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1/3
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
2/3
device?
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
3/3
advantage?
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
1/13
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
2/13
V2 ( z 2 )
Z0
port
2
V1 + ( z1 )
V2+ ( z 2 )
z 2 = z 2P
port 1
port 3
4-port
microwave
device
Z0
V1 ( z1 ) z1 = z1P
Z0
z3 = z3P
port
4
V4+ ( z 4 )
V3 ( z 3 )
V3+ ( z 3 )
z 4 = z 4P
Z0
V4 ( z 4 )
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
3/13
V1 + ( z1 )
Z0
V1
(z
= z1 p
z 1 = z 1P
V2 ( z 2 )
port 2
V2
(z
= z2p
Z0
z 2 = z 2P
V2 (z 2 = z 2P ) V02 e + j z P V02 + j (z P +z P )
=
=
S21 = +
e
V1 (z1 = z1P ) V01+ e j z P V01+
2
V3 (z 3 = z 3P )
S31 = +
V1 (z1 = z1P )
Jim Stiles
and
V4 (z 4 = z 4P )
S41 = +
V1 (z1 = z1P )
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
4/13
that the input to all other ports (1,2, and 3) are zero.
Thus, more generally, the ratio of the wave incident on port n to
the wave emerging from port m is:
Smn
Vm (z m = z mP )
= +
Vn (zn = znP )
Smn
Vm (z m = 0) V0m e + j 0 V0m
= +
=
=
Vn (zn = 0) V0n+ e j 0 V0n+
Microwave
lobe
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
5/13
V2 ( z 2 )
Z0
V2+ ( z 2 ) = 0
V3 ( z 3 )
V1 + ( z1 )
4-port
microwave
device
Z0
Z0
V1 ( z1 )
3L = 0
V3+ ( z 3 ) = 0
V3+ ( z 3 ) = 0
Z0
V4 ( z 4 )
4L = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
6/13
Vn+ ( zn ) = 0
In other words, terminating a port ensures
that there will be no signal incident on
that port!
Q: Just between you and me, I think youve messed this up! In all
V (z ) = 0
if
L = 0
but just now you said that the wave in the positive direction would
be zero:
V + ( z ) = 0 if L = 0
Of course, there is no way that both statements can be correct!
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
7/13
V + (z )
Z0
V (z ) = 0
if
L = 0
V (z )
Vn ( zn )
port n
N-port
Microwave
Network
Z0
nL
Vn + ( zn )
For this current case, the situation is reversed. The wave
incident on the load is now denoted as Vn ( zn ) (coming out of
port n), while the wave reflected off the load is now denoted as
Vn+ ( zn ) (going into port n ).
As a result, Vn+ ( zn ) = 0 when nL = 0 !
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
8/13
V reflected ( z = z L ) = L V incident ( z = z L )
Smn
V0m
= +
V0n
Smn
V0m
= +
V0n
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
9/13
Vm ( z m ) =V0+m e j zn +V0m e + j zn
= 0 +V0m e + j zm
=V0m e + j zm
Vm ( 0 ) =V0+m +V0m
= 0 +V0m
= V0m
Smn =
Vm ( 0 )
V0n+
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
10/13
V0n
Snn = +
V0n
V1 ( 0 ) =V1 + ( 0 ) +V1 ( 0 )
V3 ( 0 ) =V3 ( 0 )
V2 ( z 2 )
Z0
V2+ ( z 2 ) = 0
V3 ( z 3 )
V1 + ( z1 ) 0
4-port
microwave
device
Z0
Z0
V1 ( z1 )
3L = 0
V3+ ( z 3 ) = 0
V4+ ( z 4 ) = 0
Z0
V4 ( z 4 )
4L = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
11/13
n =1
Jim Stiles
(znP
= 0)
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
12/13
S =
Sm 1
Smn
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
13/13
S ( ) =
Sm 1 ( )
Smn ( )
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
1/9
Matched, Lossless,
Reciprocal Devices
As we discussed earlier, a device can be lossless or reciprocal.
In addition, we can likewise classify it as being matched.
Lets examine each of these three characteristics, and how
they relate to the scattering matrix.
