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THE
OLDEST CIVILIZATION
OF GREECE
TO THE COURT OK
(KeftlJt] BRINGING GIFTS
THOTHMES in.; circa B.C. 1550. \VALL-PAINTING IN
THE TO.MH OF KEKHMARA AT TIIEHES
A MYC KN.V.AX
THE
OLDEST CIVILIZATION
OF GREECE
STUDIES OF
BY
H. K.
HALL,
M.A.
J. B.
1901
LIPPINCOTT CO.
III rights
rcscmed
TQl IIATPI
MOV
AIIAPXAI
PREFACE
"
THE
series of
into
a connected form.
Mycenaean Age
which are comprised in this volume contain the notes
made during the course of some years' study of
the "Mycenaean Question," expanded and thrown
The
chief
problems of
has, however,
is
the scientific
layman who
search which ever yet allured the seeker after forgotten history the search for the origins of Greek
civilization.
It
still
firm earth
when we
and have
remembered that
naean,
still
all
PREFACE
of
monuments
Greece by
more or less probable hypotheses and theories.
Our explanation of the development of pras-classical
Greek culture is, therefore, merely a collection of
theories and hypotheses. And although the majority
explain the prehistoric
of students of the
of
many more
or
less
important
is
giving his
own
phenomena which
With regard
may remark
that
and
peculiarities of
it
my
Hist o ire
SCHUCHHARDT's Epitome of
be found.
The term
"
;3
Mycenaean
have used in
its
widest
PREFACE
xi
"
"
sense, as covering the typical
deposits
Cycladic
of Thera, Phylakope, Kamarais, and the older
The term
"
"
Prae-Mycenaean
than
Egypt
as fully as
is
The
and the West, I have merely referred
to as shortly as possible.
The discoveries of Signer
OKSI and his fellow-workers in the Western field are
this book.
Sicily, Italy,
discussed.
and many
period
of
The
Aryan invasion must naturally be
the
understood
earlier,
rather
helps
to
the
better
understanding of the
PREFACE
xii
to
subject-matter by the layman than contributions
the knowledge of the subject already possessed by
the archaeologist the latter will, however, I hope,
"
find the illustrations to chapter vi., on
My cense
"
List of Illusand Egypt," useful to him. In the
;
trations
"
will
H.
February 1901.
II.
HALL.
CONTENTS
THE NEW CHAPTER OF GREEK HISTORYARCH^OLOGIST AND HISTORIAN
civilization
One of the dominant objects of modern Hellenic study Owing to the
results of archaeological research
Archaeological discoveries of the Nineteenth Century Egypt and Assyria
New
discoveries
Instances of
method
not an
possible
in
Greece
isolated
One thing
certain
development
Greek
working
civilization
hypothesis
Pp. 1-2 1
II
THE HYPOTHESIS
Doubtful and provisional character of the "Mycenaean
Hypothesis" Usually not sufficiently emphasized The
beginnings of
Greek
civilization
Hissarlik
" Chalco-
xiv
CONTENTS
lithic
"
First appearance of
period
Bronze
Pottery and
The Island-Graves
Probability that Mycenaean culture continued to exist in Asia Relation between "Mycenaean"
and "Geometrical" art Introduction of Iron The
the Islands
Mixed styles
cian influence
"
styles
"
Proto- Corinthian
Hypothesis
vases
Pp. 22-47
III
Rough
Athens
synchronisms
objections
Later evidence
Egyptian Chronology
Tomb of Rameses III. (1200 B.C.) Tell el-Yahudiyeh
Yase of Tchet-Khensu-auf-ankh
No later
(1000 B.C.)
^Egina" (800 .c.)
Mycenaean survival in Asia and Cyprus (700 B.C.) Date of
evidence from
Egypt" Treasure of
CONTENTS
xv
Mycensean
Vase-fragments
from
And
Kahun
Doubtful
IV
this
Summarized
Pelasgian Theory
argument
Objections thereto
Meaning
Prof.
Ridge way's
Some Mycenaeans
CONTENTS
xvi
Italy
Pp. 77-106
1 '
Hittites
doubtful
Cyprus
The
first
Mycenaeans
Greeks
in Cyprus
Probably the first Cyprian
Peculiar characteristics of the Mycenaean
Age
CONTENTS
xvii
the Philistines
Mycenaean
traces
Egypt
Pp. 107-142
VI
CONTENTS
xviii
VII
How much
did Europe
owe
to the
East?
The Minyans
Lemnos
Route
to the
Helles-
VIII
Long
duration
of
the
period
of
disturbance
The
CONTENTS
xix
Homeric Period
Date
Mycenaean
Theban
-settlement unhistorical
Phoenician
in
Greece
Their
legacies
to
Greece
The
Leagues
origin
CONTENTS
xx
The
poems
Mycenaean and Classical Civilizations of Greece Outward points of difference Spirit the same Continuity
of Greek Art Nothing essentially oriental in Mycenaean
culture Unity of Greek culture Mycenaean survivals
in Classical Greece
State-survivals Athens V Argos
and ^Egina The Kingdom of Diomed and Pheidon
The Dorians at Argos Early seafaring activity of
^Egina The ^Eginetan and Euboic standards Corinth
due to Phoenician
L
....
initiative V
The End
KCU
MuKT/i/mW
Ai'i-EXDix II.
face P. 292
.P.
INDEX
303
APPENDIX IV.
ADDENDA
P. 293
fighting.
of Warrior -Gods
Cylinders
221292
<&r.
......
.....
........
........
Ai'i-EXDix III.
rise
Tipwdiwv
Pp.
To
APPENDIX
Her
the parvemie
Mycenaean Influence
in
'
Hittite
P.
~>o7
"
P- 311
.P.
313
.P.
325
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PACK
FIG.
FRONTISPIECE.
circa u.c.
Rekhmara
rEt/iji>te et
tie
de
...
va.se-
(I'ERROT-CiiiPiEZ,
Transl. Phoenicia, &c.
3.
Prae-Mycenaean
hand-made. (Troy
Jlios,
r.lrf,
tic
iii.
7/IO.S',
Fig". 214.)
(Trpo^oCi?)
:
Second
of
City.)
black
.
ware
.
.11
Xo. 834
SCHUCIIHARDT,
(SCIILIEMAMN,
//JOS,
5.
ii.
Vase
(SCIILIEMANX,
mann, Fig. 73.)
4.
Jf/tit.
Xo. 988
'.
Second
...
(Troy
Fig'. 57.)
23
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxii
1>A<JE
IMC.
6.
7.
Now
Fi'. 133.)
at
Munich,
24
t'f.
lints.
(TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
25
(Amorgos.)
Cf. DUMMLER,
134.)
prse-Mycenaean period.
Fig".
Atll.
Mittlt. xi.
8.
......
incised design,
prae-Mycenaean period
ing-
PERROT-CniPIEZ,
seaweed,
is
vi. pi.
Arc.
E. T. Phwnicia,
Fig. 485.
(PERROT-CiiiPiEZ,
Fig. 209.) From Al:nbr:i.
iii.
9.
from Cyprus
The
xx.
27
26
ii.
design, represent-
directly on tlie
(i.e.
M'AN(3LKR-Lo.scnCKE,p. vii
I'ainted Pottery in Crete/V.
"
the " proto-Mycenseau mitt-
The new
techui(ine
k>
:
was never
die Oi'iiauientik
die
see
jo.
Vaaengattimgen" <FLRTM'.-
On ^lyceniean
TSOINTAS-MAXATT, i>. 240
LOHCHCKE,
foc.cit.).
vase-paintiiiii'
generally
ffi.
MlU'i'-IICX,
]>.
477
lion's
29
SCHL'CIIIIARDT.
Fiii'.
266.)
ii.
Golden
(After SCIILIKMAXN,
Fijf.
86.)
Thin yold
^^!/<^ nes,
f.
(The design
.
272:
is
of
..30
Scui CHIIARDT,
While
the winded s]>liinx does not appear in Egypt till a comparatively late period, the winded yrittin is an Egyptian conception,
if
not earlier.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxiii
PAGE
IK;.
12.
......
Mycenaean
Au
intag-lio
Mycenaean
14.
Gem
31
Fig'. 189.)
combat of warriors
from
Myceiire,
.32
showing Hellenic
spirit in
art.
duction
is
in the
33
I'ERROT-CHIPIEZ, Hint, de I" Art, vi.pl. xv. (PERROTCHIPIEZ, vl. Fig-. 369; E. T. Primitive Greece, Fig-. 362.)
Cf.
15.
duction
Cf.
6.
in the
I'ERROT-CHIPIEZ,
CHIPIEZ,
1
is
vi.
The pin is
p. 362.
giveji in the figure.
8.
H. 1895,
19. Asiatic
missing
vii.
Fig-.
....
48.)
Annali,
1872,
Fig-.
230; E. T.
Li/t/ia,
in
(TERROT-CHIPIEZ,
Fig-.
242.)
is
38
40
Tav.
Karia
fcc.,
iii.
CESNOLA,
43
Fig.
p. 230.
centre
I. i.
(I'ERROT-CiiiPiKZ,
230.)
37
p. 275.
(I'ERROT-Cmi'iEZ,
20.
c.
Ji.
34
(.1
17.
PERROT
art.
tree,
45
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxiv
FIG.
21.
...
52
in a
Mycensean Metal Cup, from a wall-painting
Thebantomb; c. ISOOB.C
53
....
(Tomb
22.
(After
of Eekhinara.)
PRISSE D'AvENNES,
23.
'
Hint, de
K<if(t, 9.)
in a
Thebantomb;
c.
54
150011.0
'
tic
/'Art;
Art Jndnstrie/
24.
in
Mycenaean Silver Cup, from a tomb at Enkomi
Roman
and
Gk.
Mus.
Dept.
Cyprus. (Brit.
rf.
MURRAY,
25.
Fig. 33.)
55
YHItli century.
< 'f.
inlaid
-
I'ERROT-C'IIIPIE/,
58
\i.
pi. xvii.
26.
27.
tomb
1200-1150 n.c
(After C'HAMPOLMON, Monument*,
A Mycensean
of
Rameses
III.
59
pi. cc-lviii.)
painting in the
tomb of Rameses
III.
c.
1200-
60
II501U
(After CHAMPOMJON,
Monument*,
pi. eclix.)
above the
arc elephant-tusk*
k-t't
Egyptian nfclt(it-v\v amulet of lapislaxuli
the vase below the Jiitt/e/ktmne is of variegated
If so, it is of
i'lass, and is probably also a Jlii</e/knne.
Egyptian make no ylass /iiif/elkuttiien lisive been found in
Tin- olijccts on
tin-
an
is
J}ii</e!/c(iitni<
;
Greece.
28.
Mycenaean
The vase
'
Third
Ili'ujrlL-innu',
r.iooois.c.
(Brit.
of
style."
Tclict-Klicnsn-::nf-ankli.
FL HTWANGLER'S
61
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxv
PAGE
1'IC.
"
29.
Vases of tk punctuated .black ware, from Khata'anah and elsewhere in Egypt c. 2000 B.C. (Brit.
Mus. Egyptian Dept. Nos. 30444, 27472, 4809,
;
68
21976.)
30.
31.
Hawk
Vase of black
punctuated
Mus. Egyptian Dept. No. 17046.)
Vase
ware.
...
(Brit.
69
(Brit.
32.
"
"
Vase of
"
70
"
(PEKROT-CHIPIEZ,
iii.
Fig-.
486
.71
E. T. Phwniciu, &c.
ii.
Fig. 210.)
Cf. MYHES-UICIITER, Cyprus Museum Catalogue,}). 39 ff.
Specimens of this Cyprian ware have been found exported
far from Cyprus e.g., a howl found at Sakkarah in Egypt
(WALTERS, ./. H. S. XVii. p. 74).
;
"
33.
Cf.
p.
46
ft .
"
Vase of Cyprian black
ware
base-ring
in Egypt.
Date about 1400-1 100 B.C.
"
34.
71
MYRES-HICIITER,
found
.
72
Tomb
Lykian
........
architecture
Mycenseans
(PERKOT-CHIPIEZ,
Cf.
36.
v. Fig.
TSOUNTAS-MAXATT,
261
E. T. Lydia,
Arc.
89
Fig. 261.)
Fig. 49.
.99
'
fied.)
(PERROT CinriE/,
Fig'. 212;
Zakazik.
E. T.
Fig. 212;
SAYCE, T. S. B. A. ix. (1887) pt.
-
v.
Li/flia,
i.)
<Xrc.
From
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxvi
PAGE
FIG.
37.
"Mother Kybile
Phrygian Inscription
Greek
language of Asia Minor, using
(Aryan
105
script.)
(PERROT-CHIPIEZ,
RAMSAY,
38.
./.
/.'.
v.
Fig. 3
A. X. xv.
i.)
(Prse-Mycenaean period.)
(TSOUNTAS-MANATT, Fig. 132.)
39.
.120
no;
(PEKKOT-CHIFIEB, v. Fig. no E. T. Lytliu, Ac. Fig.
RAMSAY, ./. U. X. 1884, p. 285.) Cf. the Lion-gate at MyAt Arslan-Kaya.
cense.
;
40.
(Brit,
Mus.)
(PEHROT-CiiiPiE/,
41.
iv.
.124
Xllth century
Philistine of the
From Medluet-Halm.
42.
tlie
(Sculp133
head-dress
/.
p.
180. n. 2.
....
Cyprus in
Brit.
centre
IMg. 84.
< '/.
si iniliir
13?
ivories
from
4500
]'..('.
Brit. 31 us.
43. Prehistoric
or earlier
Egyptian ''Boat-Vase":
r.
50
Tll(
'
ll(>;lt
is
'"
tlu
'
45.
On
B.C.
44.
from Jera-
On
pares
this relief
it
<;/'.
HEI/.EY.
xvi. (18921
TavpoKaflcii^ia.
in
who com-
153
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
46.
Mycenaean
(
47.
Brit.
Itiuji'lL-oiim'n
.from
Egypt
xxvii
.161
Mycenaean Gold and Silver Yase from a wallpainting in the tomb of Rekhmara, c. 1550 u.c.
(After PRIME D'AvENNES, Hist. <1e VArt; Art lmln*trM
;
164
"
48. Ceiling of the
.....
48.)
PERHOT-CHIPIKZ,
Cf.
167
vi.
Fig. 221.
49.
50.
......
.....
SardUna
(Sardians)
(Thebes.)
.
Egypt.
the
in
Mus.
(Brit.
Xllth
cent.
68
r..c.
172
Cf. the
(Sculptures of Rameses III., Medlnet-Habu.)
helmet with the Myccnseaii representation of a helmet illustrated by SCHUCHHARDT, Fig. 198. MAsr^RO's identitica-
MULLER'S
(Am'en
u.
licnic.
]).
EurofHi, p. 372
In note
herents.
1880,
Critique,
on
f.) is
p.
173
Sardina wei'e prohably the first of the wandering Mediterranean tribes to take to mercenary soldiering, and that they
served in Egypt as royal guards. As Egyptian mercenaries
a body of them fought, with some Tkuirxha (p. 173), against
the other Northerners in the time of liameses II F.,
when
175
(r. p.
ftY)
182).
51.
T'akami
........
of
(Cretans?)
(Thebes
the
Xllth
cent.
n.c.
1
76
Blue
c.
XHIth
No. 30451.)
Cf.
century
.
made
in
....
B.C.
(Brit.
Egypt.
.185
Kameses
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxviii
PAGE
FIG.
53.
54.
is
carried
(PERROT-CHIPIEZ,
Fig. 473
E. T. Primitive. (Ircew,
FURTWANGLER-LOSCHCKE, No.
464:
Fig-.
vi.
The
71.)
cuttle-
Mycenaean
form
artists
of the cuttlefish
accommodated
itself especially
well
Mus. First
Brit.
(>.<-/.,
Cf.
(rf.
of This book).
pi. iii.)
CHIIMKZ, vi. Fig. 486, and Brit. Mus. First Vase Room,
Vase A. 349. WALTERS, /. //. >'. xvii. p. 75) Aryonanta
the I'lirple-Fish (I'tir(irt/o. the ".\.Mitil us" of Aristotle;
and imaginary sea-yrittins like
jHinn. us on the Vii.se FIG. i
:
FIG. 57.
55.
style,
(I'ERROT-CiiiPiE/.
vi.
Top
from Meuidi,
Mycenaean Bugelkanne.
Dept. Xo. 4656.)
is
in imita-
Mus. Eg.
190
Egyptim form,
top,
though
figured by
made
Mycenaean
.188
(Brit.
57.
p.v-ie.
tion of a
The lower
found
similar object,
Fiy. ^02.)
I'KRROT-Ciiii'ii:/ on tlie s.uiie
56.
PEKHOT-CHIPIK/,
vi. pi.
xx.
3.
.201
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PACK
FIG.
58.
Mycengean Hunting-demon
Artemis)
(?
from an
204
intaglio
C'f.
SCHUCHHAHDTj
Fig-.
An
289.
"
Island-stone," found
in Crete.
59.
bas-relief.)
(From
60.
.225
i.
Fig-.
.....
an Assyrian
(
bas-relief.)
PERROT-CHIPIEZ,
iii.
Fig-.
E. T. Phoenicia,
Arc., i.
226
Fig.
nici:iu sailors.
61.
vii.
Arch. Zcity.
66;
Fig-.
248-249
1885,
pi.
viii.)
62.
263
63.
iii.
Fig-.
497
circles
E. T. I'luenicia, &c.,
264
ii.
Fig-. 221.)
65.
MURRAY, Excavations
from Enkomi
.......
Cf.
vi.
Fig-.
265
355
TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
E. T. Primitive
pi. xvii.
(,'reece,
277
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xxx
PAGE
of the early part of the
66' Obverse of a Lydian Coin
of MyceVlth century B.C. (Compare designs
\
292
naean gems.)
Z ,v.Fig.i 9 2; E. T.
(PERROT-CHiPiE
HILL, Handbook of
Cf.
67.
Emblem
Mvcensean Water-demon
tagho
Xtfrf/a,
and Jloman
1>1. 1.
Coins,
Thin gold
68
({reek
Ac. Fig.192.)
(?
294
(?).
20;
9-
69.
Cf.
70.
7
1 .
72.
Mycensean
(?)
Fig. 154.
I'KKKOT-CiniME/.
at Tiryns
vi.
Fig.
73.
74.
ii.
34
305
37
353: E. T.
i>l.
point of view
296
I'riniitirc
Greece,
T.)
at Bf'rut
309
No. 25096.
Aidin in Lydia.
Impression of a Cylinder from
...
(Louvre.)
(
I'r.KKOT-CniiMKy..
382.
&.{.-.
311
Fig.
75. Imin-ession
(Louvre.)
(
iv.
of
I'EHHOT-CHIPIE/,
MKXAXT.
/<-.s
I'icrr
from
Cylinder
Asia
iv.
Minor.
.
Fig. 378
<irnn
cx
>li-
l<i
E. T. Jttdd'd,
Haute Axic,
Arc.
ii.
Fig. 378
Fig.
in.)
312
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
of d^t Kyi. Nord. Oldskrift <sV/.s7.-., Aarb//ger af det
Konglig Xordiske Oldskrif t Selskab, Copenhagen.
A(irl><}<i<'r
AWi-andl
j>r<'/tx. Al'fi.<1.,
/,///.
preussischen
A. Z.,
kunde, Berlin.
Ant.
Jmu-ii.
American
Arrli.,
Journal
of
Archaeology,
Princeton, U.S.A.
Rome.
Antiqv.Tid&kr.fdr
Xrrn'ifjc
Stockholm.
Arcli. AHZ., Archiiologische
Arch
Jalirlj.
Inxt., </.'.)
BUSOLT,
Parma.
(it: d!<>xcli.,
1893.
C. /.
G'.,
Mimuiiii'Htx
Inscriptions de
Catalogue
des
Monuments
1894.
et
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xxxii
REINACH).
Review.
(v.
DE MORGAN,
JRecherches
DE MORGAN,
Recherches sur
les
DUMICIIEN,
Jtmchr.j
DUMICHEN, Historische
In-
EVANS, Pictogmphs
\\px-
Athens.
FuETWANGLKR-LiHCKE:|
GARDNER,
Xeti-
Chapters:
Mykemsche
A asen,
Berlin,
l886.
Prof.
J<(Jirb. Arch.ItiKt.,
Insti-
K(jl. Vitterhets
MASPKRO,
Mir. Or.
(r.
REINACII).
Mlttlt.
Anthro-
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IhlhL-.
.-AY,
xxxiif
MURRAY, Handbook
Jhbucher.
Altertums.
Xi-iK'
Kleins. /I//.,
klassischen
London.
PBBROT-CHIPIEZ
London.
: Recueil de Travaux
relatifs a la Philologie et a
1'Archeologie Kgyptiennes et Assyriennes, Paris.
Recwil
R.
I. 7/.,
E.
DE ROUUE, Inscriptions
Hieroglyphiques, Paris,
1877-
BAWLINSON,IFeferw Asiatic Inscriptions RAWLINSON, Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, London, 1861-91.
REINACH, Mir. Or., SALOMON REINACH, La Mirage Oriental
:
Chr. Or.
ii.
if.
p. 509
REIXACH, Chr.
Or.,
tiifzbt')'.
der
lichen
Rome.
Munich.
SCIIUCIIHARDT
bai/r.
/:
SciruciiHARDT,
Schliemann's
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xxxiv
ology, London.
Trans. R. Soc. Lit., Transactions of the Royal Society of
Literature, London.
Prof.
TSOUXTAS-MAXATT
Dr. J. IRVIXCJ
1897.
IT.
A.
/.,
W. M. MULLEK
Leipzig, 1893.
WbcJi. dr. Eifjeun. (r.
PAPE-BEXSELER).
:
Ymer, Tidskrif t utgif ven af Svenska Sallskapet
Antropologi och Geografi, Stockholm.
Y/itcr
f or
NOTE
1
lt</
re
passages from
With regard
transliteration of
tli<'
be noted that s
irhile
kh,
is
stronahf aspirated
German
(f'trfn
in
(Aqaiwaasa)
/>//
peoples
sh, s
ch.
Tlie
= hh
(as
///
the
fonnx of Kni/ptian
nfi'iaex
offoreign
the xide
Egyptian
L'in</
the better-lcnotcn
than the
hut
hare
usually pre-
ferred
"
to
I may
Keftians"
is
published originally in
irhile
that at
the
afycencnan* being
bottom
is
l^tjyptian, beiiaj
el-Amama,
Amarna, pL
x..
in
orioinalln published
taken
from
tlie
Khuenaten' s palace at
in
PETRIK'S Tell
2.
