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8. How many grams of copper could be melted if 700 J are applied to it?
700 J = (x)(209 J/g) = 3.35 g
9. How many grams of water could be boiled if 8000 J are applied to it?
8000 J = (x)(2260 J/g) = 3.54 g
Combination Problems
1. How much energy is needed to heat 200 grams of diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, from 5 oC to its boiling point and boil
it?
A) Heat to boiling point Q = mc(Tf-Ti) = (200 g)(2.33)(34.6 5 oC) = 13.8 kJ
B) Boil
Q = mLv = (200 g)(357 J/g) = 71.4 kJ
Total = 13.8 + 71.4 = 85.2 kJ
2. How much energy is needed to turn 400 grams of liquid benzene, C6H6 , at 20 oC to gaseous benzene at 150 oC?
A) Heat to boiling point
Q = mc(Tf-Ti) = (400 g)(1.74)(80 20 oC) = 41.8 kJ
B) Boil
Q = mLv = (400 g)(393 J/g) = 157.2 kJ
C) Heat gas from bp to 150 oC
Q = mc(Tf-Ti) = (400 g)(1.06)(150-80) = 29.7 kJ
Total = 41.8 + 157.2 + 29.7 = 228.7 kJ
3. How much energy is needed to turn a 75 g block of ice at -40 oC to steam at 250 oC?
A) Heat to melting point
Q = mc(Tf-Ti) = (75 g)(2.06)(0 (-40 oC)) = 6.2 kJ
B) Melt
Q = mLf = (75 g)(333 J/g) = 25 kJ
C) Heat liq from mp to bp
Q = mc(Tf-Ti) = (75 g)(4.18)(100 0 oC) = 31.4 kJ
B) Boil
Q = mLv = (75 g)(2260 J/g) = 169.5 kJ
o
C) Heat gas from bp to 250 C
Q = mc(Tf-Ti) = (75 g)(1.86)(250 100 oC) = 20.9 kJ
Total = 6.2 + 25 + 31.4 + 169.5 + 20.9 kJ = 253 kJ
4) Which part of #3 contributes the most energy to the overall process?
The boiling part (going from liquid to gas or vice versa) requires the most energy
4. Octane, the major component in gasoline freezes at 57 oC and boils at 125 oC. If gaseous
octane was cooled from 200 oC to 100 oC, draw what the graph would look like:
5. The following graph shows three different substances and their phase changes. Answer the
following questions about them:
A. What is the melting point of substance Y? @ -25 oC
B. What is the boiling point of substance Z? @ 40 oC
C. Which substance is still a solid when the other two substances have turned to gases? X
D. Which substance has the lowest boiling point? Y
E. Which substance has the lowest freezing point? Z
X
Y
Z
6. Water boils at 100 oC. Why are steam burns potentially more dangerous than boiling water
burns?
Under normal conditions, liquid water can only get up to 100 oC. Steam, because it is a gas, can
get hotter than 100 oC and is potentially more dangerous because of it.
Calorimetry
1. What is the specific heat capacity of water?
4.18 J/goC
2. A piece of ice is placed on the sidewalk on a hot summer day. Describe what happens to energy content of the
piece of ice, does it gain or lose energy? What happens to the air around the ice, does it gain or lose energy?
The ice gains energy from the surrounding air and increases its energy (endothermic).