Matched
A matched device is another way of saying that the input
impedance at each port is equal to Z0 when all other ports are
terminated in matched loads. As a result, the reflection
coefficient of each port is zerono signal will be come out of a
port if a signal is incident on that port (but only that port!).
In other words, we want:
Vm = Smm Vm+ = 0
for all m
Smm = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
2/9
0
0.1 j 0.2
0
0.3
= 0.1
j 0.2 0.3
0
Lossless
For a lossless device, all of the power that delivered to each
device port must eventually find its way out!
In other words, power is not absorbed by the networkno
power to be converted to heat!
Recall the power incident on some port m is related to the
amplitude of the incident wave (V0+m ) as:
2
Pm+
V0+m
=
2Z 0
Pm
Jim Stiles
V0m
=
2Z 0
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
3/9
Pm = Pm+ Pm
V0+m
V0m
=
2Z 0
2Z 0
Pm =
+
m =1
Note that:
V0+m
m =1
2Z 0
m =1
V0+m
= ( V+ ) V +
Thus, we can write the total power incident on the device as:
2Z 0 m
=1
2
V0+m
( V+ )
2Z 0
V+
Jim Stiles
2Z 0 m
=1
2
V0m
( V )
2Z 0
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
4/9
Now, recalling that the incident and exiting wave amplitudes are
related by the scattering matrix of the device:
V = S V+
Thus we find:
( V )
2Z 0
H
( V+ ) S H S
2Z 0
V+
P =
Or explicitly:
m =1
= P+ P
P = P + P
H
=
=
( V+ )
1
2Z 0
V+
H
( V+ ) S H S
2Z 0
V+
V+ ) ( I S H S ) V +
(
2Z 0
presentation?
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
5/9
Thus, we can conclude from our math that for a lossless device:
P =
V+ ) ( I S H S ) V +
(
2Z 0
=0
for all V+
I SH S = 0
SH S = I
SH S = I
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
6/9
S21
S=
S31
S41
S12
S22
S33
S42
S13
S23
S33
S43
S14
S22
S33
S44
matrix
columns
Smn
m =1
=1
for all n
Sni Snj
n
=1
for all i j
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
7/9
P1 +
V01+
=
2Z 0
Pm
V0m
Sm 1V01
=
=
2Z 0
2Z 0
= Sm 1
P1 +
P = P1 + P2 + P3
= S11
= ( S11
P1 + + S21 2 P1 + + S31 2 P1 +
2
+ S21
+ S31
) P1 +
Jim Stiles
S12
+ S22
+ S32
=1
S13
+ S23
+ S33
=1
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
8/9
Smn
m
for all n
=1
=1
0
j 3 2
1
2
Reciprocal
Smn = Snm
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
02/23/07
9/9
ST = S
if reciprocal
0.05
Jim Stiles
0.40
j 0.20
j 0.20
0.10 j 0.30
j 0.10
0.12
0.05
j 0.10
0.12
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
1/4
Example: A Lossless,
Reciprocal Network
A lossless, reciprocal 3-port device has S-parameters of
S11 = 1 2 , S31 = 1 2 , and S33 = 0 . It is likewise known that all
S21 = S12
Jim Stiles
S13 = S31 =
S32 = S23
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
2/4
And therefore:
1 2 S21 1 2
S = S21 S22 S32
1 2 S32 0
= ( 1 2 ) + S21 + ( 1
Columns have
unit magnitude.
= ( 1 2 ) + S32 + ( 1
and:
0 = S11S12 + S21S22 + S31S32
=
S21 + S21S22 +
S32
( )+S
1
S32 +
21
Columns are
orthogonal.
(0)
Jim Stiles
)+S
S32 + S32 ( 0 )
22
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
3/4
S21 =
S32 =
0=
S21 + S21S22 +
0=
S32
(2 2 ) + S21S32
0 = S21 ( 1
)+S
S32
22
where we have used the fact that since the elements are all
real, then S21 = S21 (etc.).
