry,
31, 893-955.
Thorndike, A. (1951). Athletic injuries: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed).
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Thorndike, A. (1952, October 9). Serious recurrent injuries of athletes:
Contraindications to further competitive participation. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 554-556.
Wrightson, P., & Gronwall, D. (1999). Mild head injury: A guide to management. New
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Zhang, Q., & Sachdev, P. (2003). Psychotic disorder and traumatic brain injury. Current
Psychiatry Reports, 5, 197-201.
Respectfully submitted,
Don Brady, PhD, PsyD, NCSP, LMFT
Licensed Clinical Psychologist
Nationally and NY State Certified School Psychologist
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
don@donbrady.com
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