The air loses energy to the ice and decreases its energy (exothermic)
3. 100 grams of hot water at 80 oC is combined with 100 grams of cool water at 20 oC. What is the final temperature
of the combined water?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mc(Tf Ti) (100 g)(4.18)(x- 80 oC) = - (100 g)(4.18)(x- 20 oC) Tf = 50 oC
4. 100 grams of hot water at 80 oC is combined with 50 grams of cool water at 20 oC. What is the final temperature
of the combined water?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mc(Tf Ti) (100 g)(4.18)(x- 80 oC) = - (50 g)(4.18)(x- 20 oC)
Tf = 60 oC
o
o
5. A 25 gram piece of hot metal at 97 C is plunged into a 35 gram cup of cool water at 19 C. The metal gives up
its heat to the water until they are both at 22 oC. What is the specific heat capacity of the metal?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mc(Tf Ti) (25 g)(x)(22- 97 oC) = - (35 g)(4.18)(22- 19 oC)
C = 0.234 J/goC
o
o
6. A 75 gram piece of hot metal at 100 C is dropped into a 50 gram cup of cool water at 22 C. The final
temperature of the system is 30 oC. What is the specific heat capacity of the metal?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mc(Tf Ti) (75 g)(x)(30- 100 oC) = - (50 g)(4.18)(30- 22 oC)
C = 0.318 J/goC
7. A 120 gram piece of copper at 75 oC is put into a 20 gram sample of water at 10 oC. What is the final temperature
of the system after the copper releases all its extra heat?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mc(Tf Ti) (120 g)(0.385)(x- 75 oC) = - (20 g)(4.18)(x- 10 oC) Tf = 33.1 oC
8. 100 g of water at 22 oC was combined with 20 grams of ice. The final temperature of the system was 6 oC.
Calculate the heat of fusion of ice based upon this data.
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mLf
(100 g)(4.18)(6- 22 oC) = - (20 g)(x)
Lf = 334.4 J/g
o
9. 200 g of water at 22 C was combined with 15 grams of ice. Knowing that the heat of fusion of ice is 333 J/g,
calculate the final temperature of the system.
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mLf
(200 g)(4.18)(x- 22 oC) = - (15 g)(333 J/g) Tf = 16 oC
10. Suppose you heat a 50 g piece of silver to 99.8 oC and then drop it onto ice. When the metals temperature has
dropped to 0 oC, it is found that 3.54 g of ice has melted. What is the specific heat capacity of silver?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mLf
(50 g)(x)(0- 99.8 oC) = - (3.54 g)(333 J/g) c = 0.236 J/goC
11. A 9.36 g piece of Pt is heated to 98.6 oC and then dropped onto a block of ice. When the temperature of the
metal has dropped to 0 oC, it is found that 0.37 g of ice melted. What is the specific heat capacity of Pt?
Qlost = - Qgain
mc(Tf Ti) = - mLf
(9.36 g)(x)(0- 98.6 oC) = - (0.37 g)(333 J/g) Tf = 0.134 J/goC
12. Describe each of the reactions below as either endothermic or exothermic. Some are tricky, be careful. Decide
whether heat is entering or leaving the system in question:
A. Exploding fireworks
B. Melting snow
C. Lava cooling
D. Paper burning
E. An ice cube freezing
F. Water evaporating
endothermic
endothermic
endothermic
endothermic
endothermic
endothermic
exothermic
exothermic
exothermic
exothermic
exothermic
exothermic
Enthalpy Problems
1. For the equation:
Mg + CO2 MgO + C
If 16.7 kJ of heat is given off per 1.0 gram of magnesium reacted, calculate the Hrxn