Q: I count the expressions and find 6 equations yet
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
S21 =
S22 =
4/4
S32 =
S21 =
S22 =
S32 =
2
2
S = 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
1/2
A Matched, Lossless
Reciprocal 3-Port Network
Consider a 3-port device. Such a device would have a scattering
matrix :
S11 S12 S13
S = S21 S22 S23
S31 S32 S33
Assuming the device is passive and made of simple (isotropic)
materials, the device will be reciprocal, so that:
S21 = S12
S31 = S13
S23 = S32
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
2/2
S31 S32 = 0
S21 S32 = 0
S21 S31 = 0
S21 + S31 = 1
S21 + S32 = 1
S31 + S32 = 1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
1/3
S=
j
0
0
0
0
0
j
Note for this symmetric solution, every row and every column of
the scattering matrix has the same four values (i.e., , j, and
two zeros)!
The second solution is referred to as the anti-symmetric
solution:
0 0
0 0
S=
0 0
0 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
2/3
Note that for this anti-symmetric solution, two rows and two
columns have the same four values (i.e., , , and two zeros),
while the other two row and columns have (slightly) different
values (, -, and two zeros)
It is quite evident that each of these solutions are matched and
reciprocal. However, to ensure that the solutions are indeed
lossless, we must place an additional constraint on the values of
, . Recall that a necessary condition for a lossless device is:
N
Smn
=1
for all n
=1
=1
=1
2+
Jim Stiles
=1
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
3/3
Jim Stiles
and
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
1/6
Example: The
Scattering Matrix
Say we have a 3-port network that is completely characterized
at some frequency by the scattering matrix:
0.0 0.2 0.5
S = 0.5 0.0 0.2
0.5 0.5 0.0
Z = Z0
zP 2 = 0
V2 (z)
z P 1 = 0 V + (z)
1
Z0 port 1
Z0
port
2
3-port
microwave
device
V1 (z)
Jim Stiles
V2+ (z)
V3 (z) z P 3 = 0
port 3
Z0
Z =0
V3+ (z)
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
2/6
that:
and therefore:
V2+ (z 2 = 0) V02+
=
=0
V2 (z 2 = 0) V02
V02+ = 0
V3+ (z 3 = 0) V03+
=
= 1
V3 (z 3 = 0) V03
and therefore:
V03+ = V03
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
3/6
Problem:
a) Find the reflection coefficient at port 1, i.e.:
V01
1 +
V01
b) Find the transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2, i.e.,
V02
T21 +
V01
and
V01
1 = + = S11 = 0.0
V01
V02
T21 = + = S21 = 0.5
V01
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
Therefore:
4/6
V01
1 = + S11
V01
and similarly:
V02
T21 = + S21
V01
To determine the values T21 and 1 , we must start with the
three equations provided by the scattering matrix:
V01 =
0.2V02+ + 0.5V03+
V02 = 0.5V01+
+ 0.2V03+
V02+ = 0
V03+ = V03
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
5/6
V01
1 = + =
V01
V02+
V03+
0.2 + + 0.5 +
V01
V01
V02
T21 = + = 0.5
V01
V03+
+ 0. 2 +
V01
V03
V02+
= 0.5 + 0.5 +
+
V01
V01
V02+
=0
V01+
V03+
V03
= +
V01+
V01
Look what we have5 equations and 5 unknowns! Inserting
equations 4 and 5 into equations 1 through 3, we get:
V01
V03+
1 = + = 0.5 +
V01
V01
V02
V03+
T21 = + = 0.5 0.2 +
V01
V01
V03
= 0.5
V01+
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
6/6
Solving, we find:
1 = 0.5 ( 0.5 ) = 0.25
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
1/4
Example: Scattering
Parameters
Consider a two-port device with a scattering matrix (at some
specific frequency 0 ):
0.1
j 0.7
S ( = 0 ) =
j 0.7
0.2
and Z 0 = 50 .
Say that the transmission line connected to port 2 of this
device is terminated in a matched load, and that the wave
incident on port 1 is:
V1 + ( z1 ) = j 2 e j z
where z1P = z 2P = 0 .
Determine:
1. the port voltages V1 ( z1 = z1P ) and V2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) .
