Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

In the Modern Hebrew Script

Part One - The Alphabet

Introduction

Introduction

Lesson 1

The Alephbet

Lesson 2

Lesson 1 (Aleph, Beyt)

Lesson 3

Lesson 2 (Mem, Yud)

Lesson 3 (Nun, Hey)
Lesson 4 (Lamed, Vav)
Lesson 5 (Resh, Shin)
Lesson 6 (Ayin, Tet)
Lesson 7 (Tav, Dalet)
Lesson 8 (Tsade, Quph)
Lesson 9 (Chet, Kaph)
Lesson 10 (Zayin, Pey)
Lesson 11 (Gimel, Samech)
Lesson 12

Part Two - Basic Sentence

Structure

Part Three - Biblical

Hebrew Word and
Sentence Construction
Introduction
Prefixes, suffixes and infixes
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Introduction
WHY LEARN HEBREW?
There are many reasons to learn Hebrew such as to read the Tenach (the Old
Testament of the Bible written in Hebrew) in its original language or simply to learn
how to pronounce Hebrew words such as those in Strong's Concordance without
having to use the transliterations. Probably the most advantageous reason to learn
Hebrew is the ability to understand the original author's words, rather than through
the translators opionion of the author's words.
Learning the Hebrew language can be both fun and exciting. By simply studying the
pages to follow for just a few minutes a day you will soon be reading Hebrew and be
building a small vocabulary of Hebrew words and phrases.

THE HEBREW ALEPHBET

English uses the word "Alphabet" which is the first two letters of the Greek Alphabet;
Alpha and Beta. Hebrew on the other hand uses "Alephbet" as they are the first two
letters of the Hebrew Alephbet; Aleph and Bet. The Hebrew alephbet consists of 22
consonants and no vowels. The vowels are dots and dashes added above and below
the consonants. One advantage to Hebrew is that the sound for each letter remains the
same unlike English where one has to memorize many variations such as the word
circus where one "c" is pronounced like an "S" and the other like a "K".

DIRECTION OF READING
Unlike English which is read from left to right, Hebrew is read from right to left just
as many other semitic languages such as Arabic. This may sound difficult but in a
very short time you will get used to it.
When sounding out a word it will be easier if you remember the Consonant (C) and
Vowel (V) patterns. In English the consonants and vowels may be arranged in any
order such as in the word "circle" which has the following pattern; C-V-C-C-C-V.
Hebrew on the other hand is very consistent in that a vowel always follows a
consonant (except the final consonant which may or may not be followed by a
vowel), such as in the following words "Melek" (king) C-V-C-V-C; "Meleko" (his
king) C-V-C-V-C-V and "Hamelek" (the king) C-V-C-V-C-V-C. The Yud (Y) is
another exception to this as it can be a consonant acting as a vowel, just as our
English "Y".

MODERN AND ANCIENT HEBREW

The pronunciation of some of the consonants and vowels have changed over the
centuries but this does not affect the meaning of words so we will learn to pronounce
them according to the modern Hebrew. Modern Hebrew pronunciation is also divided
into two parts, Ashkenazie and Sephardic. Since Sephardic is the pronunciation
adopted by the State of Israel, we will also use this pronunciation.

THE LESSONS
Each lesson includes new consonants, vowels, a practice section, new vocabulary
words and sentences. The practice session will allow you to practice the new letters
and vowels and refresh yourself on old ones. The vocabulary section will consist of a
few words using the new letters and vowels to begin building your Hebrew
vocabulary. The Sentences will allow you to begin using your new words in
sentences. To assist you in learning the letters and words, I recommend that you put
the letters and words you are learning on flashcards so that you can study them at any
time.

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Alephbet

Some common confusions between letters

The alephbet in handwritten form

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 1

Consonants
The "aleph" is the first letter of the Hebrew alephbet. This consonant is
silent.

The "beyt" is pronounced two ways, a "b" as in ball, and as "v" as in visit. A
dagesh (a dot in the middle of the letter) indicates that the letter will have the "b"
sound, while the abscence of the dagesh indicates the "v" sound. When the beyt
is prefixed to a word it means "in".

Vowels
This vowel, which is placed under the consonant, is pronounced "a" as in
father. Since the aleph is silent, this consonant/vowel combination would
be pronounced as "a". (Note: The aleph here is not part of the vowel, it is
simply used here to show the placement of the vowel only)

This vowel is also pronounced "a" as in father.

