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Bileaflet HeartValves

HeartValves
Fabricated from carbons, metals, elastomers, fabrics,
and natural valves.
Must NOT React With Chemicals in Body.
Attached By Polyester Mesh.
Tissue Growth Facilitated By Polar Oxygen-Containing
Groups.

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HeartValves
Almost as soon as valve implanted cardiac function is
restored to near normal.
Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used most widely.
More than 45,000 replacement valves implanted every
year in the United States.

ProblemswithHeartValves
Degeneration of Tissue.
Mechanical Failure.
Postoperative infection.
Induction of blood clots.

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Biomaterials

Polymeric biomaterials
Bioceramics
Metallic biomaterials
Biocomposite
Biologically based (derived) biomaterials

Polymerization
Condensation: A reaction occurs between two molecules to
form a larger molecule with the elimination of a smaller
molecule.
Addition: A reaction occurs between two molecules to form
a larger molecule without the elimination of a smaller
molecule.

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Polymericbiomaterials:prosandcons
Easy to make complicated
items
Tailorable physical &
mechanical properties
Surface modification
Immobilize cell etc.
Biodegradable

Leachable compounds
Absorb water & proteins
etc.
Surface contamination
Wear & breakdown
Biodegradation
Difficult to sterilize

Polymericbiomaterials

PMMA
PVC
PLA/PGA
PE
PP
PA
PTFE
PET
PUR
Silicones

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Bioceramics:prosandcons
High compression strength
Wear & corrosion
resistance
Can be highly polished
Bioactive/inert

High modulus
(mismatched with bone)
Low strength in tension
Low fracture toughness
Difficult to fabricate

Bioceramics

Alumina
Zirconia (partially stabilized)
Silicate glass
Calcium phosphate (apatite)
Calcium carbonate

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Metallicbiomaterials:prosandcons

High strength
Fatigue resistance
Wear resistance
Easy fabrication
Easy to sterilize
Shape memory

High moduls
Corrosion
Metal ion sensitivity
and toxicity
Metallic looking

Metallicbiomaterials

Stainless steel (316L)

Co-Cr alloys
Ti6Al4V
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloys
Amalgam (AgSnCuZnHg)
Ni-Ti
Titanium

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Tissueengineering
Theapplicationofengineeringdisciplinestoeithermaintainexistingtissue
structuresortoenabletissuegrowth.
Fromamaterialengineeringpintofview,tissuesareconsideredtobecellular
compositesrepresentingmltiphasesystem:
Threemainstructuralcomponents:
1.Cellsorganisedintofunctionalunits
2.Theextracellularmatrix
3.Scaffoldingarchitecture

Porous3Dscaffoldpreparation
Fabrication procedures of a porous polymer 3D scaffold:
PLGA dissolved in chloroform and mixed with NaCl
particles, evaporation of the chloroform, dissoltion of NaCl
in water, resulting a polymer sponge with over 96% porosity.

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Requirementsofsofttissueadhesion

Biodegradable
Fast spread on wet (wound) surface
Adequate working time
Adequate bonding strength
Hemostasis
Biocompatible

CelltransplantationthroughECM

Matrix purposes

Maintain structural
integrity of the implant
Guide the growth of new
tissue
Allow for the invasion of
blood vessels
Provide necessary
mechanical forces to
cells

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Hydrogels

Hydrophilic polymeric networks that can absorb water

without dissolving

Can be composed of natural or synthetic polymers

First suggested for use in biomedical applications in 1960

NaturalVsSyntheticHydrogels

Natural

Most closely resemble

the tissues they are
meant to replace
Almost always
biocompatible
Biodegradable
Difficult to isolate from
biological tissues
Restricted versatility

Synthetic

Can be reliably produced

Greater control over
polymer structure
May not be
biocompatible
Not always
biodegradable
Use of toxic reagents a
problem

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Hydrogelsfortissueengg.:prosandcons

Advantages

Disadvantages

Aqueous environment for cells

Hard to handle

Porous to allow for nutrient

transport

Physically weak

Difficult to sterilize

Easily modified

Usually biocompatible

Degradationrate

Vary the PEG

molecular weight
Lower molecular weight
monomers, slow
degradation due to
increased crosslink
density

PEG MW

Deg. Time

1000

45 days

4000

6 days

6000

5 days

10000

<1 day

10

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Measurementofphasechange

% Transmittance solutions are transparent,

gels are opaque

Swelling Ratio = Swollen Weight Dry Weight

Dry Weight

11