H. H.
el-
could go no further than the limit to which Thucydides and Herodotos could take him; the only
glimpse which he possessed of the earlier ages was
civilization.
this increased
it is
it
was
his
duty merely
which
by
the historian drew from
his
ancient
authorities.
Now, however,
it
is
supply him with facts with which he may reconstruct the lost history of pras-classical Greece.
in the
to us
by these discoveries
the horizon of our knowledge of the ancient civilizations of the earth was widened indefinitely by them
;
after
how
far this
and
it
history
classical scholars were
early
themselves to the
new
utterly
unable to conform
order of ideas.
The keen
was unable
he
to grasp the meaning of the new discoveries
continued to the end of his days refusing to believe
;
anybody could read a single hieroglyph or interpret a single group of wedges. But these were exceptions others
among them Mr. Gladstone turned
to
the
new
light for information, and when
eagerly
that
was found
that,
anybody but the folklorist, the results of Egyptological study were utilized by them for the purpose of further elucidating the Homeric question.
Although the Homeric poems were still regarded in
England as the work of a single hand, yet they were
1
now
vvv
"
to glean
"
Homer"
E.g.
p.
144
and elsewhere.
was
It
De Kouge
trans-
at
the
time
many were
incredulous,
many
hailed his
from the
wandering clansmen
Green"
Sea, coming sometimes as
"Very
of the
man from
did
this
Egypt
Such considerations as these prompted Mr. Gladrelying on such interpretations of Thothmes III.'s famous "Hymn to Amen" at Karnak
to conjure up for
as that given by Lenormant
us a Homeric Greece which had been conquered
long before the days of Agamemnon by Thothmes III., and had thereafter been ruled by Egyptian
vicegerents of the Theban Pharaohs, who, as depositaries of the wisdom of the Egyptians, dispensed
the civilization of the Black Land to their eager
subjects, and became the founders of most of the
2
Few found themselves
princely houses of Greece.
all that
able to follow Lenormant and Gladstone
could be admitted was that, since at a time not
"
"
long anterior to the Homeric period Egyptian conquest had reached Cyprus and the southern coast of
Asia Minor, and wandering seafarers quite possibly
and very probably Greeks had reached Egypt, an
actual connection between Greece and Egypt might
stone
ideas
anew.
Had we
at
last
GLADSTONE, Homer
GREEN),
p. 49.
I'
(Literature
Orient,
i.
Primers,
ed.
by
J.
R.
Homer? Schliemann believed that he had disinterred the actual heroes of the Trojan War ; in the
bones which he dug out of the graves in the
remains of
akropolis of Mycenae he saw the actual
of
Aigisthos, in
Agamemnon, of Klytaimnestra, and
masks the actual presentments of those
whose deeds and woes Homer and Sophokles had
But criticism soon dismissed this idea from
sung.
The fact
all minds except that of the discoverer.
that the Homeric Greeks burned the bodies of their
dead to ashes upon a pyre, and did not mummify
them as Schliemann's Mycenaeans did, was sufficient
to show some difference between them and the
Mycenaeans; and the conviction that the culture
of which Schliemann had discovered the remains
was not that of the Homeric time, though it
was evidently connected with it, gradually gained
their golden
ground.
was
this
Was
it,
difficult
discovered which
then, earlier or
to decide
so
;
was foreign
later? At first
much had been
to the archaeologist
and
classical periods
place
classical
/c^_
,,,_ ^
Byzantine age, a suggestion made only to be conThus only two possible supclusively refuted.
positions remained the antiquities of Mycenae must
have dated either to the period of transition between
:
the age of
Homer and
FIG.
i.
lalysos.
when
many
which to
was not long
isles,
to
A working
explain
successors,
the
question
arose
How
far
can the
"Mycenaean"
Attention was
now
cul-
directed
various
museums
these seemed in
many
respects
Mycenaean
by
their
stone,
mannhad excavated,
and, on the other,
the
with
scanty
human
of
traces
which
had been found by
habitation
Fouque underneath
the volcanic tufa of
the island of Thera.'2
discoveries
civilization of golden
Mycenae
in
as
2..
(Cyprus.)
was
it
Agamemnon, and
the days of
his
burnt city
culture
to
clusion
was
as Professor
from the
really
1
:!
v.
first
it
was
post, p. 25.
MAHAFFY,
out,
v. 2Jost, p. 25.
io
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
in
seemed
was much
It
and
delicate vases
from Mycenae.
less
in the
is
no
dis-
contemporary, Mycenaean
among the relics of
This evidence
The
forthcoming.
was
not
Homer's
City
Troy, but a settlement of far earlier date than this,
conclusion that the Burnt
was
itself
inevitable.
had
And
since the
been shown to be
Mycenaean culture
to
all
appearance
pre-Homeric, this date was evidently very early
indeed.
Absolute confirmation of this conclusion
Mycenaean
ment
settle-
of
Troy,
the
And
Burnt
City.
this
again
was confirmed by
the
evidence of
the superimposed
settlements
on
the akropolis of
where
Athens,
the stratum corresponding to the
Second
Trojan
Trojan
were
they
"
prse-My-
FIG.
cenaean," and, as
the character of
of
3.
Prae-Mycenasan Vase
hand-made.
black ware
Second
(npo\ov<>)
(Troy
City.)
12
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
and
still
if
the semi-barbaric
ported
from
as
Greece.
the subject.
as will
each
and
other
with
13
Greek
tradition.
Many
objections to
it
damaged
their cause
he
is
ment
apt to refuse adherence not only to the announcein question but also to many other archaeological
of forgotten
"
history.
muta,
Dove
how
la
far
storia
can the
assumed that anything found at a low level is necessarily early, and that anything primitive is necessarily
pressed too
hard
else.
Sometimes
very
slight
error
may
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
drawn
absolutely vitiate an archaeological argument
from the results of some excavation. Often the
evidence
may be
conflict
may
with
itself
ruins.
Some-
and
extent by the
Dynasty objects
which are of later date
;
Greek
art
Dynasty tomb
15
certainty that a
its
to
it
them.
It is
stantly slip down from higher levels to lower.
certain that the majority of objects which are found
at
the
earliest period at
which the
site
not
all
And
John
discoveries
made
by
other
investigators.
(London, 1900).
The discovery
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
all
"New Race"
antiquities into
before the coming of the
amalgamated with the previous
plnce,
17
his
explorations in the
a bronze fibula.
To sup-
is
of
Mycenaean date, as
Diimmler apparently did, is
prse
simply to contradict
all
that
FIG.
Gold
Mycenaean
from the Second City,
4.
Pin,
Troy.
v.
Subject, however, to
post, p. 25.
i8
these reservations, the general evidence of excavation can be accepted, especially when the excavators
are such past-masters of their art as Professor DorpTo say that all the results
feld or Professor Petrie.
of excavation are valueless because a few of them
of
an exact
may
science,
which he
be carried on in a
ology
is
not a science.
is
scientific
not.
Excavations
Archaeological
science
"
is
largely guesswork.
of ancient Egypt
which has no
always remain
of the history
a certainty, not a mere
very doubtful if it would
now
hypothesis; but it is
ever have become a
certainty if its construction
had depended entirely on the
The
archaeologists.
19
The
method
as
excavation,
we may
fairly
From
tablets, as
them
is
a failure.
20
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
Greece.
general knowledge of the history of primitive
One fact at least, and that one of capital importance,
we have
nings
it
them
in various ways.
Greece is of all countries
the most unsuited to the isolated development of an
the
or less satisfactory
working hypo-
thesis,
it.
that
21
links
mere vain
imaginings.
can now proceed to sketch the main outlines of
the hypothesis which is more or less generally
accepted at the present day, modified according to
We
e.g.
those in
II
THE HYPOTHESIS
WHEN
all
less doubtful,
devised to solve
it.
character of the
Last year an
nature of
extent
much
ignored;
TROY
the Perseid and Pelopid royal houses to Mycenae, 1
is hardly stated with
sufficient caution.
Before
emphasized.
The
earliest
"civilized"
of
trace
human
at
least
settlement
as
comparatively
discovered
yet
later
been
has
found
Hissarlik,
the
mound
site
The Trojans
Troy.
the
in
of
of the
Hissarlik were
on
the
border
between
just
the Age of Stone and the
first city at
Age
of Metal, in the
same
people
Northern
5.
Proe-Mycenaean black
ware Vase.
(Troy: Second
FIG.
City.)
Europe/
They still used
of
the
but
use
of copper was
stone,
implements
to
Their
known
them.
already
pottery was of the
most primitive description. Deposits of this early
graves
of
xiii.), p.
209.
pp. 250
if.
343
ff.
STUDIES OF THE
24
where in Greece.
cities of
Hissarlik,
MYCEN^AN AGE
we
socketed
its first
appearance
FIG.
6.
many
of the
of a stage of culture
1
full list of
THE ISLAND-GRAVES
though perhaps in some respects more primitive
as,
The graves
than, that of the early "cities" of Troy.
"
of these islanders are plain " cist-graves constructed
of marble slabs, excavated but a few feet deep in the
surface soil ; their occupants were buried, not burnt,
still
use,
the
of
the
obsidian
facture
and
arrowheads.
Other metal objects
besides weapons are
rare
the
bronze
fibula mentioned
Dummler 2
by
obvi-
ously cannot, as
to this period.
FIG.
7.
model dwelling
(Amorgos.
pree-Mycenaean period.
we have
On
The
1886
2
inlaid
DUMMLER,
Ath. Mitth.
xi.,
LOG. ciL p.
For
BENT,
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
26
are figured
(Figs.
7).
Mycensean
number of tombs,
containing the same class
vases.
of
liar
pecu-
antiquities (with
variations)
and
also
FIG.
8.
incised design,
from Cyprus
prae-Mycenasan period.
The
Cyprus.
earliest
^Egean
islands,
on
and
the Greek mainland at Athens, Eleusis, Delphi,
2
Sparta, and at Tiryns and elsewhere there were
Isolated remains of this age
O have also been found
certainly prae-Mycensean settlements a similar culture existed in Italy, 3 and the same kind of primitive
;
dt. p. 210
(DUMMLER,
loc.
ff
THERA
27
1
This is then
pottery is also found in Asia Minor.
"
the primitive "Copper Age culture of the Eastern
"
Here, instead of
roughly-incised or Overlaid
patterns of the earlier time, we find
the
p IG
period
remains
not confined to the Theraean town which was overthrown by the great eruption which blew the isle
is
til
studiet
af Gfrcekenlands
det
ff.
STUDIES OF THE
28
MYCEN^AN AGE
ture
is
not, as
civilization,
which
It is a local
The
arh of
especially in
Mr.
J. L.
MYRES
201 n.
i)
At Phylakope
in
MYCENAEAN ART
dition.
The
art of building
29
to a
FIG. 10.
(The lion's
the wonderful
tJioloi,
Hardly
what might be
called the
none
STUDIES OF THE
30
MYCEN^AN AGE
period.
before
it
FiG.
ii.
Golden
Griffin,
from Mycenae.
(The design
is
of
tion
which
is
navia.
we
been energetically
and
needs
modification.
combated,
certainly
as
A cursory inspection of
by Schliemann at Mycenae
first
ASIATIC
31
FIG. 12.
metal-work
Bronze Age. )
(Cf.
of
spiral design,
Central
from Mycenae.
and Northern
European
TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
favourite
Age may
STUDIES OF THE
32
be instanced
(Fig.
MYCEN^AN AGE
It is thus obvious that
12).
Many
the "
Aryan
It is impossible to
refuse to this element the
COm -
artists appeals to
our sympathies
instantly as somewhich
we
know and understand it is Greek
thing
;
SCHUCHHARDT,
ticJdiemann' s
Excavations, Figs
170
180
232, etc.
Cf. MONTELIUS, Om Tidsbestamning inom Bronsdldern
(Kgl.
Vitterhets Akad. Handlingar,
3ode Delen).
This theory, which is
characteristically held chiefly by
modern Greeks, as TSOUNTAS and
APOSTOLIDES, of whom the
latter has developed it
very strangely (L' Hellemsme figyptien], is
also held by M. SALOMON REINACH
:!
35
art
of
slightest
trace
!
In
than
it
Mycenaean
civili-
of
:i
36
zation
it
Greece a new
ogether.
GEOMETRICAL ART
cially the fibulas,
37
than in Mycenasan
and
times,
more
in
forms.
developed
been
and
found,
developed,
Melos,
Thera,
and
were
also
Rhodes
seats
There
little
seems
ground
forward
put
idea,
but
for the
by Dumont, Kroker,
and Helbig, that
the art of the Di-
pylon originated in
the
or
in
Asia Minor, 1 or
for
de
islands
DUMONT, Cdramiques
Grece Propre (he
la
calls
the
geometrical
"Type des
KROKER, Jahrb.
style
Inst. i.
BIG,
Homerische
p.
58.
lies").
886) p. 33 ff
Kroker's
of a connection
Arch.
.
HELEpos,
ideas
FIG. 16.
between
STUDIES OF THE
38
MYCEN^AN AGE
1
Furtwangler's
Asia
of
Minor nor
to
in
of
in
parts
represented
the Mycenaean culture apparently
;
this
is
Cyprus
these
culture
continued to
FIG. 17.
exist,
vases,
Cyprus; Amathus,
Hint, de 1'Art,
1
t.
vii.
cf.
PERROT-CmPlEZ.
metrical pottery
Of. generally
139
ff.
On
INTRODUCTION OF IRON
39
There can
:
the same
must be dated.
The
heroes
Homeric
of
the
weapons and
already known to them it is,
still
for
development of the
civilization of Central
Europe by
STUDIES OF THE
40
MYCEN^AN AGE
It would, then,
civilization, or
may
be
appear to agree
poems themselves.
Can we
with the
is
a historical fact,
would appear to
Surely
is
we
Geometrical culture was Attica, into which, so said later tradiDorians never penetrated. It seems, however, probable
that Attica was really occupied by the Dorians, as Boeotia and
Megaris were, and that the invaders were afterwards expelled
it is noticeable that apparently the "Dipylon" style was not
long-lived in Attica (WIDE, Geometrische Vasen; Jahrb. Arch.
Inst. xv. p. 57).
The other places in which this style is found
are mostly Dorian. It is noticeable that iron was long held in
tion, the
42
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
to the greater
number
of students
In confirmation of this
Mycenaean period.
Iliad the
theory it may be noted that whereas in the
Dorians are of no account among the tribes of the
Danaans, in the Odyssey they have nearly reached
are generally considered to be among the latest contributions to the Epos the Dorians therefore come
;
into greater prominence pari passu with the inAnd the introduction of iron
creased use of iron.
marks the
close of the
Mycenaean period
in conti-
nental Greece.
With
between the
Mycenaean age and the Dorian Invasion
we are evidently drawing near the close of the
newly-discovered chapter of the history of Greek
but the period which elapsed between
civilization
the Homeric age and the time of which Herodotos
end
of the
as
summed up
may
be briefly
as follows.
apparently
only have continued to exist in Asia.
With
this
ORIENTALIZING ART
43
The
century
B.C.
Greek
geometric
style
of
did
art
Rhodes.
Oriental
The
artistic
influence which
we
have
already seen
work in the
at
period
flourishing
of Mycenaean art
Greece
in
proper
the
character
of the geometrical
style alters and the
Mycenaean
ex
liypotliesi
FIG. 19.
style,
still
orientalizing
more debased.
weapons,
period,
etc.,
occur
in
to
all
to us,
parts
of
Greece proper.
Deposits of
besides
Kameiros in
many
objects
the
The
local
44
a depot
occupied by the Phoenicians as
island,
by
rently
appathe
Dorians, probably
about the begin-
the
earliest
antiquities of
Ka-
possession is shown
by the occurrence
among
FIG. 20.
them
of
geometrical vases,
fibulae,
etc.,
which
the island.
visits of
still
Phoenician traders
We may therefore
hundred and
fifty
years after,
when
direct Egyptian
45
of the
which
"
"
developed from the Di pylon style, but was strongly
influenced by both Mycensean and Oriental designs,
"
"
and the
"
Melian
Ionia proper,
it
eyes, gryphons, sphinxes, etc.. in which it is sometimes difficult to find a single note of Hellenic in-
Even
spiration.
influence
is
seen.
46
ground
away.
classical period,
nings
of
democratic
history of early
Greek
civilization
tory
to explain the
is
con-
'archaic" Greek
frescoes of Knossos be
assigned
in epoch which is indicated
?),
by
Mycenaean
later
date), its
artistic
or the difference
THE HYPOTHESIS
47
Yet
facts.
this hypothesis,
sible, is
new Champollion
Ill
THE working
ment
of the
archaeology
The evidence
for
early
date
is
"
classical period, lie those of the
Geometrical
"
period
time.
Here
is
49,
Athens
an unmistakable manner.
in
Nor
is
elsewhere.
shown a
No
ex-
different
stratification.
much
We
more than
We
this.
Mycenaean culture
to
Egyptian dynasties
the approximate date of which is known.
Among
the objects found in the graves at Mycenae occur a
scarab and other objects inscribed with the cartouches
of
of the
alone
other
it
would be of
little
fragments might
'E0?7/r 'A/>x'
88 7>
pl-
(a)
13
his consort
If
Queen
Thii,
value
1888, p. 156
1891, pi.
3.
50
date.
seventh century has been found a scarab of Sebekhetep III., of the XHIth Dynasty. No later imita-
known, and it is
extremely improbable that they ever were imitated
in later days
this scarab therefore certainly dates
back to the time of the Xlllth Dynasty. But we do
;
those of Mycenae."
1
Itecue
Archeologique,
Still,
1863,
this
viii.
Khufu,
the
second
came
coincidence.
But
evidence
other
from Egypt
itself,
51
now
which
is,
and
indifferent.
"
the evidence of the well-known " Maket-tomb
at
Kahun,
in
Professor Petrie
indifferent.
first
it
to
the
much
It is
shop of an
that
1
it
is
quite
possible
that
XXth Dynasty
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
52
Dynasty kohl-pot
At
Tell el-Araarna,
is not wanting.
the ruins and rubbish-
among
rings
roughly be considered
also numberless
cenasan
vases,
Mycenasan
FIG.
21.
Hull's
the
Mycenaean
Head, from
tribute
of
at Tell
el-Amarna
period
any
later
the
heretical dynasty.
Kef
tiit.
at
When Mr.Torr,
Dynasty
1
-
Tell
PETRIE,
el-Amarna,
TORE, Class. Her., 1894,
p. 15
ff,
p. 322.
pi. xxvi.
ff.
53
FIG. 22.
Theban tomb;
I Art.}
of
which
STUDIES OF THE
54
" Great
Men
MYCEN^AN AGE
of
"
"
midst of the Very Green." l Of these Keftians one
is depicted as a Semite, while the others are Myceneeans, with boots, waistcloth, long hair partly hanging
the back, partly twisted up in front into a
down
2
a/oac like that of Paris, just as we see them on the
and
not
only in type and costume, but
Vaphio cups,
even
FIG. 23.
I'
in a
(PKISSE D'AvENNES, Hist, de
Theban tomb;
c.
1500 B
c.
Art.)
On Kekhmara and
i.e.,
his tomb,
v.
the Mediter-
ranean.
-
//.
xi.
''
385.
W. M. MULLER,
IOC. Clt., p.
349.
55
the
1
urges that this evidence does not prove any connection between Greece and Egypt in the time of
Thothmes
III., for
articles
FIG. 24.
Mycenaean
Silver
whether
fig.
Enkomi
at
;
cf
in
MURRAY,
33.)
Greece at that
it
Memphis and
Mycen-ce, p. 67.
56
of Asia Minor.
comparison of the Egyptian pictures of the Keftiu with the Knossian frescoes can
lead to no other conclusion that they are pictures
same people, probably executed almost contemporaneously and the further conclusion that the
Egyptians were in communication with Mycenaean
of the
Crete,
i.e.,
Thothmes
Greece
with
III.,
itself,
in
the
time
of
This
conclusion, however, is not necessary to the argument; it is enough that Mr. Torr admits that
XVIIIth Dynasty.
We have
B.C.
1550
XVIIIth Dynasty
is
This approximate
roughly circa 1700-1400 B.C.
could
have
been
dating
accepted without further
had
it
not
been
parley
vigorously attacked by Mr.
Cecil Torr in the opening chapters of his Memphis
and Mycenae. Mr. Torr must admit that Mycenaean
civilization was as old as the XVIIIth
Dynasty he
;
unknown
a continuous
literary tradition of the sucand of the names
EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY
57
Manetho's
fectly satisfactory,
made
But Mr. Torr
of discovery
it.
and
it
in
starts to
chronology on a new method. If the highest monumental date of a king to whom Manetho assigns a
twelve years' reign is that of his fourth year, Mr.
Torr assumes that the monarch in question reigned
This process is applied,
four years and no more. 1
date of 1271
this is
the
all,
as the
1
Cf.thecaseof Ai II., Kheper-Kheperu-ari-maat-Ka (Chebres).
(Memphis and Mycence, p. 44. )
58
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
it is
FIG. 25.
Dynasty
(B.C.
818)
commencement
Finally, he entirely
ism,
of
the
XXTInd
is
Khuenaten
chronological scheme.
of the XVIIIth Dynasty was a
Burraburiyash of
Babylonia,
(Amenhetep IV.)
contemporary of
whose date can be
XVIIIxH
DYNASTY
59
failure of
surely needless.
Egyptian chronology
The orthodox scheme of Egyptian chronology, first
sketched on the Manethonian lines by the keen insight of Lepsius, and placed upon a settled basis by
is
fidence: the
1550
B.C.
00
FIG. 26.
the
in
in
of
Orchomenos
(Fig. 48)
cats hunting
The fact that Lepsius and Brugsch arranged this chronoloscheme before the synchronism of Khuenuten with Burraburiyash was known says much for their acumen and even more
for the accuracy of Manetho
2
Professor PETRIE (Hi*t. Eg. ii.) dates the reign of
Thothmes III. to B.C. 1503-1449, on the strength of some
But such
astronomical calculations by Professor MAHLEB.
3
gical
'
and
a good criticism.)
(Cf.
TORR, Memphis
60
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
look like
this is improbable.
Evidence
FIG. 27.
is
painting in the
objects,
c.
from a wall-
1200-1150
B.C.
"
turies.