Practice
.1
.2

Vocabulary

Came

.1

Father

.2

Sentences
Father Came.

.1

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 2

Consonants
The "mem" is pronounced "m" as in mother.

The
"final mem" is the form of the letter used when at the end of a word.
The pronunciation does not change.

The yud is pronounced "y" as in yes. When the yud is added at the end of
a word it means "of me" or "my".

Vowels
This vowel is pronounced "i" as in machine.

This

vowel is pronounced "e" as in grey.

Practice
.1
.2

Vocabulary

Mother

.1

Who

.2

My mother

.3

My father

.4

Sentences
Who came?

.1

My father came.

.2

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 3

Consonants
The "nun" is pronounced "n" as in no.

The
"final nun" is the form of the letter used when at the end of a word.
The pronunciation does not change.

The "hey" is pronounced "h" as in hello. When the "hey" is suffixed to the
end of a word it makes the word feminine. When it is prefixed to the front of a
word it is the definite article meaning "the".

Notes
1. The English verb "to be" and its various tenses such as "am", "is" and
"are" do not exist in Hebrew and need to be added in the translation.
2. English has two indefinite articles, "a" and "an" which also do not exist in
Hebrew and must be added in the translation.
3. The vocabulary word below "ba'ah" is the feminine form of the masculine
verb "ba'" (came) which was introduced in lesson 1.
4. The final syllable of most Hebrew words is accented by pronouncing the
final Consonant-Vowel-Consonant as a syllable. For instance, the word for
"I", in the vocabulary list below, is pronounced "a-niy" rather than an-iy.

Practice
.1

.2
.3

Vocabulary
I

.1

Where

.2

Son

.3

She

.4

Prophet

.5

Came (f)

.6

What

.7

The

.8

Sentences
Where is my father?

.1

I am a father.

.2

Who is she?

.3

The prophet came.

.4

What is a prophet?

.5

My son came.

.6

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 4

Consonants
The "lamed" is pronounced "l" as in long. When the lamed is prefixed to a
word it means "to" or "for".

The "vav" is pronounced "v" as in visit. When the vav is prefixed to a word
it means "and".

Vowels
When this vowel is placed under the first letter of a word it is pronounced
as a soft "e" as in help. When it appears in the middle of a word it is used
as a syllable break and is not pronounced.

This vowel is pronounced "e" as in elephant.

Notes
1. When one of the "a" vowels are followed by the consonant "yud", the
pronunciation is "ah-y", which, when said quickly sounds like "i" as in bike.
2. In some languages, such as Spanish, nouns are masculine, feminine or
neuter . Hebrew is much the same, all nouns are either masculine or
feminine (there is no neuter).
3. The "yud-mem" combination is the masculine plural ending, similar to the
the "s" ending for English plural nouns.
4. When the dagesh (the dot in the middle of a letter) is placed within some
letters, such as in the nun in the word for "Here [am] I" in the vocabulary

list below, it doubles the letter. Therefore, this letter would be pronounced
"hin-ney-niy" rather than "hi-ney-niy".

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary
Night

.1

God

.2

Water

.3

Amen

.4

Here

.5

Sea

.6

Here am I

.7

To me

.8

Sentences

Night came.

.1

My son came to me.

.2

Mother came in the

night.
My father and my
mother are here.
Water is in the sea.

.3
.4
.5

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 5

Consonants
The "resh" is pronounced "r" as in rain.

The
"shin" is pronounced two ways, "sh" as in sharp, and "s" as in sign.
When a dot is placed on the top right corner of the letter it takes the "sh" sound
and when the dot is placed on the top left corner of the letter it takes the "s"
sound.

Vowels
The dot above the "vav" is pronounced "o" as in open. The "vav" becomes
silent. When this "vav" is suffixed to a word it means "to him" or "his".

Notes
1. In Hebrew, the verb usually appears before the subject of the verb, such
as in sentence #5 below.

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary

Peace

.1

Skies

.2

Said (m)

.3

Created (m)

.4

Said (f)

.5

Ruler

.6

Day

.7

Light

.8

Rabbi

.9

Name

.10

Sentences
My name is Levi.
What is his
name?
His name is
Abraham.

.1
.2
.3

Ruler of Peace.

.4

God created
skies.

.5

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 6

Consonants
The "Ayin" is silent.

The

"Tet" is pronounced "t" as in tune.

Vowels
The dot in the "vav" is pronounced "u" as in tune. The "vav" is silent. When
this vav is suffixed to a word, it means "of them" or "they".