2. the port currents I1 ( z1 = z1P ) and I2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) .
3. the net power flowing into port 1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
2/4
V1 + ( z1 ) = j 2 e j z
V1 + ( z1 = z1P ) = j 2 e j z P
1
= j 2 e j (0)
= j 2
j 2
V2+ ( z 2 = z 2P ) = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
3/4
And also:
V2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) = S21 V1 + ( z1 = z1P )
= j 0.7 ( j 2 )
= 1.4
Therefore:
I 1 ( z 1 = z 1 P ) = I 1+ ( z 1 = z 1 P ) I 1 ( z 1 = z 1 P )
V1 + ( z1 = z1P ) V1 ( z1 = z1P )
=
Z0
Z0
2.0
0.2
= j
+j
50
1.8
= j
50
= j 0.036
= 0.036 e
50
j 2
and:
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
4/4
I2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) = I2+ ( z2 = z2P ) I2 ( z2 = z 2P )
V2+ ( z 2 = z2P ) V2 ( z2 = z2P )
=
Z0
Z0
0 1. 4
=
50 50
= 0.028
= 0.028 e + j
V01+
2Z 0
2
(2 )
V01
2Z 0
2
( 0.2 )
2 ( 50 )
= 0.0396 Watts
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
1/5
Z0
Z0
2Z0
z2
z1
z 2P = 0
z 1P = 0
V1 ( z1 = z P 1 )
V2 ( z 2 = z P 2 )
and
in terms of V1 + ( z1 = z P 1 ) .
Z0
V1 ( z 1 )
2Z0
V2 ( z 2 = 0 )
Z0
z1
z 1P = 0
Jim Stiles
z 2P = 0
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
2/5
V2+ ( z 2 = z 2P ) = 0
And thus:
V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) = V2+ ( z2 = 0 ) +V2 ( z2 = 0 )
= 0 +V2 ( z 2 = 0 )
= V2 ( z 2 = 0 )
to find V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) !
V1 ( z1 ) =V1 + ( z1 ) +V1 ( z1 )
Therefore we find V1 ( z1 = 0 ) V1 ( z1 = 0 ) !
Now, we can simplify this circuit:
Z0
2
Z0
3
V1 ( z 1 )
z1
z 1P = 0
And we know from the telegraphers equations:
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
3/5
V1 ( z1 ) =V1 + ( z1 ) +V1 ( z1 )
=V01+ e j z1 +V01 e + j z1
V1 ( z1 ) =V01+ (e j z + L e + j z
1
where:
( 23 ) Z 0 Z 0
L =
( 23 ) Z 0 + Z 0
( 23 ) 1
=
( 23 ) + 1
=
= 0.2
Therefore:
V1 + ( z1 ) = V01+ e j z
and thus:
13
V1 + ( z1 = 0 ) =V01+ e j ( 0 ) = V01+
V1 ( z1 = 0 ) = V01+ ( 0.2 ) e + j ( 0 ) = 0.2V01+
V1 ( z1 = 0 ) 0.2V01+
S11 = +
=
= 0.2
V1 ( z1 = 0 )
V01+
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
4/5
V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) =V2 ( z 2 = 0 )
This total voltage is relatively easy to determine. Examining
the circuit, it is evident that V1 ( z1 = 0 ) = V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) .
Z0
V1 ( z 1 = 0 )
2Z0
V2 ( z 2 = 0 )
Z0
z1
Therefore:
z 1P = 0
z 2P = 0
V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) =V1 ( z1 = 0 )
= V01+ e j ( 0 ) 0.2 e + j ( 0 )
= V01+ (1 0.2 )
= V01+ ( 0.8 )
V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) 0.8V01+
=
= 0.8
S21 = +
V1 ( z1 = 0 )
V01+
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
2/23/2007
5/5
Z0
2Z0
z2
z 2P = 0
Z0
z1
z 1P = 0
and:
S=
0.8
Jim Stiles
0.8
0.2
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
1/14
Circuit Symmetry
One of the most powerful
concepts in for evaluating circuits
is that of symmetry. Normal
humans have a conceptual
understanding of symmetry, based
on an esthetic perception of
structures and figures.
variste Galois
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
2/14
tell us that!