Horxn = Qrxn/moles Horxn = -16.7 kJ/0.0411 moles = -406 kJ/mole
2. For the equation:
(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + 4 H2O + Cr2O3
If 3 grams of (NH4)2Cr2O7 gives off 3.57 kJ of energy, calculate the Hrxn
Horxn = Qrxn/moles Horxn = -3.57 kJ/0.0119 moles = -300 kJ/mole
Bond Energies
1. Draw the Lewis Dot structures and determine the Hrxn for:
CO + Cl2 Cl2CO
O
C O
Cl Cl
Cl C Cl
H
O H
O O
H F
H F
O
O
O O
O O
H2 O
H2 + O2 Hrxn= +286 kJ
2 HNO3
N2O5 + H2O Hrxn= +74 kJ
N2 + 3 O2 + H2 2 HNO3
Hrxn= 2(-174 kJ)
Hrxn= + 12 kJ
Hrxn= -92 kJ
Hrxn= -906 kJ
Hrxn= -242 kJ
N2 + 3/2 H2 NH3
Hrxn= -46 kJ
NH3 + 5/4 O2 NO + 3/2 H2O Hrxn= -226 kJ
3/2 H2O
3/2 H2 + O2 Hrxn= +363 kJ
Hrxn= +91 kJ
Hrxn= -592 kJ
Hrxn= -234 kJ
Hrxn= -394
Sr + O2 SrO
SrO + CO2 SrCO3
C + O2 CO2
Hrxn= -592 kJ
Hrxn= -234 kJ
Hrxn= -394
CH4
C + 2 H2
C + 2 Cl2 CCl4
2 H2 + 2 Cl2 4 HCl
Hrxn= +75 kJ
Hrxn= -96 kJ
Hrxn= 2(-92) kJ
Hrxn= -1220 kJ
Hrxn= -75 kJ
Hrxn= -96 kJ
Hrxn= -92 kJ
Hrxn= -572 kJ
Hrxn= -74 kJ
Hrxn= -174 kJ
Hrxn= -205 kJ
Hrxn= +84 kJ
Hfo
1. For each of the substances below, write a balanced equation showing the formation of 1 mole of the compound
from its elements in their standard states. Look up the value for Hfo in the Appendix in the back of a book or
online.
a) Al2O3
2 Al (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) Al2O3 (s)
Hfo = -1676 kJ/mole
b) Mg(OH)2
Mg (s) + H2 (g) + O2 (g) Mg(OH)2 (s) Hfo = -925 kJ/mole
c) C12H22O11
12 C (s) + 11 H2 (g) + 11/2 O2 (g) C12H22O11 (s) Hfo = -2226 kJ/mole
d) NaHCO3
Na (s) + H2 (g) + C (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) NaHCO3 (s) Hfo = -951 kJ/mole
2. For each of the reactions below, calculate Horxn . Look up the values for Hfo in the Appendix in the back of a
book or online.
a) SO2 (g) + O2 (g) SO3 (g) Horxn = (-396) (-297) = -99 kJ
b) 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) Horxn = [4(91) + 6(-242)] 4(-46) = -904 kJ
c) NH4NO3 (s) N2O (g) + 2 H2O (g) Horxn = [(82) + 2(-242)] (-366) = -36 kJ
3. Nitroglycerin is a powerful explosive that explodes by the following equation while giving off 4200 kJ of heat.
C3H5(NO3)3 3/2 N2 (g) + O2 (g) + 3 CO2 (g) + 5/2 H2O (g)
Calculate the Hfo of nitroglycerin. -4200 kJ = [3(-394) + 5/2(-242)] x x = 2413 kJ
4. Oxygen difluoride reacts with water vapor to produce 318 kJ of heat by the following equation:
OF2 (g) + H2O (g) 2 HF (g) + O2 (g)
Calculate the Hfo of OF2
x = 14 kj
Calculate the Horxn of each step. Calculate the Horxn of the overall reaction. Is the overall reaction endo or
exothermic?
Endothermic
Bomb Calorimetry
1. You burn 0.300 g of C in an excess of O2 in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature of the
calorimeter which contains 775 grams of water increases from 25 to 27.38 oC. The heat
capacity of the bomb is 893 J/K. What is Hrxn per mole of carbon?
Qrxn = - [qwater + qbomb] = - [mcTwater + kTbomb]
Qrxn = -[(775 g)(4.18 J/gC)(2.38 oC) + (893 J/K)(2.38 K)] = -9.835 kJ
0.30 g C *(1 mole/12 g) = 0.025 moles C
Hrxn = q/mole = -9.835 kJ/0.025 mole = -393 kJ/mole
2. You burn 1.50 g of benzoic acid (C6H5CO2H) in a bomb calorimeter which has a constant of
789 J/K. The calorimeter is filled with 775 g of water and the temperature increases from
22.50 to 31.69 oC. What is Hrxn per mole of benzoic acid?