Notes
1. In Hebrew the adjectives come after the noun, such as tov (good) in
sentence #1 below.

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary

Evening

.1

Good

.2

Israel

.3

Over, On

.4

She

.5

He

.6

Keeping,
Guarding

.7

Sentences
Good Evening.
Who came in the
evening?
She came in the
evening.
He came in the
evening.

.1
.2
.3
.4

Peace over Israel.

.5

What is his
name?

.6

His name is Israel.

.7

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 7

Consonants
The "Tav" is pronounced "t" as in tune. A dagesh may appear in the letter
but will not change the sound of the letter.

The "dalet" is pronounced "d" as in dig.

Vowels
This vowel is pronounced "eh" as in elephant, but it is pronounced very
softly.

This vowel is a dot which appears at the top and just to the left of the letter
instead of beneath it and is pronounced "o" as in open.

Notes
1. The Hebrew word for Moses (Vocabulary word #1) appears to be missing
a vowel after the "mem". Since Hebrew requires a vowel after each
consonant, the vowel is the "o" placed above the letter "Shin". The dot
over the right leg of the letter "Shin" and the vowel "o" are in the same
place.
2. The "et" (Vocabulary word #3) precedes a direct object of the verb and is
rarely translated into English. For example, if I said "I made the dinner",
the direct object is "the dinner" because "the" comes before "dinner". In
this case the Hebrew word "et" would precede "the dinner" in Hebrew. If I
said "I made a dinner", the "et" would not precede it since "dinner" in this
sentence is not a direct object.

3. An exception to the rule requiring the C-V-C-V pattern is the word "reshiyt"
(Vocabulary word #8). The aleph does not always require a vowel after it.

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary
Moses

.1

God, gods

.2

Precedes the direct

object of the verb

.3

Gave (m)

.4

Sabbath

.5

Teaching

.6

To us

.7

Beginning

.8

Student (m)

.9

Student (f)

.10

Study (m)

.11

Study (f)

.12

Sentences
Peaceful Sabbath.
And they will keep the
Sabbath.
Moses gave to us the
Torah.
In [the] beginning God
created.
A student studies the
Torah.
A student studies
Torah.

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 8

Consonants
The "tsade" is pronounced "ts" as in pots.

The
final "tsade" is the form used when the letter appears at the end of a
word and is also pronounced "ts".

The "quph" is pronounced "q" as in quiet.

Vowels
This vowel is a combination of the "sheva" vowel and the "a" vowel learned
previously. The vowel works the same as the "sheva" with a pronunciation
of "a" as in father, when placed under the first consonant of the word.

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary

Exist (m)

.1

Land

.2

Sentences
Genesis 1:14

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 9

Consonants
The "chet" is pronounced "ch" as in the German name Bach.

When
a dagesh appears in the "Kaph", it is pronounced "k" as in kick.
When a dagesh does not appear in the letter it is pronounced "ck" as in the
German name Bach.

The final "kaph" has the same pronunciations as the "kaph". While most
words end with a consonant, the final "kaph" will usually be followed by a vowel.

Vowels
This vowel is pronounced "u" as in tune.

Notes
1. When the "ah" vowel appears under the letter "chet", the two sounds trade
places. The second word in line 2 of the practice section is pronounced
"ko'ach" not "kocha". This is unique only to this letter and vowel
combination when it appears at the end of a word.

Practice
.1
.2

.3

Vocabulary
Yes, So

.1

Grass, Herb

.2

Tree, Wood

.3

Sentences
Genesis 1:5

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 10

Consonants
The "zayin" is pronounced "z" as in zebra.

When
a dagesh appears in the "pey", it is pronounced "p" as in pet. When
a dagesh does not appear in the letter it is pronounced "ph" as in phone.

The pronunciation of the final "pey" is the same as the "pey".

Vowels
This vowel is a combination of the "sheva" vowel and the "a" vowel learned
previously. The vowel works the same as the "sheva" with a pronunciation
of "a" as in father, when placed under the first consonant of the word.

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary

Which, Who

.1

Make, Do (m)

.2

Face

.3

Sentences
Genesis 1:11

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 11

Consonants
The "gimel" is pronounced "g" as in game.

The

"samech" is pronounced "s" as in sand.

Notes
1. Vocabulary word #1 is pronounced "Kol" (coal), not "Kal" as it appears.
The "a" vowel is pronounced "o" in this word only.