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
3/14
reflection symmetry?
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
4/14
1
12
21
33
3
1 1
23
32
12
23
31
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
5/14
13
21
32
1 1
22
33
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
D1
6/14
D2
D4
12
Port 1
200
21
34
Port 2
50
200
100
4 3
Port 4
Port 3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
13
Circuit Symmetry
Port 1
100
24
Port 2
50
31
7/14
200
50
4 2
Port 4
Port 3
200
50
Port 2
200
50
Port 4
Port 3
Jim Stiles
13
12
14
24
21
23
31
34
32
4 2
4 3
4 1
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
8/14
Port 1
Port 2
50
50
50
Port 4
Port 3
12
14
14
1 1
24
21
23
22
23
31
34
32
33
32
4 2
4 3
4 1
4 1
44
Port 2
50
200
200
100
Port 4
Port 3
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
9/14
S11 = S22
Z 11 = Z 22
Y11 = Y22
must be true!
Or, since 1 2 and 3 4 we find:
S13 = S24
Z 13 = Z 24
Y13 = Y24
S31 = S42
Z 31 = Z 42
Y31 = Y42
S=
S
S
S
S
31
33
41
43
S
S
S
S
31
33
41
43
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
10/14
S=
S31 S41 S33 S43
S
13
100
24
Port 2
200
50
31
4 2
50
Port 4
Port 3
S=
S
S
S
S
31
11
21
41
S
S
S
S
31
21
2
2
4
1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
11/14
Port 1
200
50
200
Port 2
50
Port 4
Port 3
Z 41
Z 21 Z 31 Z 41
Z 11 Z 41 Z 31
Z 41 Z 11 Z 21
Z 31 Z 21 Z 11
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
12/14
50
Port 1
50
Port 2
50
50
Port 4
Port 3
Y41
Y21
Y11
Y41
Y21
Y21
Y41
Y11
Y21
Y41
Y21
Y21
Y11
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
S=
j
Circuit Symmetry
0
0
S=
0
0
j
13/14
0
0
0
0
S=
j
0
0
0
j
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/4/2009
Circuit Symmetry
14/14
0
0
0
0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
1/3
Z0 ,
port
1
Z0,
z = A
port
2
Z0 ,
z =0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
2/3
V1 + ( z ) =V0+e j z
( z A )
V1 ( z ) =V0e + j z
( z A )
V2+ ( z ) =V0e + j z
(z
0)
V2( z ) =V0+e j z
(z
0)
V1 ( z )
V2( z )
V0+e j z
V1 +( z )
+
V (z )
V e
V2+( z )
+ j z
z = A
z =0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
3/3
V1 + ( z ) =V0+e j z
V1 ( z ) = 0
( z A )
V2+ ( z ) = 0
V2( z ) =V0+e j z
(z
0)
V1 ( z = z1P )
S11 = +
V1 ( z = z1P ) V
+
2 =0
V2 ( z = z2P )
S21 = +
V1 ( z = z1P ) V
+
2 =0
V ( z = A )
= +
V ( z = A ) V
+
2 =0
V2 ( z = 0 )
= +
V1 ( z = A ) V
+
2 =0
V0+ e j ( A )
=0
V0+ e j ( 0 )
1
= + j ( A ) = + j A = e j A
e
V0 e
S22 = S11 = 0
And from both reciprocity and symmetry:
S12 = S21 = e j A
Thus:
Jim Stiles
0
e j A
S= j A
0
e
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
1/10
Symmetric Circuit
Analysis
Consider the following D1 symmetric two-port device:
200
I1
100
I2
100
V2
50
A: Resistors are easily split into two equal pieces: the 200
resistor into two 100 resistors in series, and the 50
resistor as two 100 resistors in parallel.