Qrxn = - [qwater + qbomb] = - [mcTwater + kTbomb]
Qrxn = -[(775 g)(4.18 J/gC)(9.19 oC) + (789 J/K)(9.19 K)] = -37.0 kJ
1.50 g C6H5CO2H *(1 mole/122 g) = 0.0123 moles C6H5CO2H
Hrxn = q/mole = -37 kJ/0.0123 mole = -3008 kJ/mole
Entropy Problems
1. Without doing any calculations, determine the sign of each of the entropy changes below:
a. Mg (s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl2 (s)
S = negative
b. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
S = negative
c. 2 H2O (l) 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)
S = positive
d. 2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
S = positive
2. Calculate the So of each of the above equations and compare the value to your predictions from #1.
a. Mg (s) + Cl2 (g) MgCl2 (s)
S = (90) [(33) + (223)] = -166 J/K
b. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
S = [2(193)] [(153) + 3(131)] = -160 J/K
c. 2 H2O (l) 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)
S = [2(131) + 205] [2(70)] = + 327 J/K
d. 2 KClO3 (s) 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
S = [2(83) + 3(205)] [2(143)] = + 495 J/K
3. Summarize each of the laws of Thermodynamics:
a. 1st Law of Thermodynamics:
E = q + w
b. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
Suniverse > 0 for a spontaneous rxn
rd
c. 3 Law of Thermodynamics:
S of a perfect crystal at 0 Kelvin is 0
4. List three things the entropy value of a substance depends upon:
a. Temperature
b. State of matter
c. Molecular complexity
5. Define entropy. A measure of the energy randomization or energy dispersal in a system (disorder)
5. Using the values of Gof, calculate the Gorxn of each of the equations below. Is each reaction spontaneous at
standard conditions?
a. N2O4 (g) 2 NO2 (g)
G = [2(51)] [100] = 2 kJ Non-spontaneous
b. NH4Cl (s) HCl (g) + NH3 (g)
G = [(-95) + (-16)] [-203] = 92 kJ Non-spontan
c. 3 H2 (g) + Fe2O3 (s) 2 Fe (s) + 3 H2O (g)
G = [3(-229)] [-742] = 55 kJ Non-spontaneous
d. N2 (g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3 (g)
G = [2(-16)] [0] = -32 kJ Spontaneous
3. For the reaction: 2 Fe (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) Fe2O3 (s) Hf= -824 kJ/mol
A 75.0 g sample of Fe is mixed with 11.5 L of O2 at 2.66 atm and 298 K.
a. Calculate the number of moles of:
i) Fe 1.34 moles
ii) O2 1.25 moles
b. Identify the limiting reagent. Justify your answer.
Try to use all 1.34 moles of Fe:
1.34 moles Fe *(3/2 moles O2/2 moles Fe) = 1.005 moles O2 needed which we have enough
of so Fe is limiting reagent
c. Calculate the number of moles of Fe2O3 produced if the reaction goes to completion.
1.34 moles Fe *(1 mole Fe2O3/2 mole Fe) = 0.67 moles Fe2O3
d. If Gf= -740 kJ/mole for Fe2O3:
i) Calculate the Sf for Fe2O3
G = H - TS
-740,000 J = -824000 J (298K)S
S = -282 J/K
ii) Which is more responsible for the spontaneity of the reaction, the enthalpy or the
entropy? Justify your answer.
Enthalpy (H) tends to be negative for spontaneous reactions
Entropy (S) tends to be positive for spontaneous reactions
Since the enthalpy is negative and the entropy is negative, the reaction is enthalpy-driven
only
e. Knowing that:
2 FeO (s) + O2(g) Fe2O3 (s) Hrxn= -280 kJ
Calculate Hf of FeO (s)
Hrxn = Hfo prod Hfo react
Hrxn = (Fe2O3) 2*(FeO)
-280 = (-824) 2X
2X = -544
X = -272 kJ/mole
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
HH
H
H C C C
H
H
H
C
HH
H
H
H C C C
C H
HH C H H
H
H