Practice
.1
.2
.3

Vocabulary
All

.1

Man

.2

Bird

.3

Fish

.4

Sentences
Genesis 1:26

Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Lesson 12

Now that you have completed the previous lessons, you may begin putting what
you have learned to use. Below are the first five verses of Genesis chapter one
for your reading practice.

Genesis 1:1-5

Congratulations
You have completed all twelve lessons. At this point you have the ability to read
the Bible in its original language. Your next step is to practice your reading skill,
build your vocabulary and begin learning word and sentence structure.
We recommend four books;

Hebrew Bible: With a Bible in the Hebrew language you can

practice your reading and take the first steps to reading the Bible
in its original language.

Prayer Book
written to aid
(Prayerbook), it
because of its

Hebrew The Easy Way: While this book is

the Jewish student in learning to read the Sidur
is an excellent book for the non-Jew as well
ability to teach word and sentence structure.

Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon: This lexicon will

greatly assist the Hebrew student learn Hebrew prefixes,
suffixes, roots and vocabulary.

Learn Biblical
Hebrew lessons
assist the new

Hebrew: Includes a revised version of the

on this site as well as charts and dictionaries to
Hebrew student in Biblical Reading.

The Ancient Hebrew Research Center Web Site has some resources that will
assist you with your continued reading practices and vocabulary including an on-

line Hebrew Bible (no vowel pointings) and a Dictionary which lists all the Hebrew
words used twenty five times or more in the Bible.
Let us also recommend these sites for additional Hebrew studies;
1. Hebrew vocabulary Lessons
2. Hebrew vocabulary games
3. Hebrew for me activities
4. Downloadable Hebrew Bible
5. Bible Readings in Hebrew
6. Hebrew Dictionary
7. Hebrew Picture Dictionary
8. Mechon Mamre Hebrew Bible
9. Allon Ministries
10. Audio Scriptures International
It would help us greatly if you would E-Mail us to let us know what you think of
the lessons. Did you find them easy to follow? Did you have any problems with
the lessons? Do you have any suggestions that would make the lessons better
for others? May we also invite you to sign our guestbook.
Thank-you very much for your continued interest in the Hebrew language and
allowing us to be a part of your studies. We hope that you will continue your
Hebrew studies with enjoyment and satisfaction. If we can be of service to you
now or in the future, please let us know.

Learn Hebrew Part 2

Introduction

In these lessons we will begin to learn Hebrew sentence structure and

vocabulary. These lessons are adapted from "beyt siyphrenu" (our schoolhouse)
by the Hebrew Publishing Company, New York. copyright 1939.
The writing of these lessons will take time and we hope to add an additional
lesson every few weeks.
If you have any comments, questions or suggestions for these lessons please
Email us, thank you.

About the Lessons

Hebrew Fonts
The "BSThebrew" font, designed by Crosswalk.Com, is required to be installed in
your fonts folder to view the Hebrew letters.

Vocabulary
Hebrew words are gender sensitive as are some English words such as "boy"
and "girl". Many English words are not gender sensitive such as "child". In order
to convey the gender of the Hebrew, the symbols (m.) for masculine words and
(f.) for feminine words will be placed after the English words.
Those entries in the vocabulary section which are prefixes will be followed by a
dash (-).

Transliteration
The vowels in the transliteration will be pronounced as follows; a - father; e edge; i - king; o - old; u - tune; ay - fly; ey - play; iy - king.
A dash within the English transliterations indicate a syllable break.

Translation
Words required in the translation that are not in the Hebrew, that are added into
the translation are in italics.

Learn Hebrew Part 2

Lesson 1

Vocabulary
Translation

Transliteration

name

sheym

child (m.)

ye-led

child (f.)

yal-dah

children (m.) ye-le-diym

children (f.)

ye-le-dot

man

iysh

woman

ish-shah

men

a-na-shiym

women

na-shiym

Mr.

mar

Hebrew

Translation

Transliteration

Hebrew

~ev
d,l,
y
h'D.
l;y
~yi
d,l.
y
tAd,
l.y

this (m.) zeh

h,z

this (f.)

zot

taoz

these

ey-leh

h,Le
a

vyia

two (m.) she-na-yim

h'Vi
a
~yi
v:n]
a
~yi
v"n
r;m

one (m.) e-chad

d'x,a

one (f.)

t;x;a

a-chat

two (f.) she-ta-yim

or

the

ha-

what

mah

~iy;
n.v
~iy;
T.v
Aa
-'h
-;h
h'm
h;m

Mrs.

ma-rat

t;r'
m

book

sey-pher

r,pes

Sentences
Translation
The name of the boy is
David.