It is, of
half-century between 1200 and 1150 B.C.
that
the Mycenaean vases in question
course, possible
61
III
decoration of the
than
fifty
FlG. 28.
c.
B.C.,
1000 B.C.
therefore,
the
Mycenaean
culture
was
still
Delta
we have
vases,
which seem
to
be of
XXth
STUDIES OF THE
62
MYCEN^AN AGE
of vases,
to be
etc.,
in
coffin
of
2
figured above (Fig. 28).
Biigelkanne
is
This the latest evidence from Egypt on the subject
of Mycenasan dating.
During the XXIInd Dynasty
<
itself
il
work
is
many
1
22,821.
:!
See Addenda,
p. 313.
/.
H.
8. xiii. p. 195
ff.
63
the
New
Greece in Asia.
seventh century.
This date is absolutely indicated
by the occurrence with Mycenaean vases in undis-
The
Cf. MURRAY, Excavations in Cyprus, London, 1899.
porcelain rhytons from the Enkomi graves, as well as other
objects, such as bronze greaves, clay idols of the type mentioned
below (p. in), &c., are equally indicative of late date.
1
STUDIES OF THE
64
MYCEN^AN AGE
culture
It
now becomes
There is
antiquities of the prae-Mycenaean period.
question as to the existence of a primitive
period of civilization in Greece, whether we call it
little
to
The
are
the
alternative
supposition
is
that they
J.
H. &,
xvii. p. 77,
PR^-MYCEN/KAN DATING
65
none
2000
B.C.
If there
is
fully developed as
as
B.C.
the
sixteenth
is accepted, it
century
early
would seem to be not impossible. But M. Fouque's
Myres.
geologists,
own
must be
(See Addenda,
shelved.
M. Fouque's date
evidence,
p. 313.)
sidered to
We
be approximately
can
fixed.
Am.
p.
72
ff.
STUDIES OF THE
66
MYCEN^AN AGE
years
must be allowed
time occupied
XHIth
by the
it is
covered by the Xlth-XYIth Dynasties, the approximate date 2700-17006.0., we are probably not much
Memphis and Mycence, p. 51.
I have not mentioned differences in art, because,
although
the art of Thothmes III.'s time is very different from that of
the time of the Xllth Dynasty, yet it seems that this difference
was caused not by a slow development, but by a sudden revolution which took place during the reigns of the two first kings of
the XVIIIth Dynasty, Aahmes I. and Amenhetep I. -/?.#., the
royal scarabs of these kings might often from their style a
style to which an Egyptian artist rarely returned after the time
of Amenhetep I.
have been made under the Xllth Dynasty.
1
It
is
begins.
and the
style
of the
"New Empire"
KAHUN
in error.
67
by
itself,
not good.
uncertainty as to
Even
whether
It
p. 2)
proCt $oc
"
&
KHATA'ANAH
69
we
much with
We
on.
weight.
AtKhata'anah,in Lower
Egypt, small black vases
of a type already
known
flint
FIG. 30.
Hawk-vase of black
"
1
Dr.
Egyptian Dynasties.
to
Greek
Archaeology,
Murray (Handbook
"
siders these vases to be of
"
p. 13)
con-
In
fact,
high antiquity."
their date is clearly indicated. 2
Pottery of the same
fabric has been found in Cyprus ; usually in deposits
which other evidence shows to be prse-Mycenasan. 3
1
further,
Addenda,
p. 314.
as
it
STUDIES OF THE
70
MYCEN^AN AGE
no trace in the
Khata'anah find of any object which is certainly of
later date than the XITIth Dynasty, and this, taken
in connection with the fact that the black ware found
be noticed that there
It will
there
of
when
is,
is
discovered out
pnE-Mycensean date,
of Egypt, usually
would seem to synchro-
Xlllth
Dynasty deposits at
Middle Egypt in 1899
by Professor Petrie, and at
Kahun have also been found
Hu
FIG.
Va c e
31.
of
the
(Brit.
in
peculiar that
32,048
confounded with
is
it
1
any other.
Is it evidence of Egyptian
(Fig. 30) will be interesting.
? Vases in the form of animals, men and women squat-
influence
ting on the ground, with neck and handle on the top of the head,
were much used in Egypt under the Old and Middle Kingdoms,
i
It is true
is
commGn form
of
distinguish
HAGIOS ONOUPHRIOS
Kahun
XTIth Dynasty
date.
are certainly of
open
(p.
67)
is
hereby
If the pra3-
to doubt.
primitive
pree-Mycenaoan
we possessed
representations of
prge-Mycensean pots on the wall s
of
FIG. 32.
.slip"
painted
decoration,
from Cyprus.
Kingdom
must date
to at latest before
1600
B.C., if it is to
be
EVANS, Cretan
Pictogrcyrfix, p. 105
if.
72
as the
fine
illus-
I400-IIOO B.C.
evi-
Mycenaean Age.
It would seem improbable that the
prae-Mycenaean
period extended very far back into the third millennium B.C., if one of its earlier types of pottery is to
1
MYEES-RICHTEB,
Ci/prus Catalogue, p. 39
WALTEES,
J.
H. S.
xvii. p. 74.
-
of
MYEES-RICHTEE, Cyprus
Catalogue, p. 37.
3
73
The Egyptians
of the
lived
in
primitive
period
much the same stage of cul-
but so
differences can
many
to argue any
connection
becontemporary
tween them
is
the logically
FIG. 34.
surely to carry
defective argu-
Type
of Vase of
baseCyprian black
"
ware
found in
ring
'
'
noo
H.C.
too
There
is,
Cf.
p. 117
p.
61
EVANS,
foe. cit.
74
to be
an imita-
may be
noted that
(i)
to the
"
sealstone found at
Karnak and
-
seal-cylinders
as will be
vases of
EVANS,
.7.
If.
#.
xvii.
p.
349
TSOUNTAS-MAXATT,
p.
279.
'
EVANS,
''
A-a-name," frcmcrkhat,
<f
=>
).
The "real
PROBABLE DATE
of the
1st
75
inclined to date
The
them
earlier
than 2000
B.C.
shown
most
all
primitive relics
that can be said
before 2500
B.C.
how
of
in
civilization
that they
long before
Greece,
must be dated
is
it
is
impossible
to say.
It may be useful to arrange the chief evidence for
the dating of the Mycenaean and pras-Mycenaean
Good evidence
printed
in
heavy type
and
indifferent
in
ordinary type.
/
name"
is
certainly
Q
=A1
Some
copyist misread
the peculiar
Ml
J}
Hu
to which its
Q
1
bears a very strong
as
76
EG. DYNASTIES.
B.C.
EVIDENCE.
Circa
XXIII-XXV
700-800
Late-Myeensean deposits
XXII-XXIII
800
Late-Mycenaean treasure
from Cyprus.
from
XXI
Vase
from
tomb of grandson of
Mycenaean
Pinetehem
XX
XX
XIX?
XVIII
TOO
IIOO-II5O
1200-1300
1400
Mycenaean Vase-fragments
from
Tel
Scarabs of Amenhetep
Thii at Mycenas
XVIII
1550
from
Am arna.
XVI II
I.
Imitation Btigelkannen
Tel el-Yahudiyeh.
el-
III.
and
and
lalysos.
Rekhmara
and
Men-
kheperra-senb.
XIII
2000-2300
Prae
Mycenaean deposits
containing vases of
punctuated black ware,
which in Egypt are only
found in deposits of this
date.
XIII-XII
2000-2500
Onouphrios
deposit
(Prae -Mycenaean).
XII
2300-2500
Proto- Mycenaean
and
Prse-
Mycenaean Vase-fragments
from Kahun.
IV
THE QUESTION OF EACE
THE current l^pothesis assumes that the "Mycengeans" were, generally speaking, Achaian Greeks.
With regard to the racial affinities of the praeno decided opinion.
that every tribe which was
comprised within the circle of Mycenaean civilization was necessarily Achaian, or even what we usually
Mycensean
tribes it expresses
mean
consider to be Greek
among
Aryan Greeks.
What
is
it
chiefly
does
mean
identified
is,
with
that, as far as
its
widespread
lands was in
all
extension
throughout
the
Greek
78
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
hegemony
of the kings of
Mycenae
is
good
evidence.
times were either altogether deserted or utterly unimportant, but play a great part in legend i.e., were
in prae-classical times of great importance.
It is
evident that at the time the objects of luxury and
masterpieces of art which characterize this culture
shows that
it
i.e.,
it is prae-classical.
but prae-Homeric,
since it belongs to the Bronze Age, whereas in
Homeric times iron was used ; also, the Homeric
is it prae-classical,
culture appears to be a degenerate form of it. Therewe are justified in assigning this prae-Homeric
culture primarily to the people who dwelt in these
fore
PELASGIANS ?
79
mous voice
of
is
impossible.
has,
"
In Attica,
assigned
Achaians.
must be
to
the
conception.
./.
//. S. xvi.
pp. 77-119.
80
B.C. at
blood.
were
we
sense that
we
Myce-
Also,
Homeric
culture
was
that
of
the
But, if the
Perseid and
The
first
Prof.
EIDGEWAY'S argument
(loc. cit.
p. 107)
ACHAIANS
of Achaian
hegemony had
81
ceased.
And
this is con-
Achaians.
Again, even
if
we could
follow Professor
Bidgeway
inhabitants of Greece, whether Hellenes or Pelasgians, Aryans or non-Aryans), the differences be-
period.
82
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
way adduces
fessor
is
a single
trace of
Mycenaean
gem from
Phigaleia,
But there
"
unhellenized " Pelasgic tribes of Greece were comprised within the circle of the Greek Bronze Age
"
"
culture
i.e. were
seems
Mycenaeans
it
is
but
it
also
83
orighi of
of the
many
is
may with great
"
"
be
to
a
Achaian
praeprobability
assigned
Pelasgic
population.
If the
Mycenaean
Achaian, to
whom
civilization
are
we
was predominantly
As
Pelasgi.
study of
others leads us to
an altogether
word
seems to have covered a number of different praeAchaian tribes of continental Greece, Crete, Asia,
and Southern Italy, some of whom may have been
STUDIES OF THE
84
related to the
not.
MYCEN^AN AGE
for instance,
we must
it,
as they preceded
To attempt
history of the
the
hopeless
utterly
legends are so
that
next
to
can
be made out
contradictory
nothing
of them.
All we can see is that at some time
to
reconstruct the
"
"
Pelasgi
is
B.C. the
various tribes of " Pelasgians," whose settlements seem
live
in
THE PELASGI
85
of Kreston, Plakia,
distinct
still
pappapoQuvoi, as
century B.C.
while others, as the Arcadians, seem to have remained
to a great extent un-Hellenic until they were partly
;
HDT.
i.
57.
STUDIES OF THE
86
MYCEN^AN AGE
The
"
Pelasgians/
regarded as contributors to the
formation of the Mycenaean culture, if not something
therefore,
may be
"
have seen that while some of the u Pelasgian
tribes may have been racially akin to the Aryan
We
element
among
the Greeks,
though we have no
"
.Od.
dones
ix.
may
kretans.
THE ETEOKRETANS
87
its
A N" A I T
which occurs in
it
might be taken to
refer
know how
The stock
The remark
xiv. 3, 10,
xii. 8, 5, p. 573
"
"
an Eteokretan),
Althaimenes, son of Kreteus (
is mentioned by DIOD., v. 59, as emigrating from Crete to
Lykia, but he is probably a mere echo of the possibly historical
Dorian colonizer of Crete, Althaimenes, son of Keisos and
;
p. 667.
An
x. 479, 481
xiv. 653).
88
is
confirmed by
manner. 1
it
to
century,
The name
doubtful.
when
the
King
of Alashiya
(Cyprus
see
to raid
the
Egyptian
coast
(the
Egyptian king-
the
of
the
Lukki.
:i
And
it
is
noticeable
That
these
little
reason
that
they
are
Lukki are
to
doubt.
called
by
also prevalent in Crete, and that Sarpedon himself comat Troy by right of royal descent in the
female line. The custom is another mark of non-Aryan race.
was
certain.
THE LYKIANS
their Greek
name,
89
Trmmli. 1
Lykians were akin to the Eteokretans, and the
latter were, to judge from the inscription of Praistos,
neither Semitic nor Aryan in race, the presumption
is that the Lykians also were neither Semites nor
If the
FIG. 35.
Lykian
Tomb
The
This presumption
Indo-Europeans.
confirmed by their language, as it is
is
absolutely
to us
known
classical
The tradition that the Ionian leader Lykos gave his name
new people is, of course, merely aetiological Lykos is an
invention devised to explain the name. Atf/uoi may be a translation of Trmmli
trmm or trrhml might
wolf
Trmmli, the
to the
Wolf-folk.
90
is
it
age.
Pisidia,
closely related
to
it,
and,
to
from place-
judge
connection of
the
We
To
it
-v$a, -acra,
Cf.
Einleitung in
KEETSCHMER,
der
sd prnndzi dpttahi
Aruimanoni and his wife
tomb, for themselves and their household (Lit. this
tomb have built Aruimanoni and wife his, for self their and
household [pi. ] their), as belonging to any Aryan tongue. Nor,
as Dr. Kretschmer points out (ib. p. 374), do such words as
hdkbi Ijssbdzokrop
Ibbiyoi, or httbadi, tend to show an
Aryan origin for the Lykians. Such suffix-developments as
hrppi atla
tipttd
built this
with Kretschmer.
iv.
p.
with Zend,"
is
somewhat out
of date.
91
Kb'i
some
Semitic influence.
bably at
work
in Asia
so that the religion of Asia Minor was very early subject to the process which by the time the sculptures
of Pterion (Boghaz Koi) were executed and the
classical period
largely semitizing
1
La
It is
2
it.'
We
really
have no evidence
92
among
name has
them
as yXwo-troy
is imposorojuaron' atyitvTec;,
the fact that they were called Solymi would
3?oivi(T(Tav
jutv
cnro
be quite enough to inspire Josephus to make somebody else say they spoke Phrenician. They were an
aboriginal mountain-folk; according to legend the
is of Semitic origin or not.
We find it on late Assyrian
but rarely in reliefs (rf. relief from Maltha'i PERROTCHIPIEZ, Hist, de VArt, ii. fig. 313). An old-Babylonian cylinder
with the same subject is also known (il. fig. 314). The goddess
Kedesh, borrowed from the Semites by the Egyptians, is represented by the Egyptians as standing on a lion as early as the
period of the XlXth Dynasty (B.C. 1300). Perhaps the Semites
borrowed the idea from Asia Minor. (This possibility does not,
Minor,
seals,
influence
loc. cit. p.
1
55.)
CHOIRILOS
DEIMLING (Die
ap. JOSEPH, <: Apion, i. 22.
comments: "... bemerke ich noch, dass nach
einem Zeugnisse der Alten die Solymer phonikisch redeten, was
Leleger,p. 16)
freilich
wird."
93
The Lydians
Homeric poets, who
mention Maeonians in their stead. Again, when
Luka, Shardina, Maunna (?), Dardenui Masa, and
other tribes of Asia Minor and the ^Egean are mento be descended
as such were
unknown
to the
Lydia
any
originally
And
occurring jutTa
TO.
Tpwiica, in the
the foundation of the Greek colonies and the Kimmerian invasion. 5 M. Radet seems to think that
this
fall
of the
old
'
2
Genesis x. 22.
HDT. i. 173.
HDT. i. 7.
4
If King Kandaules was a Maeonian, they were perhaps
Aryans, as his name is purely Aryan. The meaning of the name
fr. i),'E^
as given by the poet Hipp6nax(Poe. Lyr. Gr. i. 751
1
"
Dog-strangler,"
Kvvdyxa, Mflorwrl KavSav\a, is correct: it =
The meaning
as KRETSCHMER has pointed out (loc. cit. p. 389).
given by Tzetzes, o-/cuXo/cX^7rr^s, translated by RADET qui emporte
les (Upouilles (loc. cit. p. 66), is obviously a mistake for aKv\aKoK\tTTTT]s.
On
Aryan Phrygians,
5
xii. 8, p. 573.
cf.
DEIMLING,
STUDIES OF THE
94
MYCEN^AN AGE
Kandaules and
(B.C.
l
Whether this be so or not, it may well be
687).
that the invasion of the Lydians and their mixing
with the Maeonians took place at a comparatively
show that
this invasion
is
Asia
The
Minor
inflood of
1
Loc. cit. pp. 59, 60.
The argument that, because Ashurbanipal speaks of Luddi as "a far land, whose name the kings
my fathers had not heard," therefore it was not until the time of
Assurbanipal's dealings with Gyges that the name of Avdol first
came into use (RADET, loc. cit. p. 59) seems far-fetched.
Probably neither Ashurbanipal nor the kings his fathers had
KRETSCHMER,
loc. cit. p.
384
ff.
95
Mysia, giving certainly rulers and perhaps a population also to Maionia (Lydia), and spreading an Aryan
language and the Aryan cults of Papas or Bagaios
the tbunderer, of Osogo, 1 and of Men, the moon-god r
through northern Asia Minor as far as Paphlagonia
till
perhaps far on
in the
the
Of.
GARDNEE, New
Chapters, p. 31
ff.
Bcrycuos
Slav bogu,
"god."
2
That the originally non-Aryan population of Armenia was
given Aryan rulers and an Aryan language by a conquering tribe
of the Phrygian invaders seems extremely probable
Appevioi,
says Stephen of Byzantium, rb pkv yevos K $>pvyias /ecu rrj <f>uvri
TroXXa (f>pvy[ovcnv, and Herodotos (vii. 73) calls them $pvyuv
The language is Aryan. It seems that the attempt
&ITOIKOI.
of JENSEN (Hittiter und Armenier : Strassburg, 1898) to read
the writing of the "Hittites" (who are regarded, possibly
with justice, as the ancestors of the modern Armenians) by
"
the help of the assumption that the " Hittite
hieroglyphs
express an older form of the modern Aryan Armenian, rests
on very doubtful premisses, for it is quite possible that the
early Armenians still spoke a non-Aryan dialect at the time
6on>,
'
The
that these hieroglyphed monuments were sculptured.
proper names of the Kheta, if the Kheta were the "Hittites,"
which are known to us, are not Aryan and we have seen
reason to think that this people .belonged to the prse-Aryan
Dr. JENSEN might with advantagepopulation of Asia Minor.
;
"
"
attempt to illuminate Hittite by means of Lycian.
3
On Midas, cf. post, p. 274, n. i.
96
Dardenui, and
Maunna, are mentioned
Shardina, perhaps
into contact with the
the
who
came
tribes
among
the
Mycenaean
Masa,
period.
also
were
still
astride
the
Hellespont,
were no
available evidence.
Why
of the
Mediterranean world
Aryans?
and be assigned
to
considers the
is
so clear as to
make
a racial con-
If there was
primitive Trojans more than probable.
a prae-Aryan population in Mysia, there probably
We
have no
reason to suppose that the prae-Mycenaean settlements of the Troad did not belong to such a pras'
II. xiii. 3.
Ib.
p. 398, n. 2.
Loc.
cit.
p. 181,
97
Asia Minor. 1
the
^Egean
basin.
we
therefore, that
same
civilization
allied to these
The
"Pelasgic" tribes.
Arcadian colonists can hardly have arrived before
Mycenaean times, so that we cannot regard the prae-
closely
It is
On an important prse-Mycensean
deposit
in
Phrygia
at
Bos-Eyuk
cf.
(KRETSCHMER,
loc. cit. p.
180).
98
coast
1
If we
early inhabitants of the Palestinian coast.
can regard these people as prae- Semitic, it may be
/permissible to refer them to the same "Pelasgic"
rstock.
Amorites.
We
B.C.
It is
3
possible that remnants of a prae-Semitic population,
akin to that of Asia Minor, may have lingered on
among the Semites at various places, at Lachish for
Leleges.
This people
is
Mound of Many
to be of
Libyan
origin, for
no
cogent reasons.
3
in de Oudheid, ii. 211: "Misschien
Cf. TIELE, Godsdienst
waren de oudste bewoners dezer landen geen Semieten."
4
DEIMLING (loc. cit.
Especially in Southern Peloponnese.
p. 129 ft) shows that the Kaukones, Epeians, and Lokrians are
often regarded in legend as Lelegic peoples. The first named
THE LELEGES
99
Karians
coast-lands
rians
it is
a possible theory
-^
that the
Karians, although
kin to the coast-tribes, did not
reach the ^Egean until after
We need
IXJ
from Egypt.
still
is
further modified.)
of the
Southern
affinities are
concerned,
it
As far as
their
ioo
important place.
records as early as
the Mycenaean period. There may, too, be a real connection between the Pisidians and the Leleges, since
their name may be merely a form of the Lelegian PDS.
We have
one
for, since
neither
it
of the
same
this conclusion
seat,
was
B.C.H.
vii.
276.
101
the
the
place-names in -v$a
(Gk. -vO-), -crcra, -aaoc; (-rra, -TTOG), extend all
over Greece proper, 2 while such names as Arne or
Tiryns are absolutely un-Aryan, and are of the Asia
Minor type
3
;
We
Asia Minor.
Herodotos
The
asiatisch
3
Arne
ff.
specifically
"
form
is
ADAMS
(Bab. and Or. Record, vi. p. 192) provides us with the novel
information that "Tiriyns (sic) signifies Enemy "in Egyptian (!) ;
a curious
flight of imagination.
102
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
We
reason to associate this peculiar form of primitive culture with this race. Now the same primitive culture
And so,
certainly extended westward into Italy.
1
did
Whether
the
the
to
tradition,
Pelasgi.
according
we are to reckon the Tyrrhenians or Etruscans as a
2
Pelasgian race, as Thucydides apparently did, remains
The name-forms in Etruscan are certainly
doubtful.
of the
of Asia
which
is
commonly
identified
It
is
Cf. the
KIDGEWAY,
loc.
p. 109.
2
iv.
109
(cf. post, p.
174).
v.
post, p. 139, n. 2.
cit.
PELASGI" ?
103
"
of Spain
HELBIG, Die
The remarks
notice.
He
says
worth
KEETSCHMER,
loc. cit. p.
39.
STUDIES OF THE
104
We
MYCEN^AN AGE
belonged
primarily
which preceded
civilization
it
must
be
assigned
of
And
Italy.
cephalous
been
who
called
Iberian; Sergi,
Berbers and Egyptians to have belonged to the
same race, calls it Mediterranean (La Stirpe Mediterranea).
so apparently
Cretans of Knossos.