100
I1
100
100
+
V1
100
Jim Stiles
100
I2
+
100
V2
-
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
2/10
S21 S11
Z 11
Z=
Z 21
Z 21
Z 11
Y11 Y21
Y=
Y21 Y11
I1
Vs
+
-
100
100
+
V1
100
100
I2
+
100
V2
-
+
-
Vs
Or,
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
100
I1
Is
V1
100
100
100
+
3/10
100
100
Or,
100
I1
Z0
Vs
+
-
V1
100
Is
V2
-
100
100
100
I2
I2
+
100
Z0
+
-
V2
-
Vs
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
I1a
I1
Vs
+
-
I1b
+
+ V1a -
+ V1b -
I2a
I1d
I2d
- V2a +
I1c
I2b
- V2b +
I2
+
V2
V1c V2c
V1
-
4/10
I2c
+
-
Vs
V1 = V2
V1a =V2a
V1b = V2b
V1c =V2c
I1 = I 2
I 1a = I 2a
I1b = I2b
I1c = I2c
I1d = I2d
and I2a, as well as currents I1d and I2d. From KCL, this must be
true:
I1a = I2a
I1d = I2d
Yet you say that this must be true:
I 1 a = I 2a
Jim Stiles
I1d = I2d
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
5/10
I 1a = I 2a = 0
I1d = I2d = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
I1
Vs
I1b
+ V1b -
+
-
+ V1a -
6/10
- V2a +
I2b
- V2b +
I1c
+
-
V2
V1c V2c
V1
I2
I2c
Vs
Virtual Open
I=0
Q: So what?
A: So what! This means that our circuit can be split apart
into two separate but identical circuits. Solve one halfcircuit, and you have solved the other!
V1 = V2 = Vs
I1a
I1
Vs
+
-
I1b
+
V1a = V2a = 0
+ V1b -
V1c = V2c = Vs 2
+
V1c
V1
-
V1b = V2b = Vs 2
+ V1a -
I1c
I1 = I 2 = Vs 200
I1a = I 2a = 0
I1b = I 2b = Vs 200
I1c = I 2c = Vs 200
I 1 d = I 2d = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
7/10
100
I1
Vs
+
-
100
100
+
V1
100
100
100
Or,
100
I1
Is
V1
100
Jim Stiles
V2
-
+
-
-Vs
100
100
100
I2
I2
+
100
V2
-Is
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
Or,
100
I1
Z0
Vs
+
-
8/10
100
100
V1
I2
100
100
Z0
+
-
V2
100
-Vs
Vs
+
-
I1b
+
+ V1a -
+ V1b I1c
V1 = V2
V1a = V2a
V1b = V2b
V1c = V2c
Jim Stiles
I1d
I2d
- V2a +
I2b
- V2b +
I2
+
V2
V1c V2c
V1
-
I2a
I2c
+
-
-Vs
I1 = I2
I1a = I2a
I1b = I2b
I1c = I2c
I1d = I2d
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
9/10
I1a
I1
Vs
+
-
I1b
+
+ V1a -
+ V1b -
I1d
I2d
+ V2a -
I2b
+ V2b -
I1c
I2
-
V2
V1c V2c
V1
-
I2a
I2c
+
-
-Vs
I1 = I 2
I 1a = I 2a
I1b = I2b
I1c = I2c
I1d = I2d
V1 = V2
V1a =V2a
V1b = V2b
V1c =V2c
that:
V1c = V2c
V1c =V2c = 0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
10/10
I1d
I2d
+ V1b -
+
-
Vs
I1b
+ V1a -
I2a
+ V2a -
+ V2b -
I1c
I2
-
V2
V1c V2c
V1
I2b
I2c
+
-
-Vs
Virtual short
V=0
This greatly simplifies things, as we can again break the
circuit into two independent and (effectively) identical
circuits!
I1a
I1
Vs
+
-
I1b
+
+ V1b -
I1d
+
V1c
V1
-
Jim Stiles
+ V1a -
I1c
V1 = Vs
V1a =Vs
V1b = Vs
V1c = 0
I1 =Vs 50
I1a = Vs 100
I1b =Vs 100
I1c = 0
I1d =Vs 100
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
1/10
I1
Vs1=Vs
+
-
100
100
+
V1
100
Jim Stiles
100
I2
+
100
V2
-
+
-
Vs2=0
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
2/10
Heres the really neat part. We find that the source on port
1 can be model as two equal voltage sources in series, whereas
the source at port 2 can be modeled as two equal but
opposite sources in series.