Transliteration
sheym hay-ye-led david

The name of the girl is

Dinah.

sheym hay-yal-dah diy-nah

The name of the man is Mr.

Levin.

sheym ha-iysh mar le-viyn

The name of the woman is

Mrs. Levin.

sheym ha-ish-shah ma-rat leviyn

This is a boy.

zeh ye-led

This is a girl.

zot yal-dah

This is a man.

zeh iysh

This is a woman.

zot ish-shah

One man. Two men.

iysh e-chad. she-na-yim ana-shiym.

One woman. Two women.

ish-shah a-chat. she-ta-yim

na-shiym.

Hebrew

`diw'D
d,l,Y;h ~ev
`h'nyiD
h'D.l;Y;h
~ev
`!yiw,l r;m
vyia'h ~ev
`!yiw,l
t;r''m
h'Via'h
~ev
`d,l,y h,z
`h'D.l;y
taOz
`vyia h,z
`h'Via taOz
`~yiv"n]a
~iy:n.v
`d'x,a vyia
`~yiv"n

~iy;T.v
`t;x;a h'Via

Learn Hebrew Part 2

Lesson 2

Vocabulary
Translation

Transliteration

Hebrew

Translation

here/behold hin-neyh

heNi
h

big, great (m.)

ga-dol

taliyt

tyiL;j

big, great (f.)

ge-do-lah

small (m.)

qa-tan

small (f.)

qa-tan-nah

to (belongs to)

le-

ta-liyt

tephiliyn

te-phi-liyn

praying

mit-pa-leyl

there is/are yeysh

and

ve-

!
yiLip
.T
leL;P
.tim
vey
-.w

Transliteration

to the (belongs to the) la-

Hebrew

lAd'
G
h'lA
d.G
!'j'q
h'N;
j.q
-.l
-'l

Sentences
Translation

Transliteration

Here is one man.

hin-neyh iysh e-chad.

The name of the man is

Mr. Kahen.

sheym ha-iysh mar ka-hen.

To Mr. Kahen there is a

taliyt.

le-mar ka-hen yeysh ta-liyt.

Hebrew

`d'x,a vyia
heNih
`!,h'K r;m
vyia'h ~ev
`tyiL;j

To Mr. Kahen there is

tephiliyn.

le-mar ka-hen yeysh te-philiyn.

To Mr. Kahen there are

tephiliyn and taliyt.

le-mar ka-hen yeysh te-philiyn ve-ta-liyt.

Mr. Kahen is praying.

mar ka-hen mit-pa-leyl.

Here are two men.

hin-neyh she-ney a-na-shiym.

To the men there are

tephiliyn

la-a-na-shiym yeysh te-philiyn.

To the men there are

taliytot.

la-a-na-shiym yeysh ta-liytot.

To the men there are

tephiliyn and taliytot.

la-a-na-shiym yeysh te-philiyn ve-ta-liy-tot.

Two of the men are

praying.

she-ney ha-a-na-shiym mitpal-liym

The man is big and the

boy is small.

ha-iysh ga-dol ve-ha-ye-led

qa-tan.

vey !,h'K
r;m.l
`!yiLip.T
vey !,h'K
r;m.l
`tyiL;j.w !
yiLip.T
vey !,h'K
r;m.l
`leL;P.tim !,
h'K r;m
`~yiv"n]a
yen.v heNih
`!yiLip.T
vey
~yiv"n]a'l
`tAtyiL;j
vey
~yiv"n]a'l
`tAtyiL;j.w !
yiLip.T vey
~yiv"n]a'l
`~yil.L;P.tim
~yiv"n]a'h
yen.v
`!'j'q
d,l,Y;h.w

The woman is big and the

girl is small.

ha-ish-shah ge-do-lah ve-hayal-dah qe-ta-nah.

The man and the woman

are big.

ha-iysh ve-ha-ish-shah ge-doliym.