We
though so convenient, is
"Asian" or "Asianic," would
members of the group. Mr.
lay too much
Crowfoot's "Armenoid" is even more open to this objection;
and he presumably means " Proto- Armenoid." " Mediterranean "
"
"
is too vague.
Perhaps Pelasgic is, on the whole, the best.
This, as well as
stress on the Asiatic
untranslatable.
in Asia
105
to a considerable extent
were very possibly a race mainly non- Aryan, speaking the tongue of their Aryan conquerors. No doubt
-a
Myce-
FIG. 37.
."
islands were
the centre
of
Mycenaean
In the
later
culture,
period,
is
when
1895)
Celts.
They were,
Celtic tribes.
106
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
Hellenedom and
Roman
more
times.
a comparatively
to
must
of interest.
is
full
HELLAS turns her back upon the west and faces the
The Greek mainland swings round
rising sun.
towards the east; the strike of its mountain-ranges
from north-west to south-east, therefore the pro-
is
open
also
towards the
east.
The long
lines
of
countries.
is
./Egean
by a sea, out of which appear the peaks of sunken
mountain-chains which continue the mountain-system
of
of the ^Egean.
io8
STUDIES OF THE
islands are
MYCEN^AN AGE
others,
but generally speaking the spaces of sea which intervene between them are narrow from scarcely any
;
^Egean island
is
no other
visible.
Geographically,
thus
proper, with Asia Minor, and with each other,
of
coast
western
the
islands
off
the
with
contrasting
much
as
tinental Greece
^Egean
basin.
is
the whole
as a
whole face
it
Even
Greek
An
civilization
axehead of
may have
But
it is
not
109
times
of this
next chapter
is
to discuss
no further south,
the south
the greater
number
it
obedience to the
Pythia to found
city
in
Libya.
Much
of any
Men-
many
of the
^Egean graves
appears a series of
earthenware representations
of
a nude female figure
also
these
Primitive Marble
Female Idol from Amor-
FIG. 38.
gos.
who
in
closely paralleled
Canaan, in Syria gene-
and in Mesopotamia.
Here, and no doubt in Cyprus
these are images of the Semitic female goddess,
passed, through the medium of Cyprus, into the
period.
also,
are
(Prae
)
Mycenaean
rally,
as Aphrodite.
Are we
in
to regard the
cul-
were
to the
B.C.
Arcliceologisclicn
STUDIES OF THE
12
MYCEN^AN AGE
to have been the prototypes of the marble images from the Greek islands.
But it is quite impossible to accept the early date
which Professor Hilprecht assigns to these BabyNo similar objects are known from theother explorations of early Babylonian sites, and
all of the same kind found in Mesopotamia are
of very late date.
So Herr von Fritze's argument,
and with it the desired connection between the
prse-Mycenaean marble images and the clay figures of
the Semitic goddess, falls to the ground. The marble
images are no doubt representations of a deity more
lonian idols.
p.
Tt is natural
EVANS,
&c., in
lot. cit., p.
127
U Anthropologie,
ff
1894.
SCHUCHHAEDT,
Of. post, p. 300.
fig. 60, p.
Such
67.
common product
SARGON
IN CYPRUS?
113
between
and Semitic
civilization
and Baby-
I.
connection
An
the
prae-
kings Sargon
B.C.),
A single cylinder
equally archaistic
inscription referring to the deified king Naram-Sin,
Curium. 2
di Cesnola at
This
mony
undeveloped
and
art,
whether in pre-historic or in
historical times,
it is
Assyrian
Eoom
of the British
Museum (room-numbers,
969-980,
1018-1027.)
1
BUSOLT, Gr. Gesch., i. p. 45 MALLET, Premieres
ments des Grecs en Ugi/pte, p. 28, n. I.
2
SAYCE, T. S. B. A., v. (1877) p; 441 ff.
;
fitablisse-
ii4
tion
barians
of
probable.
that
entirely unaffected
times.
is
,In
V.
p. 315. post.
1898, p. 44.
NO "HITTITE" INFLUENCE
2000
influence as early as
B.C.,
115
Of the Amorites,
whom
to
"
they
we know
The Philisnothing.
tines do not appear in Palestine till Mycenaean days.
The gradual infiltration of the Semitic Canaanites
are often ascribed,
Amarna
letters, a
occasional
any great extent, and no influence upon the praeMycensean culture can be assigned to it the case of
the nude female figures has already been dealt with.
;
The Phoenician
cities
media if legend is to
be trusted, indeed, the Phoenicians had as yet hardly
reached the Mediterranean. 1
into prominence as civilizing
premature.
Before the end of the
presence of
lands
made
fifth
millennium
B.C.
the
Mesopotamia, and
it
was
but
little
newcomers seems
made
to have
per-
1
Legend brings the Phoenicians from the Persian Gulf to the
Mediterranean about 2000 B.C. (cf. LENOEMANT, Manuel d'ffistoire Ancienne de I' Orient, iii. 3 ff.).
BABYLONIAN CULTURE
117
little
mentally un-Semitic.
The accession of the Semitic chiefs to power was
followed by an immediate extension of Babylonian
influence
"
Sunset-sea," on the
up
his image."
It
From
B.C.
from the
Persian
Gulf
to
whole of Mesopotamia,
Harran in the north,
Aharru,
Cf.
itself
2200
B.C.).
To
Hammurabi (about
this
absolutely subject
is made of a Babylonian
;
called rob
"
Aharru,
For some centuries after this Northern Syria remained
under the political hegemony of the Babylonian
B.C.
more or
of the
less
"
Few traces
iii.
p.
much
as
119
possible.
So
of the Nearer East, used as the language of diplomacy by the court-scribes of Egypt and Canaan as
Cilicia),
The
cities of Phoenicia, already powerful and of considerable importance in the world, used the cuneiform
Nor did the substiwriting and Babylonian idiom.
"
domination of the " Armenoid
tution of the
political
Minor
is
art.
its
'
Hittite
"
art
It
of Assyria, which
was
120
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
surprising had no Babylonian influences been traceable in Mycenaean art and handicraft.
They can be
we
shall see, are again not so noticeable as the influences of the rival culture of Egypt.
traced
but, as
FIG. 39.
was
said to
have come.
THE "LION-GATE"
121
produced on many Mycenaean gems, and similar liongroups which are sculptured above the doors of rock-
groups find
We
when Mycenaean
B.C.,
continental Greece.
art
There
is,
1
The heraldic badge or " arms " of the city of Shirpurla (Assyr.
Lagash the modern Tell Loh), a lion-faced eagle holding two
This occurs in sculptures
lions by their tails, may be instanced.
of the prse-Semitic kings Idingiranagin and Entenna, who lived
about 4500 B.C.. On the connection between the lion-groups of
Mycenae and of Phrygia, cf. KAMSAY, /. H. 8. ix. p. 369.
;
122
reliefs
them
the ground.
occasionally
but
in
Greece
marked
from Asia to
this
time
Babylonian influence
is,
is
the art of
Above
all,
the Mycenaeans
this
THE
"
HITTITES
123
"
We
Cretan characters.
cannot,
therefore,
assert
DE CARA
an
jEgean
civilization
for
"
gli
Hetei fnori
pellegrini."
STUDIES OF THE
i2 4
MYCEN^AN AGE
have
influenced Mycenaean
Its art
owes
hardly date
in
culture
any way.
its
it
any
eighth centuries
be detected in it.
earlier
B.C.
Yet
than
No Mycenaean
it is
we can
ninth
the
and
influence can
much
times
its
way
to
and proon
the
Pteria
which
afterbably through
Royal Road,
wards became one of the chief seats of this culture.
to have
met
this
nowhere
else up-country.
(REINACH, Mirage
"
and the prae-Mycensean Pelasgians may well
the " Hittites
have been members of the same race. Concerning the supposed
activity of the Tyrrhenians in the JEgean in Mycenaean times
more
will
be said later
(p. 174).
THE IONIANS
At the same time
brought a certain
Greece.
I2 5
FIG. 40.
"
Hittite
"
Jerabis.
(Brit.
from
Mus.)
In the
a great part.
While it is
improbable that they were settled in the Cyclades
yet (i.e., circa B.C. 1500-1100), there is no reason to
tribes
suppose that
Attica,
and Argolis.
126
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
well be doubted
is
from the Balkan peninsula across the Hellespont intoAsia, and only reached Greece proper after a detour
along the Asiatic coast and across the island bridge,
afterwards throwing a returning stream of emigrantsback to Asia after the Dorian invasion, is probably
correct.
Asiatic coast
from the
flat
'
127
It
is
Mycenaean lalysians were Achaians Achaian hegemony in the ^Egean need not have meant either
Achaian conquest or Achaian colonization.
That
at
in
the
later
were
rate
Hellenes,
however,
they
any
and
not
mere
seems
time,
Mycenaean
Pelasgi,
proIonian
bable i.e., they were probably lonians.
:
tradition
is
absent,
it
is
Lykia and
in
true,
Khodes, yet
it
present in Cyprus in
their transit from the Central Asiatic shores of the
begins again in
.^Egean to
Lykia
is
^Egean.
of their history the Greeks never penetrated far intoAsia Minor their settlements were limited to the
;
way
into
128
When we
Minor and
evident. The first
Hellenes to take the road from Rhodes to Cyprus
would naturally be those who had first occupied the
When the Greeks first
Asiatic coasts and islands.
came into contact with the Oriental nations, they
became known to them as " Yawan." This form of
the name 'laftov became the universal designation in
among
the
First mentioned by
Egyptians.
Sargon
II.
(Inscr.
Archaeological
Sarg.,
21)
about
710: "I have hauled the Yavna like fishes out from the
midst of the sea, thereby giving rest to the land Kue and the
B.C.
town
of Tyre."
(Kue is part of E. Cilicia.)
" laon "
Oueeienin ( Uinin) is identified with
by CURTIUS,
dtr
ionischen
vor
Die lonier
Wanderung, p. 6. I, however, am
Others
inclined to doubt the correctness of this identification.
-
"
evidence
YAWAN
129
post-Mycenaean migrations.
Also,
if
the Phrenicians
had first come into contact with the Greeks after the
Dorian invasion, we should have expected the Semitic
name for the Greeks to have been "Dorian" rather
than " Ionian," for the Dorian colonists of Crete and
Rhodes would then have been the first Greeks to
meet the Semitic newcomers.
It has been supposed
on
an
of the thirteenth
monument
that,
Egyptian
there
a
occurs
mention
of a northern
century B.C.,
land of " laumia,"
German Egyptologists
name which looks as if it
it, "Yevamia,"
2
were the same as 'lafwp.
Bat in reality the name
or, as
have
the
A/WWX
--C
: the first
sign has been read ma- and
and either of these two readings is more probable
than the first, yet-. Maunna has been identified with
Maionia, and Ariunna with Ilion. This piece of
na
or Ya-wen-na
ari-,
name
one of the
Tell
would derive it from Hau-nebu, which may have been pronounced something like "Haunim" in the decadent period of
l
the Egyptian language.
V. pp. 136, 229.
2
W. M. MULLEE, Asien und Europa, p. 369 f.
130
mean
a kind of
1
groom or horsekeeper. But although
may point
story
having been
which intermixed with
name
(p.
From Lykia
From
the ^Egean.
was
Cf. WINCKLBB,
HDT. vii. 91.
Tell
el-Amarna
Letters,
No. 83.
IONIANS IN CYPRUS
131
-,
Soloi
also said to
Kythnian
colonists were,
of
course,
The
Dryopes, not
Ionian s.
in
Cyprus
Paphos came Arcadians
under Agapenor, and the Cypriote dialect seems to
have been considerably affected by this immigraat a very early date
tion, for it
even
in
assigned
to
their
Curium
times.
origin
to
Argives
and Lapetbos
and Lakonians
respectively.
These
of
them the
in the island
may
in
Of. p. 38 n.
ff. ).
132
culture
when
it
styles of art.
As has
way
of Cyprus.
And
the
first
Mycenaean objects
reached Egypt apparently as early as 1550 B.C., certainly before 1400 B.C. The Mycenaean period seems
then to have lasted in Cyprus for at least 800 years,
Mycenaean
first
till
artistic style.
The Phoenicians
also
THE PHILISTINES
and consolidate their influence
133
its
culture.
FIG. 41.
Philistine of the
of
Rameses
Xllth century
III.:
B.C.
coast, in
(Sculptures
Thebes.)
colony on the Phoenician coast. It has been conjectured that the Philistines were, if not of Hellenic
134
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
came from
meant by the
to
is
be what
is
supposed
Kaphtor of the Bible. This was certainly the Jewish
David's Philistine bodyguard were called
tradition
Kerethim, which is translated K/ofjrtc i n two pas;
sages of the
LXX
ii.
(Zeph.
^
T?
1
I
They
II
U 1
sa
1
(Pulesatha), and formed part of the northern confederation of tribes from Europe and Asia Minor
tion,
Philister
geben
sich,
wie
alle
uns
bekannten philistaischen
"
strain in the Philistines (Godsdienst, p. 214;
Waarschijnlijk
arameesche
uit
streken
kwamen zij, al is 't langs een omweg,
;
and Myceneeans
(v. p.
180, n. 2)
POSSIBLY PELASGIANS
135
but no farther.
So that
it
was
in
Cyprus,
and
probably in
orum"
136
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
first
begins to
influence the cause of the history of the Mediterranean peoples. During the earlier period of the
Mycenaean
we
or Babylonia.
we shall see, apparently Phoenicians and whatever commerce passed through Palestine from Mesoas
We
cannot,
ib. figs.
Prof.
GARDNER explains
137
Orchomenos, or the
vases of the tombs
of
Rekhmara and
RamesesIIL;
their
general appearance
points to a much
later time,
and even
the very
phase of the
suggests
latest
Mycenaean period
rethey
closely
semble many of the
newly-discovered
late-Mycenaean ob-
from Cyprus,
which cannot be
jects
much
than
older
They
may,
ever,
be
older
Phoenician
artistic
was
much
how-
much
influence
probably of
the
same
character
in
the
fifteenth as in the
...
eighth century
B. C.
FIG. 42.
type.
138
have been
felt in
and Cyprus.
imitations.)
139
till
And
if
cunei-
'
Hittite
times
"
It
might
well,
V. post, p. 163.
Tell el-Amarna Letter, Berlin 10.
140
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
Are we
It
"
who
Knossos.
Many of them
inventories
of
ships,
chariots,
horses,
swine, &c.
much we
thus
as yet
is
and
it
might
at first sight
this
has been already noted (p. 19, n.) that the attempt
to read the pictographs with the aid of Greek is an
absolute failure. Here, as in the case of the Hittite script,
Lycian might prove to be the key to the language.
a
Mr. Evans seems to regard the linear signs as earlier than
the fully developed pictographs. This is contrary to what one
would expect. He also advances the view that they belonged to
two distinct races, the users of the purely pictographic signs
1
of
It
KLUGE
Sell. Atli.
1899-1900, p. 61).
141
poraneously.
2
fragments from Mycenae probably belong to a writing
The
Mycenaean
probability pos-
sessed different
may have
existed
in
Greece
the
until
the
2
line.
TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
142
introduction
Mycenaean
of the
times.
Phoenician alphabet in
post-
so
much
less
real
influence
upon the
Kara-Eyuk
in Cappadocia.
1
Yet it is no less odd that the Cypriote Greeks should so
long have retained their cumbrous syllabary when their Phoenician fellow-islanders were using a simple alphabet.
VI
MYCENJE AND EGYPT
IT has already been pointed out that relations of
some kind seem to have existed between Greece and
Egypt
in
pras-Mycenaean.
This
days.
is
shown
stone vase
inscribed with
the
fragment of a blue
cartouche of
King
the
I.
^Egean.
material
may
It
is,
equally well
the
1
general
p.
42
LOFTIB, Essay
of Scarabs, p.
16.
STUDIES OF THE
144
MYCEN^AN AGE
Ch.
III.,
few
and
objects of prae-Mycengean origin found in Egypt
of Egyptian origin found in the ^Egean had only
very highly developed
It
knowledge
;C
is
"
the
Isles of the
is
Past,
ii.
(2nd
series).
145
extreme
show that
remote date.
The inception
is
of
this certainly
due to Mr. A.
theory
seen reason to criticize
J.
Evans. 1
most suggestive
have already
We
now
It
more fully.
has already been noted that the geographical
discuss
it
an objection
1
may
On this account
H.
8. xvii. p. 327
ff).
146
direct
We
e.g.,
birds,
parts of the
human
conclusion
of the
On
many
script.
Crete
in character,
later,
dating from
THE SEAL-STONES
the " archaic
147
"
He
spiral patterns
found on
many
He
finds
such
1
The possibility that the Eteokretans, who, as we have seen,
were one of those prae-Hellenic peoples to whom the prseMycensean culture may be assigned, were the original possessors
of the Cretan pictographic script can hardly be held to prove the
148
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
A number of
cylinders
men and
of
These
objects,
and
of the Egyptians
3
EVANS,
/.
(cf.
ante, p. 15).
149
the time of the Vlth Dynasty. The Cretan threesided seals will therefore also date to about that time.
"
;
hieroglyph
jj
sees
with
signifying
But
pro-
"a
his
it
is
further
argument
1
J.
H.
for a
connection between
150
Crete,
and
also the
this period is
vases,
style of
Egyptian pottery of
"New
Libyan
The
origin.
archaic
vases,
whether of stone or
earthenware, of
both Egypt and of
Greece, are equally
primitive
is
but
it
see
to
difficult
how
on the
Prehistoric Egyptian "Boatc. 4500 B.C., or earlier.
FIG. 43.
Vase";
earliest Egyp-
tian 'vases
first
look
sight as
if
at
they
were meant to be
galleys
this
supposed '"'ships" to be merely rude representatwo huts on a hill or rampart with a path
tions of
PREHISTORIC CONNECTION?
leading up to them.
151
resolves itself
into an
fessor Petrie's
in the ground.
"
FIG. 44.
it
Slate Relief of
art with
which
2
but that these boats
may be boats after all
were the ships which plied between Crete and Egypt
some four thousand years B.C. nothing can ever show.
These predynastic Egyptian vases have been supposed
vases
152
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
to have a
"
locks not to a
salt in
the
soil
l
!
Libya, there-
The fragment
relief (illustrated
Vber die ethnologische Stellung der prdhistorisclien und protohistorischen Agypter, nebst BemerTcungen uber
Entfdr'bung und
Verfdrbung der Haare (AbhandL
LIBYAN THEORIES
153
FIG. 45.
Relief,
STUDIES OF THE
154
MYCEN^AN AGE
that time.
doubtedly of Xllth or
XHIth Dynasty
date. 2
But
is
certainly striking,
At Hagios Onouphrios.
The fact that the prse- Mycenaean
must date to at latest before 1600 B.C. (p. 71, ante)
shows that these scarabs cannot be much older than the objects
with which they were found in all probability they are abso1
culture
lutely
2
This piece of evidence appears, however, to be of doubtful
value see Addenda, p. 320, post.
:
ETC.
155
it
may
original,
Dynasty
versally
also,
considered
2
but it would be necessary to know the conditions
under which these vases were found before they could
be pronounced to be undoubtedly prse-Mycengean
seals,
the
Some
of the signs
Egyptian hieroglyphs
it
upon
a
a
[
{j
J,
|,
and a
\X are recognizable.
is little
156
on one
side,
many
of the seal-
stones,
and
ment
so characteristic of the
Mycenaean period
1
originated in Egyptian scarab-designs.
really
In that case
1
In Science Progress (1896) Mr. MYEES says that spirals were
the dominant feature of Egyptian art under the Xllth Dynasty,
but there is little evidence of this beyond the use of spirals on
157
we seem
On the
whole,
whatever
We cannot
this early
"
commerce
"
was carried
on.
whom
The Phoe-
it is
very improbable that the islanders had as yet voyaged farther
from the ^Egean than Cyprus. Neither the Phoe-
34, p. 56).
MUCH
remarks,
ib. p. 55,
"
Zudem
gewinde in seinen verschiedenen Arten zu den f riihesten Erscheinungen der Metallzeit iiberhaupt." For good examples of praeMycensean spirals cf. Figs. 6, 7, ante.
1
Only one or two Cretan seal-stones have been found in Egypt,,
and these may quite well have come thither by the coast route.
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
158
These
known
by the generic
to the Egyptians
!
last
were
name
of
(Haau,"Fenmen" or "Northerners")
or
" Northerners
Fenmen"
or
system.
Xllth
Under the
apparently
still
regarded
Gods.
After
this
Tebn Hanebu.
"
we read
chapter]
it is
people."
THE HAU-NEBU
159
name
the
"
^Egeans
1
Originally
certainly neither Greeks nor
kind. 1
With them the Egyptians
Hau-nebu were
these
"
as a
of any
Cf. generally
"
Hau-nebu originated
was
Haau
ff.
originally
word
The mis-
that the
24
p.
are called
^Jy
'
(Hau^
BUDGE (Book
of the
papyrus
swamps";
often written
in
Yj^^^j,
form then
that, instead of
yT
Fenmen
The sign
"
:
the
^s
^jP
v /
s jf$j' a
The
^^
or
is
form which
v.
/*
of the
T=T
of the Book of the Dead.
the
So
SI
(mehti),
"North":
from
its
primary
160
u Middle
Kingdom
brought
thither
from
Cyprus
vases
(where
of
"
idea
convey the
of
So that to an Egyptian
excellence.
Northerners
"Fenmen."
"
quite
so
is
^ s
\if
as
much
"Let me
as
that
would
the
ch.
ex.
20:
1.
live
^^
was
no doubt meant
North"
taken
often
probably had
"
to
mean
"all":
/wwv\
v^y
= "Lord"
little
&
ft
\~y VyZ} JU
2*1 ill
(Haau),
"
Fenmen ":
so that
was, no doubt, read Meht-nebu or Ha-nebu, and considered to mean "All the Northerners" by many an Egyptian
from Pepi's time onwards. From the meaning " behind," which
belongs to
}\[
(ha),
is
who
16 r
came
to
have
rently be dated as far back as 1550 B.C.
also seen that these relations were pretty constant
:
&^^^^^j3p
^BBBBBfeitv
FIG. 46.
^3.
IT
for
artistic
Who
was used
as a translation of
<J>otvtio]
the biblical
L
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
62
Q^^C^),
XVIIIth
the
or Kefthu
Dynasty
was
not
Phoenicia
is
name
for Phoenicia
been
finally
M.