+
-
Vs
+
-
+
-
Vs
+
-
Vs
Vs
+
-
V2s
+
-
I1
+
-
Vs
+
-
Vs
Jim Stiles
100
100
100
100
100
I2
Vs
+
-
V2s
+
-
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
3/10
I1
+
-
100
I2
100
100
Vs
Vs
100
100
+
-
I1e
Vs/2
Jim Stiles
+
-
100
100
I1e =
Vs
V
1
= s = I2e
2 200 400
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
4/10
Now, lets turn the bottom sources back onbut turn off the
top two!
100
I1
I2
100
100
100
+
-
100
100
V2s
Vs
+
-
I1o
100
100
Vs
+
-
Jim Stiles
I1o =
100
Vs 1
2 50
Vs
100
= I2o
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
5/10
analysis? After all, the source on port 1 is Vs1 =Vs, and the
source on port 2 is Vs2 =0. What are the currents I1 and I2
for these sources?
A: Recall that these sources are the sum of the even and odd
mode sources:
Vs 1 =Vs =
Vs
Vs
Vs 2 = 0 =
Vs
Vs
I1 = I1e + I1o
I2 = I2e + I2o
100
I1 = I1o + I1e
+
-
Vs
+
-
Vs
100
100
100
100
100
I2 = I2o + I2e
Vs
+
-
V2s
+
-
Thus, adding the odd and even mode analysis results together:
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
I1 = I1e + I1o
Vs
Vs
=
=
400
Vs
6/10
I2 = I2e + I2o
Vs
Vs
=
400 100
3V
= s
400
100
80
Y21 =
I2
Vs 1 Vs
=
2 =0
3Vs 1
3
=
400 Vs 400
Y22 = Y11 =
Y12 = Y21 =
1
80
3
400
400
80
symmetry then?
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
7/10
I1
Vs1
100
V1
I2
100
100
+
+
-
100
+
-
V2
100
Vs2
Vs e =
+
-
Vs1
+
-
Jim Stiles
Vs 2
Vs 1 +Vs 2
Vs o =
+
-
Vs e
+
-
Vs o
Vs 1 Vs 2
2
Vs 1 =Vs e +Vs o
Vs e
+
-
Vs o
+
-
Vs 2 =Vs e Vs o
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
8/10
I1
+
-
Vs e
100
100
100
100
I2
100
Vs e
+
-
Vs o
+
-
I1
100
100
100
+
-
100
Vs o
I2
100
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
9/10
Ise =
Is 1 + Is 2
Iso =
Is 1 Is 2
2
Is1
Iso
Ise
Is 1 = Ise + Iso
Is2
Iso
Ise
Is 2 = Ise Iso
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
10/10
Differential Mode
Jim Stiles
Common Mode
The Univ. of Kansas
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
1/5
Z 0 = 50
4.0 V
50
50
50
50
Z 0 = 50
50
v1
50
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
2/5
Solution
To simplify the circuit schematic, we first remove the bottom
(i.e., ground) conductor of each transmission line:
50
Z 0 = 50
4.0 V
+
-
50
50
50
50
v1
50
Z 0 = 50
50
50
50
50
v1
50
50
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
3/5
50
2.0 V
+
-
50
50
50
+
-
2.0 V
v1e
50
50
I=0
Whereas the odd mode circuit is:
50
2.0 V
+
-
50
50
50
+ -2.0 V
+
-
v1o
50
50
V =0
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
50
50
v
-
2.0 V
e
1
50
+
-
4/5
circuit!