The boy and the girl are

small.

hay-ye-led ve-hay-yal-dah
qe-ta-niym.

lAd'G vyia'h
`h"N;j.q
h'D.l:Y;h.w
h'lAd.G
h'Via'h
`~yilAd.G
h'Via'h.w
vyia'h
`~yIN;j.q
h'D.l:Y;h.w
d,l,Y;h

Notes
1. A taliyt is a four cornered garment with the fringes tied at each corner
(Numbers 15:37-41), often called a prayer shawl.
2. Tephiliyn, often called by the Greek name phylacteries, are leather boxes
tied to the forehead and hand when praying (Deuteronomy 6:8). Inside the
boxes are parchment with specific Biblical passages written on them.
3. Many feminine words end with "h'-".

4. Masculine plural words are idenitified with a " ~yi-" suffix. Feminine
plural words are identified with a "tA-" suffix.

5. The participle verbs such as "leL;P.tim" (praying) use the same plural
suffix when more than one are performing the action of the verb. When a
group composed of both masculine and feminine are the subjects of the
verb, the masculine suffix is used for the participle.
6. Adjectives normally follow the noun.

Learn Hebrew Part 2

Lesson 3

Vocabulary
Trans- TransHebrew
lation literation

boy

na-ar

hand

yad

where ay-yeyh

chair

ki-sey

r;
[;n
d"y
hEY
;a
aeS
iK

Translation

Transliteration

table

shul-chan

on, over

al

standing (m.) o-meyd

standing (f.) o-me-det

Participle Verb
Conjugations of dm[ (standing)
Gender
Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

~yid.m
A[
tAd.mA
t,d,mA[
[
demA[

Participle Verb
Conjugations of bvy (sitting)
Gender

Singular

Plural

Masculine

bevAy

~yib.v
Ay

Hebrew

!'x.l
uv
l;[
dem
A[
t,d,
mA[

Feminine

t,b,vAy

tAb.vA
y

Sentences
Translation

Transliteration

Here is a boy.

hin-neyh na-ar.

A boy is a large child.

na-ar ye-led ga-dol.

The name of the boy is

Joseph.

sheym ha-na-ar yo-seyph.

What is on the table? A

book.

mah al ha-shul-chan? seypher.

What is in the hand? A

book.

mah bay-yad? sey-pher.

Where are the books?

ay-yeyh ha-se-pha-riym?

One is in the hand and one

is on the table.

e-chad ba-yad ve-e-chad al

ha-shul-chan.

Here is one boy.

hi-neyh ye-led e-chad

The name of the boy is

Abraham.

sheym hay-ye-led av-raham.

Where is Abraham?

ay-yeyh av-ra-ham?

Hebrew

`r;[;n heNih
`lAd'G d,l,y
r;;[;n
`@esAy r;
[;N;h ~ev
`r,pes ?!'x.lu
V;h l;[ h'm
`r,pes ?d"Y;B
h;m
?~yir'p.S;h
hEY;a
`!'x.luV;h l;
[ d'x,a.w
d"Y;B d'x,a
`d'x,a d,l,y
hENih
`~'h'r.b;a
d,l,Y;h ~ev
?~'h'r.b;a
hEY;a

Abraham is on a chair.

av-ra-ham al ki-sey.

Abraham is standing on
the chair.

av-ra-ham o-meyd al haki-sey.

Here is one girl.

hin-neyh yal-dah a-chat.

The name of the girl is

Sarah.

sheym hay-yal-dah sa-rah.

Where is Sarah?

a-yeyh sa-rah?

Sarah is on a chair.

sa-rah al ki-sey.

Sarah is standing on the

chair.

sa-rah o-me-det al ha-kisey.

Abraham and Sarah are

standing on the chairs.

av-ra-ham ve-sa-rah omdiym al ha-ki-sot

`aeSiK l;
[ ~'h'r.b;a
`aeSiK;h l;
[ demA[ ~'h'r
.b;a
`t;x;a h'D.l:y
hENih
`h'r'f
h'D.l:Y;h ~ev
?h'r'f hEY;a
`aeSiK l;
[ h'r'f
`aeSiK;h l;
[ t,d,mA[ h'r'f
`tAa.siK;h l;
[ ~yid.mA[ h'
r'f.w ~'h'r.b;a

Notes
1. Remember that the "a" vowels are pronounced like the "a" in father. In the
above sentence is the word "d"Y;B". The transliteration for this word is
bay-yad. The first syllable "bay" is pronounced "bahee" (as in good "bye")
not "bay" as in a bay of water.