Miiller that
the
it with Phoenicia,
taking the opportunity
to perpetuate his theory in the first great inscription
which he was commissioned to translate into hiero-
identified
In the "
Hymn
therefore the
necessary.
Haunebu
Mr.
of the
is
ALASHIYA
163
of
juxtaposition to
westward of
Syria, but
The
it.
&
Cyprus.
may
It
rvxo
Rip
(j
*|
in
Letter
in the least Greek, so that they may perhaps be assigned to the preHellenic population. On Alashiya see further, Addenda, p. 320,
Other Egyptian names for Cyprus or parts of Cyprus were
post.
Asi
*\
ft
AAA
"^
_c&
n A
U U
I
(cf.
^^^ ....
maic name
Bool:, p.
228
Nebinaiiet
(Stele of Canopus,
;
cf.
toe. tit., p.
ntanai,
337),
and
"
\\
/\
W. M. MiiLLER,
I.
W. M. MiJLLEE,
"
or "Nebinaiti
"
(?),
a Ptole-
loc. cit.
p. 336), is corrupt
the
/wvwv
initial
is
obviously wrong.
It is
a misreading of the
genuine name .... ntanai, which seems to me to be very possibly the same word as the Assyrian name for Cyprus, Atnana or
Yatnana, which we first meet with 700 years later than the
mention of .... ntanai. The transposition of nt into t n presents
n
/wwv\
no difficulty: and the simple emendation of the
and
yv
Jl
STUDIES OF THE
64
MYCEN^AN AGE
far westward
probable that Keftiu can have been very
from Alashiya ; W. M. Miiller (loc. cit. p. 336 ff.)
regards
this
it
.,
But
we have no
as a part of
an impossible identification
is
imity to Syria
is
is
wanted.
clearly indicated,
Cyprus
Cyprus is the most
easterly Mycenaean land
also
FIG. 47.
in
Mycenaean Gold and the nearest to Egypt
from a wall-paintreW6
which
foe position
A
the tomb of Rekhmara,
1
But that
B.C.
quire for Keftiu.
Silver Vase
ing
c.
1550
" Keftiu
"
did not
mean ta
and
/wwv\
A
"
A/WVAA
ft
U
~\
A AAAWA A
(I
f|
(1(1
Jr^
f^^l
lantanai.
1
W. M. MULLER
(loc.
cit.,
344)
p.
notes
that
Mennus
MdXXos (MdpXos)
known
KEFTIU
165
"At
is
Back of"
the
or
came
It is
is
grasped in thy
fist.
."
circuit of the
Keftiu and
Here we need not
.
i,
BRUGSCH,
Worterbuch, p. 1493
A PP-
P-
Jceftiu.
166
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
much
series of islands,
Mycenaeans,"
probably
Cyprus
lands
to
the
And though
westward.
neighbouring
the great official Tahuti, who lived in the same
reign,
is
tries,
Set
styled
over
All
the
Lands and
Coun-
Isles in the
style,"
Thothmes
"
since they
His Majesty'*
"),
We
167
the Mycenaean-looking*
objects brought to Egypt by the Mycenaean Keftiu
see, then, that
many of
FIG. 48.
many from
Orchomenos
(Kgyptian design).
Mycenaean
evident
in
civilization.
the
Cretan
The
Egyptian influence
script, the whole art of
68
jects
may
quite
well
have
come from
Crete,
even Greece
itself.
or
Commerce between
the ^Egean and Cyprus
was, no doubt, in the
hands of Mycenseans,
perhaps lonians; but
who were the inter-
FIG. 49.
in
Egypt.
No.
4858.)
to hand
mediaries between
Cyprus and Egypt ?
There is no question
now of a mere passing
of objects from hand
till
Mycenaean
commerce.
in his charge.
169
As we have
cians.
already remarked,
we know
Many
of the
iii.
xxvii.
and
cf.
v.
ff.
xii.
),
Salameskii
( LpT
Kathiinu
\\
'
and
whioh
70
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
plifications of
nicians.
But
it
may
Mycenaaan
XlXth Dynasty (about 1350-1200 B.C.); 2 the name
of one of the foreigners buried at Gurob is An-Tursha
;.
civilization
Hawara.
171.
foreigners found at Gurob, those of the officials SadiAmia and An-Tursha; in neither of these graves
To suppose,
An-Tursha was presumably a
who
lives
traders.
is
1300
B.C.)
1
II.
against
JE^
^^*>
the
^.
Ji
the
Kheta
172
Masa
fl
Maunna
<dasa,
and
appear as
face
of
FIG. 50.
the
kian,
Pi-
(?)
/)
allies
it
of the
that
likely
Kheta.
these
seems on the
It
were
Lykian,
3
/WW\A
Dardanian,
Mysian,
warriors
B.C.
of
(Thebes.)
Pisidian,
Kili-
(?) races.
have
1
less difficulty in
loc.
cit. t
p.
354
chiefly
7i . /.
2
Mi/o-ot
d7xe/iaxot
xiii.
(11.
5).
It
does not
much matter
173,
^L
*"S*T
with
3jH &v
/TJ VT-
u
\\
Jr\X
OT
>^i
dians,i
(2
I
'
Sardma:
Sar-
Sakalasa:
1
These people, who were far more probably Sardians of Lydia
than Sardinians (!), are first mentioned, as Sirdana, as mercenary
troops serving in Palestine during the fifteenth century B.C.
(WiNCKLER, Tell el-Amarna Letters, 64, 77, 100). They wereafterwards greatly in favour in Egypt as royal guards. Of.
note to Fig. 50 in List of Illustrations.
2
The inscription of Merenptah is published in
Histor. Inschr. i. 2-6 A. Z. 1881, p. 118.
DUMICHBN,
3
It is accepted by W. M. MULLEB, loc. cit. p. 371.
Theobjection that the name ends in -slia is of no weight in view of
the fact that the Egyptians called the KlXuces " Kalaki-sha " (sea
further, p. 178),
is
paralleled
174
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
grave objections.
We
We
costume
between
are noticeable. 1
If
Asia
religious ritual
Minor
we grant
and
and
Etruria
that these
resem-
are not
is
Etruscan culture
is
means
P. I02j ante.
3
4
KIECHHOFF,
Studien, pp. 54
if
(4th ed.).
175
Aryan stratum
go so far
to
afield
above,
we
v.,
find
(Tchakarai) and
Daanau\na\?
c^
Aavaoi was a very ancient ethnic
We
inscriptions at Medlnet
Habu
pi. ii.).
176
to press
B.C.
with
the
FIG. 51.
TauKOol
well-known tribe
the
T'akarai (Cretans
?)
of the
Xllth century
B.C.
of
the
(Thebes.)
But the
the ^Egean.
in the
does
not
in
even
Greece,
TsvKpoi
appear
Homeric period it is first mentioned by the poet
name
Kallinos,
and
still
in
in
Mycenaean times,
GEOTB,
ViRG.
Hist. Gr.
^n.
iii.
i.
p.
104
ff.
279 (1856
ed.).
THE UASHASHA
And we
177
are
now meant.
{\\M\M\} $
j)
probable than the absurd identification with the Oscans. The tribes who attacked Egypt in Rameses III.'s
What
is
all
Cretans.
iv. 154.
fatffo*, C. I.
G. 3050.
is
that
178
Rameses
more
fully quoted in a
are
note, p. 182, below, they
spoken of as coming
"
and then
Kheta
from
inscription of
III.,
the
isles," subduing
yprus and Phoenicia; so there
put them.
first,
is
nowhere
else to
tribes
men-
may be
It
suffixes.
is,
of
their
Hellenic
allies
jprnnazi
329).
-aza,
when
ot/caot (cf.
Kretschmer,
A similar form,
-am.
loc. cit.
pp. 3 1
1 ff ,
transliterated into
is
Greek end in
-a<r<ne, -attic,
THE SHAKALASHA
-<r<ra,
&c.
The
'79
original forms of
asha,
*Waxazi, *I)anaunna,
The
-ska-form of the
-ska
is
Maxyes, the
they
-aska,
dians,
and
Lykians,
Philistines
Sagalassians,
(of
Cretan
Pisidians,
origin)
Kilikians,
while
the
first
'Critique, 1880, p.
i8o
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
name seems
a suggestion
more
if
name Maunna
is
correctly so read.
And
so,
bear.
been
And
at
this
comprised
civilization. 2
within
the circle of
Mycenaean
It
But
may be noted
this
headdress also appears worn by warriors on a geometrical vasefragment from Mycenae (published by WIDE, Jahrb. Arch. Inst.
xiv. p. 85), and by a warrior armed with an axe on a carved ivory
draught-box from Enkomi in Cyprus (published by MURRAY,
Excavations in Cijprus, p. 12, Fig. 19). Dr. Murray's conjecture
that this is a specimen of the Maeonian or Karian work mentioned
iv. 141 is very apposite. We thus find examples of this feather
headdress worn by tribes of the jJEgean and southern coast of
Asia Minor in the Xllth, VHIth, Vllth, and Vth centuries B.C.
The peculiar waistcloths of these tribes on the Egyptian monuments of the XHIth-XIIth centuries are Mycenaean ; their way
of shaving the upper lip is Greek.
But their shields are rather
Homeric than Mycenaean, being round their swords seem often
to have been of Egyptian type (the bronze weapons from Crete
are Egyptian in type), but those of the Shardina are broad-bladed
in 77.
"
Mycenaean."
181
thither.
(1.
13),
"fighting
fill
".(1.
inter-
know
Crete and Africa across the open sea ever existed until
We
or the
Homeric
STUDIES OF THE
82
MYCEN^AN AGE
The
Egyptian representations of
them, look almost too frail and small to be trusted
satha, judging from the
come
And
all
if
the
these
way
to
"
"
Mycenasan
very probable that the
Egypt,
traders did the same as far as Cyprus, and there
handed over their goods to the Phoenicians for further
it
is
and Alesa
They destroyed [them, and assembled
in their] camp in one place in the midst of Aniar (Amurru
This
Palestine)." (Text published by GREENE, Fouilles, pi. 2.)
indicates their origin and the route by which they reached
The inscription of Merenptah says
Egypt clearly enough.
that the Libyans, to whose assistance the first expedition of
the Meliti (Northerners) came, had long been in possession of
the Delta.
We know that Libyans (Thehennu and possibly
Ha-nebu ?) were in the Delta as early as 3500 B.C. We are quite
tinian coastland), Qerqamelsa (Carchemish), AretJttit,
(Alashiya
Cyprus).
regarding the Libyan allies of the Mediterranean tribes as inhabitants of the lowlands at the mouths of
the Nile.
There is therefore, no need to go so far afield as Lake
Tritonis in order to show relations between Western Libyans and
prehistoric Greeks; it can only have been the Libyans of the
Delta who ever came into contact with them.
justified, therefore, in
183
of the
of
walls-
While thus insisting on the pre-eminence of Cyprusas mediator-in-chief between Greece and Egypt in
the Mycenaean period, there is no need to belittle the
importance of Crete as a factor of Mycenaean culture.
It is very possible, as will be seen in the next chapter,
that Crete and the neighbouring islands were the
that
chief
medium
in conjunction with
Mycenaean objects
in
Egypt?
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
184
Egyptian forms
Egyptian
Of
this
would be attributable
to strong
influence.
late
seemed to incline
Mycenaean
art
influenced
of course,
is,
oriental
artistic
in
Mycenaean Greece
reaction
attempt
is
Dynasties.
Eventually
is
Egyptian
1
Thii
Greeks
art
was in
it is
all its
branches
stiff
and formal.
(cf.
ii.
p. 182;.
185
de luxe were
even
dom,
domains
free-
complete
invading
the
in
which the
canon in artistic
matters had hitherto rehieratic
Egyptian
when
artist
could
do
FIG.
c.
All
these
designs,
which
52.
Blue
Btigelkanne,
XIIHh
glazed
made
century
in
B.C.
ware
Egypt;
(Brit.
30.451.)
ment it is far more likely that Mycengean naturalism was influenced by that of Egypt than that
So that, while Egyptian
the reverse was the case.
art can be shown to have exercised a marked
:
influence
naean
artistic
86
"
"
or
Biigelkanne
temporary introduction of the
in
manufactured
was
which
false -necked vase,
200
about
for
Egypt
years.
Though many
known
for
some
in
Egypt
centuries
an
engraving of
an-
Mycenaean
form (Fig. 53). The
gem - engraving and
gold-work of Mycenaefound apparently such
little favour in Egypt
that
they were
not
inimported
fluence on these de:
FIG. 53.
in
22,731.)
their
partments of Egyptian
art is nil. Apart from
the Cretanpictographs,
to
187
men
the
is
red
women
drawing
frescoes
of
In the
Knossian
the
we note
has
artist
and that of
white.
that the
the
seen
possibility in the
im-
Egyptian
convention, according to
which a profile figure has
and has
tried to
saw
success
it,
without
much
the influence of
Egyptian convention
was too strong. We must
the
begin
to
think
that
the
in
spite
of
its
vigour,
Mycenaean fresco-painting
(From
lalysos.)
Two
well-known
examples
of
direct
Egyptian
STUDIES OF THE
88
MYCEN^AN AGE
from Mycenae.
should without
the period of
originals
FIG. 55.
style,
found
why
be as
189
how
Marked
was,
it
in
*-
9o
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
gezogen hat aber wie gross man ihren Einfluss auch schatzen
mag, es 1st itnmer nur ein bestimmter Ausschnitt aus dem Form^nschatz, der uns in Griechenland liickenlos vorliegt, den wir
:
treffen.
fehlen
auch.
Biigelkannen, Biichsen,
"
Pilgerflaschen," iiber-
wiegen bei weitem, nach den mehr als hundert Vasenformen des
Mutterlandes sieht man sich vergebens um. Wohl haben Bezieh-
d^ta
VII
OREAT
as
"
by the civilizations of the East, the Mycenaean
culture always retained its predominantly European
it
character
it
out with
I.
to point
essentially uncertain
" science " of
character of the
prehistoric archaeology,
&nd the weaknesses which naturally result therefrom.
But
it
fact of
is that
during a period of time of
the peoples of Europe possessed a
development
STUDIES OF THE
92
MYCEN^AN AGE
'
The
pean culture of the Bronze Age as they were represented in the ^Bgean and Eastern Mediterranean
the prae-Mycenaean culture was stone and
basins
:
"
"
copper-using, so that a Chalcolithic period existed
in the extreme South as well as in Central Europe
the development of the Mycenaean out of the praeMycenaean culture is the development of the Greek
of Stone
The
and Bronze. 3
culture of the
Ivi. p.
2
303.
j
SACKBN, Grdber von Hallstatt ; NAUE, L'fipoque d HallThe archaic Greek bronzes of the Geometrical
statt en Baviere.
period found at Olympia (FURTWANGLER, Bronzefunde von
Cf. v.
"
Olympia) enable us to describe this period as the Hallstattof Greece."
Epoch
3
Cf.
UNDSET,
and
others.
193
The ultimate cause of the peculiar Hellenic development of European civilization was the geographical
position of Greece, which brought the Hellenes into
close contact from the beginning with the entirely
alien
and
at
first
in the Eastern
Mediterranean.
The shock
Europe
development almost in
Europe
beginnings, in
Central
and Asia
its
to the development of
reached the inhabitants of Greece first of the European nations from the East, and then spread over
Europe, is directly contrary to all probability. Such
a view of the origin of European metal-working
much exaggerates the debt which European civilization owes to the East.
Both lead and silver seem to have been known to
"
Cf. WIDE,
xxii. (1897) p.
247
in Ath. Mitth.
STUDIES OF THE
94
MYCEN^AN AGE
1
oldest period of the praa-Mycenaaan culture, but it
be doubted whether gold was used in Greece
may
At no time does
in Greece
gold appear to have been much worked
2
proper, and, as Professor Gardner has pointed out,
as
GARDNER, New
Chapters, p. 82.
"
washings of Asia Minor. (The poetical word Y^J?! gold," is
probably merely hurdsu taken over and then erroneously regarded
COPPER
first
195
it
Egypt
or Babylonia, where at
It
in general use.
is
which
many
accessible.
We
may
it is
easily
was
first
introduced
"
Mycensean
into
Greece
"
by the
world
it
was probably in
On
Cf.
of
European
civilization,
first
originated.
ff.
when Mr.
(ib. p.
349,
comprised in the same primitive copper-using circle of civilization, and that very possibly artistic ideas may have travelled
from one community to the other. As to the place where these
ideas originated or where copper was first used no conclusion can be drawn.
MUCH considers that it was first mined
196
Bronze, however, probably did not originate independently in Greece or in any other part of Europe the
idea of an artificial amalgam of copper and tin or
copper and antimony can in all probability have been
;
Bronze seems to
derived only from a single source.
have been commonly used in Babylonia, at least as
1
some time before this it first
early as 3000 B.C.
j
2
appears in Egypt, but
much
bronze was
first
is
not
common
there
till
later period.
It
figures
B.C.
-
c.
The
by DE MORGAN,
BRONZE
197
"
"
"
known
known
198
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
We
to
them
at
an
2
That it is impossible to speak of a "Bronze Age" or an
"
" Iron
Age as having- at anytime existed in Egypt has been
"
conclusively shewn by PIEHL, Bronsalder i Egypten ?" (in Ymer,
"
in
answer
to
1888, p. 94 ff)
MONTELIUS, Bronsaldern i Egypten "
(loc. cit. p. 3 ff), who unsuccessfully maintained the contrary
opinion.
In Coptic iron
more
shortly
is
called
this is derived
is
was
J
I
^7
*-*
^
i.e.,
>
\O\
J^
"
(baa~n-pet},
/WW\A
III
Iron of Heaven,"
o o o
mentioned and
&Eff IHG
"
ba.
Ba
is
o
-eil
depicted as blue in colour in the Pyramid-
IRON
99
we
if
kingdom.)
2. "Vi traffa jernets namn pa de iildsta egyptiska monumenten under forhallanden, som icke tillata nagot tvifvel om
ifragavarande ords betydelse." (We meet with the name of
iron on the oldest Egyptian monuments under circumstances
which do not allow of the slightest doubt as to the meaning of
the word in question.)
3. "Vi ega malningar fran det gamla riket, i hvilka vapen,
verktyg, och redskap iiro malade met blatt (eller svart), d. v. s.
den farg, met hvilken jernet kannetecknas."
(We possess
paintings of the time of the Old Kingdom [i.e. approximately
B.C. 4000-3000], in which weapons, tools, and instruments are
painted blue (or black), i.e. the colour with which iron is
indicated.)
absolutely,
is
The
first
iron used
Aswan
is
i.
shewn
STUDIES OF THE
200
MYCEN^AN AGE
TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
Archfeoloaia,
Iron
first
Ivi. p.
foe. Clt. p.
321.
315.
(? c.
1400
B.C.).
is
Sumerian
by
AN
AN. BAR
was supposed
ideographically
the group
how
pronounced we do not
a aira% Xeyofj-evov, by the way
reads possibly BAB. GAL, but this gives us no certainty that
"
there ever was a Sumerian word larc/al
iron," which the
Semitic Babylonians took' over &s parzillu. The Assyrians seem
certainly to have been of the opinion that iron was known to
the Sumerians (before 40x20 B.C., presumably)
iron objects
which may date to the time of Gudea (c. 2500 B.C.) have been
found at Telloh (DE SARZEC, foe. cit. p. 35).
It seems most
know.
to have been
Another equivalent
probable that iron and the word parzillu came to the Semites
from the Chalybes, Tubal, and other iron-working tribes of
201
far,
civilization
impetus to the whole development of European culture out of neolithic barbarism came from the East.
The change from stone to copper was effected independently of oriental influence, at a time when,
indeed, this influence can have been but inconsider-
And
able.
the de-
velopment of Eurocivilization
pean
before
the
introduction
of
began
bronze.
The
to
first
this
impulse
develop-
A Mycenaean Sea-demon;
57.
from an early matt-painted vase from
Mycenae.
FIG.
in
Greece.
The
first
traces of
"
"
Mycenaean
development are
BAE
also
"
Heavenly Metal."
H. 8. xviii. p. 337 MYRES, Science
the discoveries of STAIS in ^Egina.
Ba-n-pet,
Cf. J.
Progress,
v. p.
350
202
The essentially
culture took place in these islands.
marine character of the decoration of many of the
and of the most typical Mycenaean vases
1
Mycenaean art
-certainly confirms this supposition.
is the art of a sea-folk from its commencement.
In this development the island of Crete must have
earliest
we must
its
1
Also one of the earliest Mycenasan frescoes we have, that
from the Third City at Phylakope in Melos, depicts flying-fish
(Ann. Brit.
\loc. cit. p.
Fourth
Proto-Mycensean,"
ment,
Early Mycenaean
"
"
being most convenient to restrict the term Prse- Mycenaean to
the primitive epoch of the cist-graves.)
2
WIDE, Nachleben mykenischer Ornamente, Ath. Mitth. xii.
(1897), p. 233 ff.
THE ARYANS
is
IN
GREECE
203
race.
immigration
We
tribes,
such as
of the
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
204
the " Hellenic" elements of Greek civilization, especially in the domain of religion, which in Crete
especially exhibits peculiarities which are obviously
due to a commingling* of Hellenic with what seem
Britomartis,
Artemis,,
is
also,
Their
and, like
portion
the horse-headed Demeter in
of
Mycenaean Hunt-
FIG. 58.
Crete,
headed
round
their
cenaean
either
It
wall-paintings.
is
in
necks,
goatturning, are
bull-headed
common
and
horse-, ass-,
vases,
carrying
hands or slung
their
and
demons
My-
these 'apparently prae-Hellenic cults were of prasMycenasan origin, and continued to nourish during
the Mycenaean period, being passed on by the pra3Mycenaean tribes to the mixed race of the Hellenes.
to
Fe\xat>6s at
Phaistos.
He
Cf.
COOK,
.7.
//.
&
xiv.;
EVANS,
.7.
was-
205
ideas of the
into close
connection with those of the earlier population. Foremost among Pelasgic deities stood Zeus, who was born
Aphrodite
she
is
;
opposed to
her worship.
out
doubt
bring
with
traces
Cf.
-
of
the
FARNELL,
DIOD.
v. 72.
Mycenaean
culture,
of
which
STUDIES OF THE
206
we
some
find
of
the
MYCEN^AN AGE
remains in Crete at
oldest
Knossos.
A general
"
The " Chalcolithic copper-using culture which
succeeded the Age of Stone in Greece was not
from Palestine, at
Italy.