Therefore, this half-circuit simplifies to:
And therefore the voltage v1e is easily
50
determined via voltage division:
50
+
-
2.0 V
v1e
50
= 1.0 V
+
50
50
v1e = 2
50
50
50
v1o
50
-2.0 V
+
-
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
5/5
50
50
+
-
-2.0 V
v1o
-
50
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
1/8
Generalized Scattering
Parameters
V2 ( z 2 )
Z02
port
2
V1 + ( z1 )
V2+ ( z 2 )
z 2 = z 2P
port 1
port 3
4-port
microwave
device
Z01
V1 ( z1 ) z1 = z1P
+
4
Z03
z3 = z3P
port
4
(z 4 )
V3 ( z 3 )
V3+ ( z 3 )
z 4 = z 4P
Z04
V4 ( z 4 )
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
2/8
V0n+
an =
Z 0n
V0n
bn =
Z 0n
V01+
a1 =
Z 01
V03
b3 =
Z 03
So for example:
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
3/8
V0n+ = an Z 0n
And so:
V0n = bn Z 0n
Vn + ( zn ) = an Z 0n e j zn
Vn ( zn ) = bn Z 0n e + j zn
( zn ) =
bn + j 2 zn
e
an
Vn ( zn ) = Z 0n ( an e j zn + bn e + j zn )
an e j zn bn e + j zn
In ( zn ) =
Z 0n
an e j zn + bn e + j zn
Z ( zn ) =
an e j zn bn e + j zn
Assuming that our port planes are defined with znP = 0 , we can
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
Vn Vn ( zn = 0 ) = Z 0n ( an + bn
4/8
In In ( zn = 0 ) =
Z n Z ( zn = 0 ) =
an bn
Z 0n
an + bn
an bn
Pn =
+
V0n+
2Z 0n
an
Pn =
V0n
2Z 0n
bn
Pn = Pn + Pn =
an bn
1
2
2
= Re an + bn an (bn an ) bn
2
1
2
2
= Re an + j Im {bn an } bn
2
Pn =
{
{
=
Jim Stiles
an bn
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
5/8
a1 + b1
a1 b1
Smn
Jim Stiles
V0m
= +
V0n
Z 0n
Z 0m
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
6/8
V02
S21 = +
V01
V1 + ( z1 )
when V02+ = 0
port 2
port 1
2-port
microwave
device
Z01 =50
V2( z 2 )
Z02 = 50
V1 ( z1 )
V2+ ( z 2 )
V02
S21 +
V01
V1 + ( z1 )
when V02+ = 0
port 2
port 1
Z01 =50
2-port
microwave
device
V1 ( z1 )
Z02 = 75
V2+ ( z 2 )
V02 50
S21 = +
V01 75
Jim Stiles
V2( z 2 )
when V02+ = 0
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
7/8
Smn
V0m
= +
V0n
Z 0n bm
=
Z 0m an
Z 0n values in there?
1 = Smn
m =1
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
8/8
unitary or not?
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
1/4
Port
1
I1( z 1 )
+
V1( z1 )
Port
2
I 2( z 2 )
+
Z0
Z0
V2( z 2 )
z1
z1 = 0
z2
z2 = 0
V1( z1 = 0 ) = V2( z2 = 0 )
I1( z1 = 0 ) = I2( z 2 = 0 )
V01 = 0
Jim Stiles
and
V02 = V01+
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
2/4
V01
0
S11 = + = + = 0. 0
V01 V01
V02 V01+
S21 = + = + = 1. 0
V01 V01
S22 = S11 = 0. 0
and
S21 = S12 = 1. 0
1 0
As a result, the perfect connector allows two transmission
lines of identical characteristic impedance to be connected
together into one seamless transmission line.
Z0
Jim Stiles
Z0
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
3/4
Z 02
Z 01
Port
1
Port
2
remain the same? After all, the device itself has not
changed!
Dept. of EECS
3/6/2009
Z 01
4/4
Z 02
V01 Z 02 Z 01
=
V01+ Z 02 + Z 01
and
V02
2Z 02
=
V01+ Z 02 + Z 01
V01 Z 01 Z 02 Z 01
=
S11 = +
V01 Z 01 Z 02 + Z 01
and
V02 Z 01 2 Z 01Z 02
=
S21 = +
V01 Z 02 Z 02 + Z 01
Z
Z
Z
Z
+
+
02
01
01
02
S=
2 Z Z
Z
Z
01
02
01
02
Z 01 + Z 02 Z 01 + Z 02
Jim Stiles
Dept. of EECS