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Introduction

If you know the Hebrew alephbet, your next step in Biblical Hebrew studies is to
learn sentence and word structure. The following is the first few verses of Genesis
chapter one where we will examine each word, one at a time, explaining their
construction and relationship within the sentence. The final lesson is Genesis chapter
one for you to practice your translation on. You will need the BST Hebrew Font to
view the Hebrew text in these lessons.
Below are a couple resources to assist you in your Biblical Reading. We are including
a singular link below to these but do not make any specific links at each occurence
within the lesson as you will learn quicker when you search for the word, prefix or
suffix within the resources. If you have any questions, comments or suggestions on
these lessons please e-mail us.
Study Resources
Hebrew/English dictionary of common Hebrew words
Prefixes, suffixes and infixes added to Hebrew roots
Hebrew Alphabet

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Hebrew Prefixes, Suffixes and Infixes
Prefixes
The --
To

--

In

--

Like

--

And

--

Which --

Noun Derivatives
---
-----

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

Pronoun Suffixes - Masculine

Singular
Plural
My hand

Our hand

Your hand

Your hand

His hand

Their hand

Pronoun Suffixes - Feminine

Singular
Plural
My hand

Our hand

Your hand

Your hand

Her hand

Their hand

Perfect Tense - Masculine

Singular
Plural

We said

I said

You said

You said

He said

They said

Perfect Tense - Feminine

Singular
Plural

We said

I said

You said

You said

She said

They said

Imperfect Tense - Masculine

Singular
Plural
I say

We say

You say

You say

He says

They say

I say

Imperfect Tense - Feminine

Singular
Plural

We say

You say

You say

She says

They say

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Lesson 1

Genesis 1:1

The is a prefix meaning "inside". This letter is an abbreviated form of the Hebrew
word "( "beyt) meaning "house". The house is where the family resides "inside".
The root word is " "meaning "head".
Words related in meaning to the root are commonly formed by adding certain letters
to the root and all of the words derived from the same root will be related in meaning.
The letters "--" are added to the root to form a new noun, , meaning
"beginning" (The head of a time or space as in the beginning of an event or a river.)
By being able to recognize the prefixes and letters added to a root to form noun
derivatives, one can easily see the root word within the word. There are
approximately 8,000 different words in the Bible, all of which are derived from only
about 1,500 root words. Of these 1,500, about half are used very infrequently in the
Bible. This means that with a good understanding of about 750 root words one can
easily read the Biblical text without memorizing all 8,000 words used within it.

This is a verb (word denoting action). While this word is usually translated as
"create" a better Hebraic translation would be "fatten" or "filled" as what is fattened
is filled up. The Hebrews thought and communicated in concrete terms rather than
abstracts as we do. The word create is an abstract word while the word fatten or filled
are concrete.
Each verb identifies gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and
tense (perfect or imperfect). This verb would literally be translated as "he did
fatten/fill". The "he" is masculine singular and the word "did" indicates perfect tense.
Perfect tense is completed action and is similar to our past tense. Imperfect tense is
incomplete action and is similar to our present or future tense. Notice the difference
of tenses between Hebrew and English. English tenses are related to time while
Hebrew is related to action.

This word is the subject of the verb, the "he" in "he did fatten". Generally the subject

of the verb will follow the verb rather than precede it as in English. In English we say
"John ran fast." but in Hebrew this would be written as "ran John fast".
The root word for this noun is " "meaning "power". This word is used for anyone
or anything which, has "power" and is often translated as "God". The suffix "--"
denotes a plural for masculine nouns. While English plurals denote quantity (more
than one), Hebrew plurals can also denote quality (very large or great). The word "
"can be translated as "gods" (quantity) or "a great god" (quality). The idea of "a
great god" is generally written as "God".
Only through context can it be determined if the plural noun is identifying quantity or
quality. This can be the context within the passage or the sentence structure itself. In
this verse the context of the sentence structure requires this word to be understood as
qualitative since the verb was preceding it states "he (singular) did fatten" and not
"they (plural) did fatten".

This word literally a plow point which creates the furrows in the field and is guided
by the driver of the plow. In order to keep the furrow straight, the driver heads for a
mark in the distance. Therefore, this word is literally "the moving toward a mark".
The word " "is used over 11,000 times (and never translated into English as there is
no equivelent) to point to the direct object of the verb. Some examples of a direct
object are; "Bible", "the book" and "his book" where the "book" is specically
identified". Conversely, an example of an indirect object would be; "a book" where
the book is not specifically identified.