With the
least as far
cultures
of
and of
who
Neolithic inhabitants,
an
The extent
GENERAL THEORY
207
the
The Aryan
rapidly
developing
Pelasgian
"
"
Mycenaean
culture
of
the
tribes.
Not long
"
'*
Mycenaean
Aryan
tribes,
in
Aryan names
1
The mixed
tribes of
(v.
ante, p. 130).
2o8
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
-chief seat of
to
and
mixed
chiefs
or of
peoples, whether
blood, in Pelopon-
And now
apparently marked the earliest development of European Bronze Age culture, and on account of its
geographical position became itself the chief energizer
and developer of
Dogmatism on
this culture.
uncertain
so
subject
as
the
"
"
The above
theorizing no progress is possible.
-account of the possible course of the development of
1
V. ante, p. 88.
MYCENAEAN CRETE
209
the prehistoric culture of Greece and the pronouncement therein contained is, then, no dogma, but
a mere provisional theory, based principally upon
an acceptance in its main lines of the hypothesis
explained in Chapter
ii.
Mycenge
still
lived
and had
their being,
was already
"
*
There
Of.
2
II
Gr. Gesch.
i.
449
p. 337.
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
210
Mtvwoc
KOI
OaXaa-
'EAA//vam, 6c
?" fc
TV
Kvaxriov,
el
vi(TWV
He
Mycenaean culture
But the
foundation of the palace seems to go back to protoMycenaaan days, and in the proto-Mycenaean period
the culture of Crete had perhaps risen to a pitch of
direction.
nasan."
Minos may then have been a "Proto-MyceThe whole story of Minos is so mingled with
HDT.
iii.
122.
the-
MINOS
,
i.e.,
The legends
culture.
211
Kami-
which set
Sicily, and of the great Cretan armada
out to avenge his death and afterwards colonized Hyria
in Italy, 1 are not impossibilities, and very probably
have some truth in them. Man}?- legends point to a conkos in
The
days.
fleet in
very early
Kolophon by Rhakios
historical
and
it
probably
relates to a period long before the return of the
The
Herakleids and the " Great Migrations."
is
we have seen
(p, 177),
a
is
connected in legend
with Crete.
We may
to the
new development
palace of
But it
the most developed of the Mycenaean lands.
is probable that other similar systems of local origin
1
HDT.
vii.
169
ff.
PAUS.
i.
39, 44.
Il>. vii.
3.
STUDIES OF THE
212
MYCEN^AN AGE
^Egean with
traders
The
Cretans were no doubt at this period as active navigators of the ./Egean and the neighbouring seas as
We
was known
to the
Minoan
days.
frescoes with those of the
date
this
V. ante, p. 165.
will
then
213
some centuries
date
centuries.
Whether the
old
Minoan
rulers were
Aryans or
it is
in fact, is confirmed
ruddy,
modern
Italians.
the tomb of
1
In
greatest number of ships to the siege of Troy.
the Iliad a close connection between the Argive and
close
with
Agamemnon and
princes
of
late-Mycenaean
probably of Achaian
-their
1
Menelaos. 3
Mycenaean
(i.e.,
overlord.
The
Knossian
very
Ar}~an) blood, related to
It
was in
this
post-
'
ii.
11. iii. 232
645 ff cf. 0(1 xix. 172 ff.
EUR., Or. 1009. Cf. MILCHHOFER, Anfavge der Kumt,
//.
if.
p. 134.
2i 4
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
of
the Philis-
tines
(c.
We
in
it
Henceforward
The days
passing all others in the science of piracy.
were indeed long past when the Cretans ruled the
^Egean, demanded human tribute from Athens for
the purpose of sacrifice to the bull-headed deity of
(?),
PAUS.
iii.
(FEAZER,
V. post, p. 243.
Ib.
313).
THE MINYANS
215
1
its youth."
This is an
idea
it
but
the
which
conveys
exaggerated statement,
had began
rest of Hellas
is
in the
main
When,
correct.
in the
mainland was
not ex-
northern ^Egean by way of lolkos, while her sea communications towards the south coincided with those
of Athens or Prasiai
of the sixth
connected
in
and myth.
legend
The legend
of
The
communication passed
The Argonauts made
line of
p. v.
"
:
216
and
"
Minyan
Lemnos we
in
Orchomenos);
"
from lolkos
Euneos 2
find
son of Jason."
We have already seen that the Egyptian monuments give us valuable information with regard to
the inhabitants of the ^Egean during the Mycenaean
The identity of the Thuirsha with the
we
have discussed, and have found that,
Tyrsenoi
we
cannot
claim the Thuirsha as an ^Bgean
although
of
the other northern tribes who
several
people,
period.
came
of the
XlXth Dynasty
i.e.,
little
earliest
testimony to the
relations
11.
i.
594
Od.
471
viii.
;
294.
xxiii. 747.
THE WEST
217-
Many
of these
Pelasgians," but
tribes were,
no
in-
doubt, pure
stance, the Akaiuasha and Danauna, must have been
"
Hellenes," i.e., were partly, in the case of the
In
Akaiuasha perhaps purely, Aryan in blood.
Crete and Rhodes Hellenic tribes were no doubk
settled in the later Mycenaean period, but we shall
is possible that during the whole of thethe Cyclades still continued to be
period
Mycenaean
inhabited by the Lele^es, and were without trueHellenic inhabitants, although the Hellenic kings of
see that
it
We
importance of the
artistic influence
cenaean
culture
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
cannot regard them as proofs of a Hellenic "Mycenaean" population in the West at this period.
Possibly the earliest Greek settlements in the West
were established only by a backflow of migration
investigators have
made
Albanian.
of
all
Illyrian
date probably
-E.g., vases from a beehive tomb at Syracuse
Xth-IXth Century (FuRTW.-LoSCHCKE, loc. cit. p. 480. Cf.
WALTERS, loc. cit.). Weapons from rock-tombs ORSI, Bull, di
1
vi.
2,
and
other
authorities
"
;
Phrygians
and
HOLM (Hist.
(cf. BUSOLT, Gr. Gesch. L 375, n. 2).
Gr. i. p. 284) thinks that an Oriental oiigin seems to be
proved for the Elynrians by the analogies Elymoi and Elam,
Eryx and Erecli! This would hardly commend itself to an
Assyriologist
AND ITALY
SICILY
1
origin.
The
we
fact that
219
(Thuc.
101), and the existence of a hill Mtrro-aTnov
in Bceotia (Strabo, ix. 405), only show that there was
perhaps an Illyrian settlement in Northern Greece.
In Sicily no tribes of Greek origin, with the possible,
iii.
and
Italy,
the
the
that island. 3
of
KRETSCHMER,
loc. cit.
p.
272
ff.
HDT.
(vii.
PETERSEN, Rom.
Mitth.
xiii.
(1898) p
150
ff.
STUDIES OF THE
220
MYCEN^AN AGE
in
Kephallenia
and
on
this
is
DE ROUGE'S
who took
and Uashasha,
P- 5503
FEAZER, Pausanias,
SCHUCHHAEDT,
iii.
p. 140.
loc. cit. p.
305.
VIII
WE
ii.
that both
archaeo-
Greece
quickly
that
;
in
still
in
vogue
end of the
at the
eighth.
222
The
Hellas
the
first
in,
of
we are
the Homeric
HOMERIC CzREECE
223
which the
fast
turies before
ture
is
there
gence
is
in
of bygone days
when
political
is archaizing.
conditions are
But
it
dealt
is
otherwise
with.
Paul
Veronese arrayed the wife of Darius in ruff and farthingale, but he knew full well that she was a queen
of
princess.
to us in the Iliad
The
culture.
This
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
full
swing.
In
when
^ome
hints as to the real state of Greece in postMycenaean days. It was perhaps natural that Asiatic
sisted
the ^Egean at
evidence.
THE PHCENICIANS
IN
GREECE
political
225
hegemony
in the
Greek
seas.
FIG. 59.
an Assyrian
B.C.
(From
bas-relief.)
226
"
Mycenaean heroes were to their descendants in
Asia but a glorious memory, that the thalassocracy
passed to the sailors of Sidon and Tyre. In both
"
FIG. 60.
recesses of the
B.C.
(From
yEgean
Archaeological traces of the
Phoenicians in the /Egean are not very apparent, but
their presence there is vouched for by the unanimous
.
clearer signs of their activity are traceablethan even in the south. In the Iliad they are men-
^Egean
THE PHOENICIANS
IN GREECE
227
tioned as trading to
.;
tion
(cf.
is
certainly
Semitic. 4
II. xxiii.
Semitic
745.
Libnah.
The name
of
local hero of
an appellation which
is,
perhaps with
little
Semitic.
2
HDT.
ii.
44.
"
:
ti\f/os t'<rwy,
is
7rp6repop
e-rreidTj
81 /ecu
clearly Semitic;
Ar.
Us "to be
/Samos
high," used
Sia r
= " high
commonly
(>
3
'
at
-228
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
ancestors,
is
doubtful
the brazen
also.
Legend
It would not
certainly settles Phoenicians in Thera.
be difficult to multiply further the traces of the
This Semitic
Phoenicians
West
really
owed
Saians, to whom
sible derivation.
its
name
some ascribed
to a later
is
probably
THE PHOENICIANS
IN GREECE
229
of
show that at an early period the ^Egean was overrun in all directions by Phoenician traders, slavedealers, miners, and purple-fishers.
to
founded
five
on the eaves,
or later.
appearance
have, apparently, been found with undoubtedly oldMycenaean deposits such as those of Knossos Vaphio
and
lalysos.
HOT.
SCHUCHHARDT,
ii.
44.
230
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
Hist. Gr.
HOLM,
i.
whom
3
;
and the
is
p. 94, n. 6.
PAUS.
ix. 19,
were Phoenicians.
to a bull-god which can be found
the Moloch of Rabbi Kimchi, who said
that Moloch was calf-faced. This late idea has no other authority
:j
among
the Semites
is
it
late identification of
(cf.
ROBERTSON-
PHCENICIANS IN CRETE?
and
theriorn orphic
to have
demons and
231
seem
deities generally
had a
Human
sacrifice also
was no
unmistakable traces of
it
if
man who
may
drove
as Phoenicians.
We
Mr. Evans thinks that the Legend of the Minotaur may have
grown round the frescoes and reliefs of bulls on the walls of
the numberless corridors and chambers of the Mycensean palace
at Knossos, which probably is the Labyrinth. But the Knossians
may have especially worshipped a bull-headed devil, connected
in some way with the Cretan Zeus, to whom human sacrifices
were made. And the story of the tribute of young men and
maidens from Athens may record a historical fact. (Cf. App. I.
1
first
post.)
~
The reference in //. xiv. 324, to Europa as the mother of
Minos and Rhadamanthys by Zeus is, with the rest of the passage
from 1. 317 to 1. 327, a late interpolation (<-f. HENKE, llias, p. 12).
4
3
HDT. i. 2.
Schol ad //. ii. 494.
232
in those islands
become known
The Kadmeians
are at
non-Greek
Kadmos
origin.
But
or CEdipusit
Kadmos
may
be
resembles
the Semitic word Qedem, meaning " East," the Kadmeians must have come from the Semitic East, and
that the worship of the Kabeiroi and the occurrence
of the
name
Eshmun at Thebes
of their leader
enables-
"
us to conclude that these " Easterners were Phoeni-
cians.
from a Greek
may have
may have
Phoenicians
1
2
3
II. iv.
Od.
385 ff
271
xi.
v.
804
il. v.
PAPE-BENSELEE,
in
originated
called
ff
Europe
Ereb,
"The
xxiii. 680.
333.
IVbrJi.
Or. Eigenn.
s. v.
Kd5/*os.
PHCENICIANS IN BCEOTIA?
Evening-Land,"
i.e.,
West.
the
And
233.
the
cult
quite well have been introduced from Samothrace at a comparatively late date,
of the
Kabeiroi
may
With regard
to the-
a Phoenician settlement in
general
Bceotia opinion is much divided some see in such a
settlement a proof of the commercial sagacity of the
;
Phoenicians,
in order
thian Gulf
l
;
Phoenician
is
HOLM,
APOLLOD.
Hist. Or.
i.
ii. I, iii.
p. 97.
HOT.
iv. 147.
234
The Kadmeian
legend cannot therefore be considered to prove anything as to an early activity of the Phoenicians in the
All the evidence points to a post-Mycenaean
While
first entry into that sea.
^Egean.
still
dominated
the ^Egean.
^Egean may
menced in the dark age between the Return of the
Herakleids and the time of the poets of the Iliad.
We have seen that at this latter period Kythera had
is suggestive
Lykophron, son of
Master, squire of Telamonian Ajax, is expelled from
" divine "
1
Kythera because he had slain a man there.
235
first
We
hear so
Iliad that
nicians
little
of the
impossible to say what part the Phoehave played in the West as early as the
it is
may
may perhaps be
taken to prove a former Phoenician occupation of one
or more of them. An ingenious speculator has argued
a far-reaching Phoenician domination in these islands
iSamos in these islands at this time
-and
unconvincing.
1
Cf.
3
HDT.
i.
Od. passim
i.
The commercial
activity
of
the
105.
;
ii.
OBERHUMMER, Die
Taphians (Od.
==
STUDIES OF THE
236
MYCEN^AN AGE
B.C.
many
in.
uninterrupted,
Greek waters ;
that in the ninth and eighth centuries, the period of
the Iliad, the process of withdrawal seems to have
been already begun though all trade is still in their
hands, yet they seem to be no longer in actual occupation of many of their old settlements and that in
:
cially outside
took place
in
the
eighth
century.
traces behind
some
THE ALPHABET
IN GREECE
237
of the
islands
.gift
alphabet.
known
used
it
"
as
The Travels
is to be assigned.
One of the earliest
known specimens of the alphabet is the inscription
on the cup of Hiram I., which dates to the tenth
in question
century.
eighth.
It is evident that in
3
are
impossible to say whether the o-rjjuara Xuy/oa
more likely to have been Phoenician letters than
1
Brit.
274 ff
:{
//. vi.
169.
238
Mycenaean pictographs
apparently used down
southern ^Egean
to the
islands,
in
Khodes,
Crete,
and
1
Thera, which are especially connected in legend with
the Phoenicians.
In the Homeric poems we have also traces of unHellenic peoples settled in the ^Egean who were not
of Phoenician origin.
Their influence on the develop-
to
to the
who appear
a highly-developed culture. 8
It has indeed been
doubted if the Homeric Threikes were the same
ROBERTS,
GARTRINGEN, Die
2
//. ix.
This
THE THRACIANS
239,
early Thracian culture, which was no doubt established in other islands of the northern ^Egean besides
Hellenic culture
of
is
of Dionysos. 1
Many writers have considered this
be
Semitic ; the name lacchos has been?
to
worship
2
and so some hissupposed to have a Semitic sound
torians have made the whole early culture of Thrace
;
main idea
drunken
of the
3
wine-god and his crew is not Semitic
enough. Also the names Aiovvaos and
;
it is
Aryan
Se/xsA?? are-
1
From the story of the journey of Dionysos to Thebes in
Bceotia was deduced the presence of Thracian settlers in Boeotia
Eumolpid family
is
evidently hellenized.
Religion of the
the association
of a particular deity with a fruit tree is, I believe, that of the
Nabataean Dusares, who was the god of the vine. But the
vine came to the Nabatseans only in the period of Hellenic
culture (DiOD. xix. 94, 3), and Dusares as the wine-god
/Semites, p.
193
nections.
2 4o
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
period a
The abiding
new
race
tradition of
installed,
the
Greece testi-
the Cyclades.
KRETSCHMEK, Ausder Anomia, p. 19, rightly connects Z
and the Phrygian word fotfAw = Karaxdovioi) with the Slav word
for "Land," "~Ea,rth"fii<ss.3eMJi!i,zemlya; Semele was the Demeter
of the Aryan Thracians. The supposed Phoenician deity Samlath,
confidently claimed as the Semitic prototype of Semele by Prof.
SAYCE, loc. cit., cannot be proved to have anything whatever to
do with her, and Mr. BROWN'S idea (Bab. and Or. Record, v. p. 159)
that the original of both Samlath and Semele was a " SumeroAkkadian goddess"named"Shamela,"cannot be accepted, because
no such deity as "Shamela" ever existed: the name has been
wrongly read (see Addenda, p. 322, post}. It seems to me certain
that the name of the Getan deity Zalmoxis or Zamolxis (HDT. iv.
94, 95) is, like that of Semele, connected with the word zemlya,
"
earth"; according to the legend he disappeared from among
the Thracians and abode in a subterranean habitation for three
i.e., he was a god of the under- world, 0e6s
.years
]
241
whom we
is,
however, possible.
this period
ignored by the earlier Homeric poets and are appaa later date than
rently not inhabited by Greeks
;
TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
p. 257.
II. ii.
867, &C.
242
for
the
Epos
of
It is perhaps sig-
is
there-
If
we have perhaps
to be regarded as Karian
speech of the peoples of Asia Minor in general, and so its occurrence in Imbros and Samos is more probably merely an indication
that the prae- Hellenic inhabitants of these islands were of
" kleinasiatisch " stock. Tradition also
Karians to the
brought
It is
noticeable that
DIODORUS
War
first
Greeks.
243
The mention
first
the beginnings of the Delphic oracle are closely connected with Crete, where Apollo seems to have been
l
so that perhaps
worshipped in very early times
But
the Apollo of Delos was also of Cretan origin.
;
Lelegic inhabitants
the two.
probable of
they
may
basket of pease
To
is
off.
Cf.
Hymn.
11
xxi. 86.
Horn.
I.
46.
STUDIES OF THE
244
Iliad their
name
is chiefly
MYCEN^AN AGE
apparent in Thessaly and
an end. 2
Iliad
i.e.
stands;
it is
no
doubtful
can be accepted as it
always had been from
if it
doubt there
II. x.
to say.
428.
How
far this
is
mere archaizing
2
HDT.
vi.
137
it is
impossible
iv. 145.
AIOI
nese and the Black
them
nEAASrOI
Sea,
245
fall
to
of the Odyssey (xix. 177) &oi UtXatryoi are mentioned as maintaining a separate existence in Crete,
but not elsewhere in the ^Egean. They are specifically distinguished
kretans
"
from the
"
great-hearted
Eteo-
The phraseology
own
It is to
time.
is
found in the
Homeric poems
of
islands
of
246
would seem
leadership of the
Greece
proper,
We
are
Greece.
now come
The
flourishing
place of the
ancient
"
we know
as
it is
art
"
which we know
is
the
is
of the
Mycenaean tradition
is
plainly visible
it
ARTISTIC RENASCENCE
247
seems evident that the first impulse to the development of renascent Greek art arose in Ionia under
"
the direct influence of works of the " Mycenaean
genius at the time of the vigorous renascence of
Greek activity in the cities of Ionia, after the migration of the remnants of the
to Asia.
At
of
the
the barbaric
confined
"
"
style, which we have
designs of the geometrical
supposed to have been an introduction of the ironto
traceable.
it
effected in geometric
The connecting-link
was provided by the
after the
into connection
The
248
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
FIG. 61.
men
Centre
Pyrrhic dance
wrestling
Decor]
musician
Below
ictrical
Vase.
lions
devouring a
man
conversing
musician
viii.)
com-
two women
249
250
STUDIES OF THE
^Egean
islands,
the domain
MYCEN^AN AGE
And
first
We have
begun to
To the
Rhodian style the Daphnian, Naukratite, and
Cyrenaic styles which arose among the Greek
colonists of Africa in the seventh century owed their
inspiration.
Attempts have been made to show
that it was really of Argive origin, chiefly because
the Dorians of Rhodes came from Argolis by them
1
it is supposed to have been
brought to Rhodes.
This theory would assume that the conjunction of
Mycenaean and Geometrical elements which produced
;
not in their
own home in
more natural
Argolis, and
it
seems much
which
trical styles of
1
KEKULE,
Rhein. Mus.
xliii.
(1888) p. 481.
MIXED STYLES
251
made
islands off
centre of
Bceotia
and
also in Sicily,
kidian colonies.
painting
is
was as characteristic
and probably also of wood- and
1
PALLAT (Ath. Mitth. 1897, p. 273 ff.) notes that in ^Egina the
Proto-Corinthian style developed in a manner peculiar to the
island.
2
Of. the
WANGLER, Bronzefundevon Olympia} and the bronze reliefs published by DE BIDDER, De Ectypis quibusdam ceneis, Paris, 1896.
The bronze shields, bowls, &c., with mixed oriental designs, from
the Idaean Cave in Crete (HALBHERR and ORSI, Musto Italiano,
with similar designs
(1888) pp. 689-904), and the bronze bowls
found in Cyprus and elsewhere are of Phoenician, not Greek
workmanship they appear to be mostly of ninth to seventh
same
century date none hitherto found can be referred to the
ii.
252
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
ivory-carving, at this period as it was of vase-paintThis mixed style of art seems to have been the
ing.
creation of the
lie
nearest to
of the Hellenic
taken
names
253
hands of the richer nobles, 1 whose power consequently became so great that the time-honoured
authority of the kings passed into their hands. The
demands of the wealthy rulers of the cities for more
for
make
they might
their riches
all
which the
fullest
offered for
The name
(cf.
WHIBLEY,
(ri-cek
We
It
is
enough.
254
member
of the ruling
oikist.
some
is
Gyges was a contemporary of Ashurbanipal and P^ammetichos I., and his floruit may be placed
c. 650 B.C.
This date is confirmed by the fact that Archilochos
mentions a total eclipse of the sun which took place at midday
of April
it
6,
648 B.C.
(BuRY, Hist.
And
it
Gi'. p. 119).
was probably
in Thasos that he
saw
255
first
place
states
the founding of Sinope, 756 for that of Kyzikos, 734 for that of
Syracuse, seern far too early. The very exactitude with which
If it is true
the dates are given render them open to suspicion.
it is a pity to disturb them,
Syracusan date is in direct conflict
with the evidence of the Odyssey, that far on into the eighth
century Sicily was not much better known to the Greeks than
Central Africa was.to us a hundred years ago. That the Milesians
and Samians may have penetrated into the Propontis and Black
Sea as early as the first half of the eighth century is, since we
know that the lonians began to bestir themselves at least as
early as the beginning of that century, just possible but that
the Corinthians founded Syracuse as early as 734 seems impossible.
And the " Protocorinthian" pottery which, as we shall see,
immediately followed the last Mycenaean vases in Sicily, cannot
possibly be dated as early as 734.
it is
no
fit
in so nicely that
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
256
A very
When
off the
become the
We
may
now
new
cities,
At the
end
Lately excavated
ill.
p.
285
V. p.
896).
V.
FRAZER,
(ef.
v.
p.
d.
kgl.
158
f)
Geseli-
seems
hypercritical.
a common
of
WlLAMOWITZ-MOLLENDORFF'S
scliaft
STRABO
member
PaUS.
far eastern
(viii.
THE WEST
257
to
were established in the Propontis, and the Chalkidians occupied the peninsulas of Chalkidike. Corinth
increased rapidly in wealth and power, while ^Egina
and Megara correspondingly declined, and were henceforth chiefly occupied with their struggle against the
growing power of Athens.
The renascent
we have
258
place
of the
Western
lands in
the
coming
early
of the
post-
Greek
unknown, points
in this direc-
tion.
lie
to a great extent
fairyland
Sicily is
a land of giants,
Charybdis still devour unwary sailors, and the automatic ships of the Phaeacians still dart across the
Western waters.
West
The non-mention
curious
it
is
of
Korkyra
in
ceases
x
;
but
it is
Scheria,
which
is
is
pro-
259
that commercial connection with Italy was in existence is shown by the mention of the Taphian traders
who
sailed to
exchange
Tempsa 1
for iron.
It
knew
much
as
of the
West
So
it
West
in the
West
extent
certain
When
first
com-
and
1
Italy,
Od.
in Italy,
i.
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
260
native,
1
types.
Corinth, in spite of the cessation of regular communiis indicated in the Homeric poems.
cation which
The advent
Chalkidian and
marked by
which had
Naxian
allies
to
Sicily
was then
Mycenaean vases
by the islanders
arts,
domain
felt
especially
of bronze-work, strongly
in
the
'
On
early
Addenda,
Greek
p. 322, post.
xiii. p.
artistic
CYPRUS
261
event
tween Greece and Phoenicia or Egypt, and meanwhile the Phoenician element in the island grew and
increased.
The only Cypriote prince mentioned in
the Odyssey is a Greek, Dmetor, son of lasos, but
1
Agamemnon
TTtvOtro
yap
a cunningly-worked corslet
KvTT/oovSs
fjiija icXt'o
TOVVEKO. 01 TOV
^W
cities of
the island, in
xvii.
443
Od.
viii.
362.
Il.xi.2i
ff.
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
262
in Cyprus for
many
These
Pythagoras of
Idalion,
>^yy
T
T
Ekishtusu
ti-ki-is-tu-su,
Pi-lagu-ra-a, Pilagura
j.
^T
-E
Eresu
^-jj
>^~[
|>
^^yy,
Pu-su-zu,
gu-sit,
M Kisu
Unasagusu
The
Putsuzu.
"*-i-*
Da-ma-su, Damasu
Admezu
J>- >->^yy. Ad-me-zu,
U-na-sa
^J t^ ^jj
^ ^^11' A
^Ej
*~^T
^J^
J j^^-
(l>~\
^-
^TTT^
da-ar, Ituwandar
^Ty
"^^-
identification
>>z
of Eresu
as
^-^
Heraios
gura
is
- Pythagoras
cf.
Pisamilki
by
in Pila-
Psamithik, Psammitichos.
263
264
of the
in this
Greek kings
It
list.
must
old
Myce-
debased
came to an end it
was succeeded, as has
been said, by a mixed
culture in which
;
Phoenician
elements
The
predominated.
FIG. 63. Cyprian
of
concentric
CHIPIEZ,
iii.
instance,
Cypriote
mentation
latter
vase -orna-
the
of
half
the
of
Fig. 497).
is
names
is
mentioned by STBABO,
xiv. p. 682.
The
This
is
pro-
inscription is
is
265-
Assyrian in
art.
is also
circles, to
FIG. 64.
its
neighbours, however
The
earliest
known specimens
of the Cyprian
date to the eighth century.
Enkomi, and
1
is
MURRAY, Excavations
in Cyprus, p. 27.
It
266
Museum
with the
first,
which seem
to
mark the
transition to
Greek, and
it
was never
communicated
by the
Greek writing.
That it was a relic of the prseHellenic and prae-Phcenician Cyprians seems, therefore, probable, and this conclusion naturally leads
us to suppose that the Cretan pictooraphic script
also was originally the vehicle of a
non-Aryan
"
"
language, and was of
Pelasgic
origin.
Lycian
and Karian must be the tongues most nearly related
to the original language of the Cretan
and Cypriote
scripts.
changes
marked
and
colonizing
movements which
mother-land found no
fifth
century kings
1
'
MUERAY, Excavations
267
of Cyprus
Crete,
first
The opening up
trafficked
disturbed condition of Egypt, and the as yet unsettled state of Graece, but little commerce seems to
HDT.
v.
113.
it
STUDIES OF THE
268
MYCEN^AN AGE
''
Dipylon
cenaean
"
time.
men
chariots. 2
This
are
wont
to
the
and
ninth
century at
of
>2
:i
269
better
It is a
ytpwv* but nevertheless afforded good landingplaces for roving pirates from Crete and other Greek
islands, who, no doubt, found the fat lands of the
Delta well worth the harrying, despite the penalty
of lifelong labour in quarries or
on irrigation-works
4
But in the already quoted passage of
apyaXtriv rt.
the Odyssey (xiv. 257 ff), which can by internal
evidence be almost certainly dated to the end of the
5
a
eighth or beginning of the seventh century,
Cretan ship ventures with a fair north wind on
the direct passage from Crete to Egypt, but the
voyage
Od.
iv. 127,
228
mouths by Cretan
ff.
Proteus was probably located at the Nilethe ctXtos ytpuv was especially
sailors
venerated in Crete.
3
Od. xiv. 257 ff.
The description
kinglets.
of the
"king"
270
centuries
B.C.,
commerce
doubt,
the credit of the revival of communication between.
is
due.
Although some
slight
first
Axos
foundation of
1
Cyrene, yet, as a general rule, the Cretan sailors had
now become mere wandering adventurers, with no
taste for
commerce or
way
desire to colonize.
Korobios
but at
and
intestinal
as they
were by
fierce
feuds
lucrative traffic
HDT.
THE MILESIANS
the kings of the
XXVIth
IN EGYPT
271
hamper the re-establishment of communication with the Greeks, but rather aided it by all the
desire to
means
seventh century
B.C.;
first
half of the
STUDIES- OF
:272
it
sion
now the
influence
still
Mycenaean
lived in the
culture,
although
its
interest.
during the early posfc-Mycengean period our knowledge is practically nil, because we have no real
connected knowledge of the history of Asia Minor
before
of
c.
700
"Mt\Ticriuv
the Milesians
650.
B.C.
reFxos.
first
273
We
so,
and so
it
was
inlanders, nothing.
so.
We
Of
"
mighty and semi-fabulous Hittite empire, identified by some with the kingdom of the Amazons on
the Thermodon, to which the hieroglyphed monuments of Eyuk and Boghaz Koi are assigned but of
;
its history
we know nothing,
no more
relation
the land
but
all is
Of.
Ko\
If he,
and none
(f>6vi "EXX?7<rt,
the "Great Migrations." PAUS. vii. 3. These earlier Kolophonians are connected in legend with Crete and with Boeotian
Thebes (Legend of Ehakios and Manto and their son Mopsos j
PAUS.
loc. cit.).
274
STUDIES OF THE
the " Mita of
MYCEN^AN AGE
Muski
"
whom
the Assyrian
records speak, the Phrygian kingdom was in hi&
days a powerful State, which could wage war upon
is
other,
of
Phrygia to his time or to an earlier period contemporaneous with the heyday of Mycenaean culture
is
uncertain
they date
if
to
the
eighth
still
predominantly Myce-
was still Mycenaean, though decadent. The establishment of the Phrygian monarchy of Midas was
apparently soon followed by the consolidation of the
1
WlNCKLEB,
the identity of
and
Of.
DELITZSCH, Wo
p. 250.)
"
the same
(PERROT-CHIPIEZ, Hist,
tie
I'
Art,
v.
Fig. 48).
LYDIA
275
by two
civilization of
poets, the
artists,
Isles
were
came
to
Assyrian
Lydia,
which was
Babylonian origin,
for
short
time an
system
weights, of
which was at the beginning
subject-state,
of
regular system
and
measures; the
orientalizing
first arisen in Ionia,
probably
owed much
of its inspi-
STUDIES OF THE
276
ration to Assyrian
MYCEN^AN AGE
Lydia.
and the Lydian kings were enabled to pursue undisturbed their great object, the conquest of the Ionian
This enterprise, which had begun under
cities.
Gyges, attained complete success under Croesus, and
the political independence of the Greeks of the
Asiatic mainland disappeared.
Had not the transference of power in Asia from Lydia to the distantly
centralized Persia now immediately supervened, it is
a,
GEOEGE SMITH,
Brit.
1.
86.
MYCEN^AN COSTUME
277
FIG. 65.
to the plain white slienti of the Egyptians), depending from a tight girdle of leather (probably orna-
278
complete alteration of costume is rather remarkable in the ancient world did the simple waistcloth
:
art of the
Greek Bronze
there are
The graceful
in so well
fits
we
find figured
jewellery, and
Homer and the
on
its
gems
or fashioned in
its
whom
than
ha If -foreign, seems
look closer,
lies,
it is
we can
see that in
be seen most clearly, but elsewhere it is rarely inAnd so we naturally conclude that the
discernible.
Cf.
Tomb
is
of
correct,
Kekhmara,
TSOUNTAS-MANATT,
p. 225,
Fig. III.
art
279
art of later
do
out
of
centuries
this
because
barbarism
it
period of decadence
tive beginnings had
before.
the
in
but
seventh
and
could only
was merely recovering from a
it
B.C.,
its
is
true,
original rise
it
from primi-
them
to
the art
bull's
of
head of JMycenae,
the
proto-Mycenaean
Homeric
"
decadence to
its re-birth in
Ionia and
is
one
STUDIES OF THE
2 8o
MYCEN^AN AGE
civilization
instance,
" fenced
ing at
his
polity.
feet.
"This
oriental!"
is
says one.
But
this
not
does
make them
"
"
Orientals,
but
rather
Urgriechen."
"
is reiterated.
The
apartments for the women
deduction from this circumstance (which has, by
the way, been doubted by some observers) l is
!
inadmissible
the Athenians,
who had
then.
yvvaiKtia
Why
need
little
polity.
We have
Cf.
2
Of.
281
buried
in the early period it was more
usual to bury.
In the religion of later Greece the demons and
well as
of
The Mycenaean
culture, then,
though apparently
Greek,
is
also its
akropolis up,
is
one.
out of
which
fication
the
still
many
survivals
existed in the
of
those of
the
of
new
Mycenaean
days
timbers which
original
we may expect
282
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
if care-
called
town
lasted
Was Athens from the first the most important city of Attica ?
seems probable that Prasiai has a good claim to be regarded
as having originally been a place of greater importance than the
Athenian akropolis-city. In Mycenaean times it was certainly
of great importance, as the remains of its citadel and the note1
It
worthy results
FKAZER, Paus.
of the late
404,
v.
MYCEN.^AN STATE-SURVIVALS
283
TO.
*c TO daQtvtGTepov tjueAAcv
In Argos and
states
of
which
may
Mycenaean
as
an
/ot^av.
survivals.
as
far
we can
states in
tell, important
times
and
before
the
Larisa
of
;
Mycenaean
long
was
of
the
one
earliest
Argos
probably
Pelasgian
settlements in the Peloponnese, over it Phoronens
were,
ruled
appear
exist
by way of Krisa.
2
PAUS. ix. 37.
Ib.
ii.
30.
284
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
hegemony,
and purposes they disappeared when theDorians entered the Peloponnese. With Argos the
The Dorians of Argos seem
case was far different.
to have mingled more with the older population than
intents
it
is
possible
that the
expulsion of Tisamenos was accomplished after lessresistance than was offered to the conquest of the
There
Eurotas valley.
is
ment
little
interfered with
of Tisamenos
dominant state of the Peloponnese, and that this posidominance was an inheritance handed down
from late Mycenaean days, when Argos was beginning*
tion of
to eclipse its
rival
seat of
Mycenae.
In Argos then
we have
their power,
abandoning*
survival.
V. post, p. 291.
ARGOS AND
important dependency, first of the Mycenaean state,
and later of Argos. The connection with Argos was
always maintained the Dorians who colonized the
;
it
was
to
Argos
first to
vW
Greek
legend
2
by Pausanias would seem to show that the
^Eginetans traded with Kyllene in Elis and through
Kyllene with the Arcadians at an even earlier period,
while the legendary connection of the Aiakids and
related
testifies to
equally early
PAUS.
viii. 5.
ed.
KINKEL.
286
by
this
abstention.
Her commercial
pre-
made
a Greek state. 3
1
The only ^Eginetan colony was founded late in the 6th cenKydonia in Crete, after the exiled Samians had been
tury, at
It is perhaps significant
expelled from that place (HOT. iii. 59).
that these Samians were attacked by JEgina, the old enemy of
their state.
2
This
331
ff.
.EGINA
Argos,
287
middle-
of the seventh century, 1 introduce weights and measures from ^Egina into Peloponnesos, and cause
money
to
is
This tradition
an enemy of
we have seen,,
hegemony of her
And from
"
does not appear in Herodotos, who only mentions his
giving a
if
he
but
to
the Peloponnesians
metric system"
gave them
weights he probably gave them those of ^Egina, which was connected with Argolis by ties of friendship and alliance, and if he
;
'gave
coinage, which
was widespread
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
288
established
old
the
among
days, Corinth
Her
Greece.
was
fully
maintained in later
is
"
BEXXt/oo^oi'rjjv SI,"
yw
trtiOofjiai
Trdpspyov 7rfXIaro.
jUrot/oj(Tavroe fc
1
HDT.
"
says Pausanias
(ii.
tivai 8f
/cat
(^aivovrai
otrng
?ri
TO.
c icai
4),
Ylpoirc^t KOL
'OfJiypov
ol
KopivOtot
'
fj.fi
BeXXe/oo^ovrov
iv. 152.
owe
Ib. v. 92.
CORINTH
T(JJV
289
iv "Apyti
ITTI
T^o
y pivot
That at
"
roads
military
which run between Mycenae and the isthmus. 1 But
in the seventh century, when the continental Greeks
and
while Corinth
is
close of the
period of Mycenaean
evident
to us at the present
hegemony.
it was inevitable that the
that
day
younger league
Now
it
is
2 9o
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
Who
who
We
;.
Melikertes
is
"
Melek-kiryat,
King
of
the
City,"
the
exclusively to post-Mycenaean
1
times
she
is
the-
PAUS. ii. 2.
That Medeia, who was confused with the Hera Akraia of
Corinth, was a Semitic goddess is shown by FARNELL (Cults of
the Greek States, i. p. 203) to be extremely
probable.
2
THE END
29 r
Whether
KOL TipvvOiuv TtrpaKomoi.
these four hundred heroes of the final struggle with the
Persian host were citizens of villages still suffered for
a time to exist, or were, as Professor Mahaffy main1
tains, like the Messenians, exiles from a Mycenae and
a Tiryns which had been destroyed by the Argives
long before, perhaps in the carrying out of a Pheidonian (TWOLKKT/ULOQ^ they were the last representatives
of the foremost cities of heroic Greece
their
name
Herodotos
reappears no more in Greek history.
makes no comment upon their epitaph, yet we
cannot doubt that to him and to many another
visitor to the Delphic shrine it seemed fitting that
their names, pregnant with so many mighty memories,
should have found their place in the list of defenders
moment
of her
most supreme
of
the
Hellenes should
have
heroic
foundation.
1
Survey of Greek
Civilisation, p. 31.
FIG. 66.
APPENDIX
been made
knowledge
is,
of a god.
He is without
294
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
it
The
bull's-head
which
also
1
The identity of the name Labranda with the Aafttpivdos of
Knossos has been more than once pointed out, first by MAYBE
ii.
Jahrb. Arch. Inst. vii. p. 191). As Xdfipvs
" kleinasiatisch " word for
Axe, Labra-nda. or Labrau-nda,
" The Place of the DoubleAxe," and Aa^upivdos
evidently means
must, as MAYER maintains, have the same meaning, and so the
(Mykenische Beitrdge,
is the
APPENDIX
295
to be the
body of a
These figures usually hold in their hands
a prochous (Fig. 68), or carry dead animals, apparently
(Anftinge
grasshopper
it
the
to
and believe
chase,
them
Artemis
NELL
has
Mr. FARworship.
ably exhibited the
real character of
Artemis as a
Mycenaean Water-
FIG. 68.
demon
an
<
Artemis )-
fr
intaglio.
demons
as Aphaia.
it
ii.
ch.
xiii.
296
that her
the goddess of woods and waters is but a derivaArtemis was but a form of
tive of the Mother-goddess
of the female
Rhea.
(In fact this early prominence
be
adduced as
goddess might
a confirmation of our theory
Minor
that the
prae-Mycemiean and
and
Crete
Greece, the
FiG.6 9 .-Artemis(Diktynna)
irorvLa 07jp>v.
(From a Mycenaean intaglio, found at
"
leges,
other
Pelasgi,"
^ the same
parts
of
Eteokretans, Lerftce
ifec.,
belonged
Rg the abor{ _
Whether
attendant
demons (TsouNTAS
calls
them
Satyrs)
priests of
intended,
for
many
intayli
bear
somewhat
similar
scenes, except that for the theriomorphic figure is substituted a woman (Fig. 69
cf. PERROT-CHIPIEZ, Hist.
;
That this
Fig. 426, 12).
the
dead
is
Artemis
of
a
or
deer
bearing
body
goat
there can be little doubt, and the huntress drawing the
de
woman
bow whom we
see on the
gem
by PERROT-CHIPIEZ,
The woodland
goddess was then worshipped by the MyceL,a?ans, and
loc.
cit.
Fig.
426, IT,
is
figured
certainly she.
or/
APPENDIX
297
and was
first
probable
(v.
dawn
we
cer-
deity
is
evidently the
sea-deities
<he
Was
extended.
Was
probably were
waters. Ea.
typically
early Pelasgic
"
"
Mycenaeans
We
have already seen (pp. 229, 239) that of the worThracian Dionysos and the Semitic Aphrodite
ships of the
p. 135.
APPENDIX
we need
299
of
find,
itself far
beyond
its
present limits.
I.
writes
the form of a man. He did not, however, as yet represent him in this form either in marble or wood, as a
general rule."
1
V. ante, p. 229.
300
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
Homeric religion seems certainly wholly anthropomorphic, but surely the mention of the Trojan Athene
Polias
(II.
vi.
303), discussed
by Mr. FABNELL
in the-
For Mr. FARNELL the Homeric Age seems to be still " thevery threshold" of Greek history, so he says nothing
about the earlier Mycenaean religion, except the follow" The uncouth
human-shaped idols found
ing remark
:
on the ruins
of
for
nothing Babylonian in
it
unknown
is
to Babylonian art.
If the Mycenaean culture
the direct ancestor of the culture of classical Greece, it
is
so
as well as anthropomorphic, if the contention in the preceding appendix, that some of the theriomorphic Myce-
APPENDIX
301
demons
we have
(And in
Eurynome
That
it
was
and the Mycense ring is also apparently human-headed. But for Mr. FARNELL'S categorical
statement (p. 19) " The earliest image under which the
Greek divinity proper was figured was the image of
No doubt a deity was first
man," there is no proof.
its gods.
He
has
forward
brought
arguments in favour of the idea that the Mycenseans
venerated sacred pillars (bcetyli) and trees. Numerous
traces of such worships remained in Greece in classical
times, and it seems probable enough that they are a
remnant of prse-Hellenic religion, but it is difficult to
say much about their existence in Mycensean times on
account of the indefiniteness of most of the Mycenaean
in the
representations which are taken as evidence
From much the same representations RBICHEL
matter.
deduced his conclusion that the chief objects of Mycensean worship was an Empty Throne the throne of
;
an
invisible
deity (Vorhellenische
Gotterculte,
p.
ff).
302
noch keine Cultbilder kannte," does not seem to be inany way justified. The deity might seat himself invisible upon the throne prepared for him, but images of
him could be, and, as we have seen, were manufactured..
Mr. EVANS also speaks of Mycenaean religion as pre-
We
proved.
Pillar-cults
origin
Aryan Greeks.
APPENDIX
II
B.C.
1450-1420.
Tell
is
el-Amarna
objet d'art,
Barye.
Tablets, p. x., or it
designed to stand by
That
might be a simple
a group by
itself, like
3 o4
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
and
paw and
holding him
is
down
down with
The
FIG. 70.
teeth of the lion are buried in the neck of the bull, who
has twisted his head to the left, and, with wide open
mouth and
vehemently.
In
kicking.
been broken
was
is
APPENDIX
II
305
base roughly
elliptical
interior
Whether
doubtful
is
may
FIG. 71.
The energy
is
very remarkable
of the
faults
e.g.,
is
Generally
Of what art
vigorous
and
306
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
It has
but here
It might appear to
have a Persian look, but here again on closer inspection
the bull, though he lias short fat legs with huge hooves,
is no Persian bull.
And, besides, it is a thousand years
lion is disposed quite differently.
Mycenaean
Many Mycenaean
one
strongly
of
and
the
his
gems.
If this surmise is correct, this group is one of the
most interesting examples of the Mycenaean art of the
fifteenth century B.C. which we possess, and may perhaps
give us some clue to the date of the Yaphio cups, which
for other reasons seem to date approximately to that
time.
APPENDIX
SUPPOSED
"
THE bronze
figure of a warrior,
in a fighting
arms
raised
III
by
of
collections
CHIPIEZ,
iii.
Museum, three
all
.
come thence.
,
in number,
Hitherto
,
FIG. 72
308
But some
archaeologists
bronze warriors.
Only in
Egyfrt.
APPENDIX
A
will
III
309
show
British
Museum, was
lay, portions of
which
still
The
remain.
FIOURE
or-
waistcloth
is
COD
TPOM P.ERUT
FIG, 73.
(Brit.
Mus. Dept.
ot
q.).
resolves
distinctly of Egyptian form, and the high cap
of
the
a
imitation
into
itself
Egyptian te/-crown,
garbled
minus the Khnemu-horns which usually accompany this
head-dress.
is
Anher
a Phoenician edi(Ovovpis),
who
is
310
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
usually depicted in a similar attitude, or of the PhoenicianEgyptian Reshpu, who in his Egyptian dress naturally
It can
of Anher, or even in
perhaps in that of the Tortosa-figure, local
imitations of the Phoenician caricatures. That they are all
some
Egyptian representation
cases, as
"
Tortosa-figure, is in any way deja une premiere presomp" 1
tion de haute antiquite
rough work was done at all
:
periods.
1
PERROT-CHIPIEZ,
loc. cit.
APPENDIX IV
MYCENAEAN INFLUENCE IN "HITTITE"
CYLINDERS
ON
page
24 we have discussed the probable influenceon " Hittite " art and vice-versd, and have
of Mycenaean
FIG. 74.
found
it
practically nil.
to this statement,
in
Lydia (Louvre).
exist Hittite
seals
of
especially in
Fig. 74.
The
is
the double-headed
spirals
high-capped deity of
on both have a decidedly Mycenaean
312
FIG. 75.
is
later date
than 700
B.C. is
hardly possible
if they are
ADDENDA.
In speaking of Mycenaean culture as " radiating "
Crete, Argolis, and Phthiotis over the ^Egean, &c., I do
"
not intend to imply that every " Mycenaean object found in
P. 26.
from
excursus on "
found
"
at
Phylakopi
"
Mycenaean import
(p.
47)
46).
certainty that all vases of this
made in and imported from
(p.
Knossians, see
EVANS
found
at
P. 65.
ff.,
The Palace
Enkomi (MURRAY,
The
(in
HILLER
v.
on the subject,
GARTRIXGEN, Thera,
STUDIES OF THE
ch.
MYCEN^AN AGE
ii.),
eruption.
n.
Add: The style of the Khata'anah scarabname of Sebekhetep III. of the Xlllth Dynasty
to be contemporary with the king whose name it
2.
bearing the
shows
it
This scarab is not in the same case with that mentioned on p. 50, for all the rest of the evidence confirms the
XII Ith Dynasty date of the Khata'anah graves. The chief
bears.
monuments found
XIHth
Dynasties.
at
XHth-
no foe nor
rival
he traversed,
He established his
[he set up]
The Sea of
the
Went
in the
undisputed rule
he caused the booty of the Sea-lands to be
ADDENDA
315
Cyprus
hinted
is
There
is
at.
Minor as
it
the Tell
nom de Sargon
I'crit.
.,
la
plus grande
.^sur
S'il
Sarni-ukin.
.
.3i6
s'agit
question
du grand
il
roi de Ninive
matter of
"
disons encore
stallerent en
The
Cappadoce
italics are
et
mine.
ground.
The
of
them
PI. v.
to be printed upside
Nos.
3, 6, 9)
v.
down
(PI. iv.
Nos.
(PI. v. 7).
i,
4,
PI. iv.
2 (Rv.);
contains
ADDENDA
317
For the
library of Ashurbanipal at
of tablets were prepared containing omens, portents, astroc., in which that king
logical and astronomical reports,
*'
[/.('.,
318
STUDIES OF THE
MYCEN^AN AGE
fathered.
That
is
And
all.
these are
the
"
tablettes
ADDENDA
319
" If an
eclipse
B.C.
exactly
MM. CHANTRE
accepted by
mentioned
"
in the " augural tablets
of
where
is
320
"
first.
I am, however,
really
hardly satisfactory.
The
P. 152.
relief,
unknown.
Prof.
which
PET RIE
P.
54.
The Xllth
from Knossos
in its
(illustrated
Egyptian Relations,"
it
it
rests only
statuette at
its
original position
is
uncertain,
it
may
ADDENDA
32 r
P. 164.
On an Egyptian wooden tablet of the XTXth
Dynasty (c. 1250 B.C.), now in the British Museum (No..
5647), and published by SPIEGELBERG (Assyrische Zeitschrift,
viii. 384) is a list of Keftian
proper names Ashahure, Naaui,
"
Akashau, Adinemi (read by SPIEGELBERG Adinai "); and
:
name of
the
MULLER
the
Philistine
p. 135 n.).
W. M.
ix.
(ib.
Aklsli
This
is
(LXX.
'Ayxovr),
interesting
Ikausu
when taken
(v.
ante,.
in connection
filled
with the
'
said to me,
the birds which
he.
What
ails
thee
'
I replied,
fly back to Egypt ?
?
'
Look at them
fly, which
they go to the cool canal, and how long do I remain abandoned here ? Seest thou not those who would prevent my
return
'
He went away
prince began to
weep
at the
so sad.
He
'
men)
aialu.
is
'
Uenua-
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
322
To-morrow
ent word to me
Eat, drink, and grieve not
On the morrow he had
ahalt thou hear all that I shall say.
'
'
'
'
the speech of
I said
I understand it.'
One of them replied
Egypt ?
in
the
far
as
Even
as
to him
to
mistress
city
Say
my
which Amen dwells [i.e. Thebes] have I heard the proverb,
'
'
'
" In
all cities
done
injustice
'
is
injustice
'
'
'
'
'
is
quite Homeric.
cueil, xxi.
P. 179.
identified
.'
(1899) p. 74
ff.]
Monuments. &c.)
tribes
1867
were originally
Etude sur divers
ADDENDA
323
P. 240, n.
Museum
which
is
i.
In 1.
252, a list of deities.
described on the tablet as " List of the
tablet
of
col.
5,
Judge-Gods
of Assur," occurs the name of a deity, presumably an Assyrian
"
Sumero-Akkadian goddess," which reads
god and not a
S/mrnela"
]>-
P. 260, n. i.
useful sketch of the chronology of early
Italian art, with especial reference to the date of the beginnings of Greek influence, will be found in KAKO, Cenm sulla
Cronologia Preclassica, nelT Italia Centrale, Bull, di Paletno-
ff.).
conservatism.
The
scription
MYCEN^AN AGE
STUDIES OF THE
324
is he who has arranged their settlement in the Peh-an (in theAndropolite nome) they infest the whole breadth of Egypt,
they have reached Sekhet-Maf ek (Terraneh) those who are
on thy waters fly before them
(Amasis summoned
It
'
'
'
'
traversed
as
in
it,
in order to establish
him
The last few lines are rather difficult to make out, but the
above appears to be their literal meaning.
Apries was
slaughtered on his ship by the country-people, and was buried
in a manner befitting a king at the charges of Amasis himThis warded off from the spirit of Apries the just
self.
"
foreign devils,"
anger of the gods at his partiality for the
and ensured his reception by Osiris as a king neb menkh,
"
This was, no doubt, a politic act on
possessing virtue."
the part of the usurping Amasis.
INDEX
AAHHETEP, Queec, dagger
of,
189
Abydos
aristocracy
in
Egypt
c.
of Achaia, early
203
commerce
of,
256
Adinemi, Keftian name, 321
Admetos, king of Tamassos, 673 B.C., 262
Adramyttion, name Semitic, 227
JEgean, geography of the, 108
Mycenaean inhabitants of the
216
;
'AetpaOrcu, 253, n.
city,
Agamemnon and
317
c.
1250
B.C., 173
INDEX
326
Amenhetep
III.,
Mycenae, 49
Amenhetep
Khuenaten
IV., see
Arcadians, Pelasgic, 82
in Cyprus, 131
2 ; trustworthiness
and History.
Archaeology,
"
of,
13
not a
art,.
Greek, renascence
tradition,
continuity
ib.
of,
of,
development
;.
279
genius
bizarrerie of.
278
;.
comparison
of,
with
classical
Greek
art, ib.
Artemis, 204
INDEX
327
of,
Asi, Egyptian
influence
in,
91
Aryan invasion
ment
period,
in
12;
at,
ib.
at,
48
prae-Mycenaean
early
commerce
of,
settle-
in post-Mycenaean
256
n.
BAAL-HAMMON,
230, n. 3
Babylonian
civilization,
in Palestine, 118;.
supposed influence
influence of, on
on early Egyptian culture, 197, n. i
Mycenaeans, 114; on Mycenaeans, 120; in Crete, 139
Badira, chief of the Tchakarai at Dor, c. 1050 B.C., 135, n.
Bagaios, Aryan god of Asia Minor, 95
of,
prae
"
"
Base- Ring
ware, 72
"Beehive-Tombs," 29
Bin Tepe, Mycenaean vase- fragments from, 124
Black Sea, Mycenaean relations wilh the, 215 date of
in the, 254
;
colonies-
Boghaz Koi
319
INDEX
328
Dos-Eyuk,
prae- Mycenaean
settlement
at, 97, n.
.Bronze,
False-necked
("Bridle-cups,"
.Biigelkannen
Vases, a
typical
61, 186
24
in
Homeric Greeks,
of,
Semites
early culture of, 115
" Chalcolithic " culture in
Greece, 192
in, ib.
CANAAN,
Chalkis, early
and
81
commerce
of, 256,
58
260
20
in the
Greek
first
impulse
islands, ib.
202
never isolated,
Commerce,
in Mycenaean period,
114 between Greece and Egypt, 144
between Greece and Egypt, 168; between Cyprus and
between
Egypt in the hands of the Phoenicians, 169
;
INDEX
329
Corinth (Ephyra), subordinate to Mycen, 289 rise of, postMycenasan, ib. Phoenician traditions at, 290 commercial
greatness of, founded by Phoenicians? 291
early commerce
of, 256, 260
;
ib.
270
commercial
inactivity,
270
early
in
the
Dorians
214
in,
in,
228, 231
Phoenicians
138
Cups, Mycenfean metal, from Vaphio,
from Egypt, 53, 54
54, 55
33, 34,
54
from Cyprus,
Cuttlefish, the, in
Cyclades,
the,
not
Karian inhabitants
of,
Lelegic and
242
"
Cypriote
art,
265
derived from a
n., 238, 265
princes of the Vllth cent. B.C.,
syllabary, 141,
Mycemean
Babylonians,
113,
INDEX
330
period in, 131
the East, 182
B.C.,
322
still
foreign
names
ward development
of, 64,
for,
139,
163
in
Mycenaean culture
late survival of
in,
Xlth
cent.
63
back-
in,
in post-Mycenaean period,
266
262; Assyrian conquests of, 261,.
;
see Danauna
22, 175
Danauna (Daanau, Danuna Aaraot), settled on Palestinian*
coast c. 1400 B.C., 1 76 attacked Egypt c. 1200 B.C., 175
Daphnian style of vase-painting 250
Danaans,
Dardenui
Date,
Kheta
of pne-Mycenaean
c.
1300
B.C., 172
of
Mycemoan
of Egypt, 4
probable,
culture, 75
culture, 49
of,
298
ib.
il>.
meaning
of name, 295
Diomed, kingdom
of,
284
see
of,
298
Aryan.
Geometrical
overthrows Mycenaean
INDEX
33,
in
EGYPT,
Mycenrcan period,
(Haunebu,
ib.
q.v.).
cation
of,
181
connection
Empire
of,
in
in Mycenaean
lands, 167
suzerainty over ^Egean lands mythical, 166
cessation and renewal of communication of, with Greece,
;
297, 268
the
Odyssey,
269
renascence
of,
270
Greeks
in,
in,
temp.
Amasds, 323
Culture of African
art, see Art
Chronology, 56
pottery, &c. of prehistoric
(indigenous) origin ? 197, n. i
and archaic periods compared with prae-Mycensean pottery,.
seals compared with Cretan seals, ib.
&c., 150
designs in
Egyptian
Mycenaean
60
Lykians, ib.
Etewandros, king of Paphos 673 B.C., 262
Etruscans, of Pelasgic race? 102; in ^Egean
henians
Euboic standard, 288
Eutnolpids, 239, n.
174;
see Tyrr-
Europa-myth, 231
Eurynome, Pelasgic
deity
of
Phigaleia,
form
of
Artemis,.
298
145
140;.
INDEX
332
21;
Evidence, archaeological,
historical position of
scheme
Mycenaean culture, 78
for
76;
craniological,
of,
319
in
Greek
299
nude
30
Oriental,
in Geometrical
period, 39
invention of in
xxii.
GAZA, veneration
Gem -engraving
in
Mycemean
&c.,
called Minoa,
200
ib.
122
for, ib. n. 3
the winged, in
Mycemean
INDEX
Gurob in Middle Egypt, settlement of foreigners at,
temp. Dyn.
XIX. (c. 1400-1200 B.C.) Mycenwan vases found at, ib.
people not necessarily Mycenamns, 171
;
156
yepw, 298
Hammurabi, king
B.C.,
321
Hellenes," 203
ib.
Hissarlik, 23
see
Troy
see Kheta
"Hymn
of
Amen,"
163, 165
"
Hypothetical character of Mycenaean
lACCHOS, 239
Mycenaean remains from, 50
lalysos,
"
conclusions, 22
Mycena'an inhabitants,.
127
lantanai, Egyptian
name
INDEX
334
lapygians, 219
lardanos, river, name Semitic
"
"
"
fauna," see Yevanna
228
Knossos, 205
Ikausu, Philistine kiiTg, 134 n.
Iliad, Egyptian evidence for date of the, 268
" Illumination of
Bel," Assyrian series of omen-tablets, 317
Imbros, Phoenicians, in, 227
Importation of Mycenaean vases into Cyprus, &c., 313
Inlaying, Mycenaean metal, 189
Swordblade
see
Ino, 232
lolkos,
Ionian
art,
known
to the Easterns as
Iron,
period, 39
in
Egypt, 198
"
Jshmela, Assyrian deity, named erroneously read Shamela," 322
Island graves (cist-graves prae-Mycensean) of the Cyclades, 25,
64 stones (Mycenaean gems), 295
;
Greek civilization,
201
235
Italy, primitive culture
Mycenaean culture
culture in, 260
of,
in,
27
218
322
Phoenician influence on
Mycenaan
INDEX
335
Itanos, 228
Homeric kingdom
in, 220
Ivory objects in cist-graves, of Egyptian origin, 26
of,
258
Troy, 108
KABEIEOI, Phoenician
223
deities,
worship
of,
at Boeotian Thebes,
at Samothrace, 227
232, 233
Kahun
172
of, 256, 282 ; excavations at, 256 n. i
Kalopsida in Cyprus, pra-Mycenaean tombs at, 26 n. i
Kam^rais in Crete, proto- Mycenaean vase-fragments from, 20
Kameiros, excavations at, 43 Phoenician influence at. 44, 229
Kamikos in Sicily, legendary Cretan expedition against, 211, 218
Kalaureia, League
Mycenaean vase-fragments
theories respecting,
connection
of,
with
ib.
Karthaia, 228
Katreus, son of Minos, 213
Keftiu, 161
meaning
of name, 165
Asia
ambassadors
coast, Cyprus, and Crete, 56, 164, 165
from, to Thothmes III., 161 ; introduced by Phoenicians,
168
people of, Mycenaean, 54; of Crete, 212; Keftian
Minor
names, 321
Keisos (Keissos, Kissos), king of Salamis 673 B.C., 262
Kephallenia. Mycenaean tombs in, 220
Khata'anah in Lower Egypt, foreign graves at, 69, 314
Mycenaean vases from, 69
Khatti, see gattg (Kheta)
prae-
INDEX
336
of,
date
58
at,
date
210; frescoes
of,
of,
54, 62,.
165
n. i
Kydones, 86 n.
Kydonia, ^Eginetan colony at, 286 n. i
Kyklopes venerated at Corinth, 290
Kythera, pra-Mycenaean (?) vase from, 74
Phoenicians at, 228, 231, 234
at, 228
Kyzikos, date of foundation of, 254
Aphrodite-worship,
Leleges,
the,
98,
INDEX
Lemnos, commercial importance
238 Phoenicians at, 227
from, 174
Lesbos, Phrygians in (?), 238
of,
of,
;
Luka(Lukki;
Kheta
c.
mentioned
Au/a'ot),
337
c.
connection
1400
88;
the
allies of
Lycian language, 90
Lydians not mentioned by Egyptians,
ideas of Semitic origin of the, 94
relations of, with
;
93
Assyria, 276
;
B.C.,
between Crete
93
Maionia, 95
Masa
Masliauaslta,
Libyan
Mavnna
possibly
B.C.,
(?),
c.
298
tribe, 179
172
at, 36, n.
Mermnad dynasty
(?),
of Lydia, 275
<\
1300
INDEX
338
Miletos, early
commerce
of,
Milyans, 93
Minoan
thalai-socracy,
209;
date
of,
Minoan and
212;
210,
cities?
Mixed
Oriental motives, 45
Momemphis,
Greek
*'
called
Achaian,"
Pelasgic origin, 83
of
the
of
Greek
So
this,
phase
European Bronze
meaning
Age culture, 191 causes of development of, 193 probable
spirit
of,
36
of
mentioned by Egyptians,
Homeric times, ib.
c.
in
NAKAM-SIX,
erroneously
INDEX
339
"New
Kace,"
15,
150
Minyas"
Egyptian design of, 168 probable date of, 60
Origins of Mycenaean civilization Pelasgic, 83
Oriental elements in Mycenaean polity non-existent, 280
1 88
at,
59,
Owl-headed"
PALESTINE,
idols,
Pelasgic?,
culture,
293
early
ib.
Crete, 245
INDEX
340
prae-Mycenaeans,
introduces
money
civilization
Mycenaean
among, ib.
Phoenicia, 119; no Mycenaean objects from, 138
Phoenician influence at Mycenae in late period, 229, 136, 138
ships, xxix, 136, 170
commerce, 136 art, 137 influence on
Greek civilization, 237
;
West, 235
Phrygians, the, Aryans, 95
kingdom of, 274 civilization of,
probably akin to (he Mycenaean, ib. ; in Lesbos ?, 238
fresco
Phylakope, in Melos, settlements at, xi, 27, n., 202, n. i
at, 1 88
;
of, 4
Pictographic writing, Mycenaean, no connection of, with Hittite
script proved, 123 ; independent systems of, 141
Pictographs, Cretan, 146; date of, 211 ; Cypriote, 238, 265
Pi das a (Pisidians), 100; allies of the Kheta c. 1300 B.C., 172;
= Leleges ?, 100
PJEHL,
Prof.,
198, n. 2
Poseidon, 297
with prae-Mycenaean,
Prae -Mycenaean
culture,
73,
150
10,
23
in
Cyprus,
71
race,
83
INDEX
34 i
Pytheas
(?)
B.C., 262
RAMESES
in
III.,
tomb
of,
60
Mcjelkanncn depicted
of, ib.
the, ib.
Religion, Mycenaean, 281, 293; not aniconic, 300;
theriomor-
Rhodians
in, 127,
230
Phcunicians
in, 228,
229
in Egypt, 272
H4
SADI-AMIA, foreign
official at
(?),
Gurob, 171
240
INDEX
342
Samos, name Semitic, 227 ;' early commerce of, 227, 235, 256, 272
Samothrace, Phoenicians in, 227
Santorin (Thera), date of eruption at, 313
Sardinians, not Sordino, q.v., 220 no Mycenaean relations with
not mentioned in the Epos, 245
the, ib.
;
I.
(Shargani-shar-ali Sarru-kinu), king of Agade, early
Semitic Babylonian king, 113; erroneously supposed to
have conquered Cyprus, ib., 314; ''augural tablets" of, 317
j
Sargon II. (Sarru-ukin), king of Assyria, conquers Pha nicia
Sargon
SCHLIEMANN'S
discoveries, 5
Sculpture, Mycenaean, 28
Sea-routes from Greece to Egypt, rid Crypus, 128
Crete to Egypt, 269
Seals, Egyptian, 148
Cypriote
cTTjyuara
Semele,
(?),
from
\vypa, 237
Semempses,
earth-goddess,
ib. n.
not "Euph-
ib.
ratean,"
"
direct
311
see
Semerkhat
see Semerkhat
Sem-en-Ptab,"
"
Senwosret," #ee Usertesen
Sesto Calende and Monte Albano, primitive tombs at, 26, n. 3
Khakalasha (tiakalasa
invaded Egypt
Sagalaosians), 179
;
c.
Shashank
III.,
Sardians), xxvii, 96
of,
invaded Egypt
c.
1250
Sicily,
to,
INDEX
343
on Egyptian scarabs,
Spiral designs, on Cretan seal-stones, 147
154 in Egypt under the XVIIIth Dynasty, 156 n.
;
boxes in form
Swordblade, Mycenaean
1
68,
states,
ih.
inlaid,
58,
60,
88
Synchronisms, 58
Syracuse, date of foundation
of,
255
of, 230
Taphians, 219, 236, 259
Tarhundaraus (Tarkhundaraush), king of Arsapi
(q.v.)
in
XVth
of,
62
INDEX
344
Telchines, 230
War
of the
82, 233
Theory, general, of origin, &c., of early
Seven against,
in,
Greek
27
civilization,
Phoenicians
206
228
at,
Santorin)
Throne-worship
(.')
in
Mycenrean
religion, 301
Thuli-xlui,
impossible, 175
possibly Tarsians,
ib.
Tiryns, 5
TORE, Mr.
195, n. 2
" Treasure of
Priam," the, 16
Tree-worship in Mycenaean religion, 301
TrnnnU (Tep/uActt), see Lykians
Trojans, pne-Mycensean, not
Aryan Phrygians, 96
INDEX
345
TSOUNTAS, Prof.,
"
Mycenaean Age,"
ib.
Tyrrhenians (Tyrsenians) of Italy (Etruscans), legendary connection of, with Lydia, 102; " kleinasiatisch " traits in,
Ib. ; of
said, however, to have entered
Pelasgic race ?, ib.
not mentioned in the Epos, 245
Italy from the North, 103
no trace of in Greece in Mycenaean times, ib. pirates, in
;
doubt
Uaghasha
name
143,
33, 34, 46
Varnish- or glaze-painting (Fimissmcderei), invention of, xxii
Vases, proto- Mycenae an, fragments from Egypt, 74, 152
fragment with name of Usertesen I., 143 ; Egyptian, imitating
a Mycenaean foi'm, 186 ; Greek, technique of, xxii ; stone
;
"
VIRCHOW,
Prof.,
unknown
to the Semites,
144, 166
ib.
on origin of
bronze-making, 197
of,
307
INDEX
346
in the Odyuey,
257
ignored in the Iliad, 258
Phoenicians in, 235 Greek colonies in, 255
"
White slip " ware, Cyprian, xxv, 72
Writing, Mycenaean (see Pictographs), 140 ; use of tablets in,
in,
ib.
ib.
155, n.
"
Yivana," supposed
Maunna
to be read
= Ydwdn
(?),
for lonians
q.v.
in Crete,
ib.
Karian, 293
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