The first letter, "", is another prefix and is usually translated as "the". This prefix is
the short form of the word " "meaning, "to look at something".
The root word is " "and while usually translated as "name" is more literally
"breath". In Hebraic thought your breath is your character, who you are. In the
Hebraic culture one's name was to reflect their character, or "breath".
Again we find the suffix "--" indicating a plural - "breaths" or "winds" of the sky
and best translated as "skies".
Because the "( "the) precedes the word "( "skies), this word is a direct object,
hence, the reason for the word " "before it.


Another very common prefix is the letter "", usually translated as "and". This is the
abbreviated form of the word " "meaning, peg or nail. As a nail attaches two items
together, this prefix attaches two or more things together in a sentence, in this case
"the skies and the land".
Added to this prefix is the word " "which was previously discussed. Because of this
word we know that the word which follows is also a definite object of the verb "".

The letter " "is the prefix meaning "the". The word " "is a common word
meaning "land".

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Lesson 2

Genesis 1:2

As previously discussed the prefix " "is used to attach two parts of a sentence
together but is also used to attach two or more sentences together, in other words
bringing all of the words of one story together. In fact, the entire chapter of Genesis
chapter one is one long story as each sentence begins with a "".
The letter " "is the prefix meaning "the" and the word "", as previously discussed
means "land".

The root word of this verb is "", a very common root literally meaning "to exist" or
"breath" as one who exists breathes but, is usually translated with a form of the
English verb "to be". This verb is made feminine, singular, and perfect tense because
the " "is added at the end of the root. When a " "is added to a root which ends with
a "", the " "is changed to a "". This verb would be literally translated as "she did
exist" where the "she" is the "land" from the previous word.

The root word here is " "meaning "empty". By adding the letter " "to the root, a
noun derivative is formed meaning, "empty" or "void".

The first letter, "", is the prefix meaning "and" and is used to connect the word

following it with the previous word.

The root word is " "meaning, "to fill a void". A common Hebrew word also derived
from this root is "( "bo') and is usually translated as "come" or "go". The English
translations of this word imply movement in a certain direction but the Hebrew
meaning of the word is to "fill a void" and can be either here (come) or there (go).
The " "added after the root forms a noun derivative meaning "void".
There are two styles of poetry seen in the passages we have looked at thus far. The
first is the use of similar sounding words together such as we see with this word and
the previous word - "tohu v'vohu". The other is called parallelism where one idea is
expressed in two separate ways. The first sentence we looked at said that "God filled
the sky and the land" while this sentence says that "the land was unfilled (a void)".
(Hebrew does not write sentences in chronological order as we do.)

The first letter is the prefix meaning "and". The word " "means "dark" or
"darkness".

This word is very common and means "over" or "on".

The root for this word is " "meaning, face. This word is always used in the plural
form "". This word is in the construct state "faces OF....".
When a masculine plural noun is used in the construct state, the letter " "is always
dropped. Also, when the masculine plural is added to a word that ends with the letter
"", the " "is dropped.

A noun derived from the root " "meaning "sea". This derivative, formed by adding
the letter "", has the more specific meaning of "deep sea".

The first letter " "is the prefix meaning "and". The word " "is another Hebrew
word meaning "wind". This word is often translated as "spirit" but again, this is an
abstract word whereas, "wind" is a more concrete word and closer to the meaning of
the Hebrew.

This is the same word discussed previously. When two nouns appear together they are
in the construct state. This word and the word " "would be translated as "wind OF
powers".

The root to this verb is " "meaning, "hover over" such as a bird does over the nest.
The letter " "indicates this verb is feminine singular (she) perfect tense. The letter "
"is a type of verb conjugation to be discussed later. This verb can literally be
translated as "she did hover". The "she" of this word is the " "which is a feminine
word. While most consider the "Spirit" a "he", Biblically, it is a "she".

This is the same word previously discussed meaning "over" or "on".

This word was also previously discussed meaning "faces" and is in the construct state
with the following word.

The first letter " "is the prefix meaning "the". The root word is " "with the
masculine plural suffix "". When a word ends with the letter " "as in this root word
and the masculine plural suffix is added, the " "is dropped.
The word " "means "unknown" and is commonly translated as "what" a word used
to discover an unknown. Another form of this word is " "and is usually translated as
"who", another word used to discover an unknown.
When this word appears in the plural form it always refers to "water". The sea (a
place of large water) is seen as an unknown place, hence, the relationship between

water and an unknown.

Note that the previous sentence contains no verb, a common occurrence in Biblical
Hebrew.

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Lesson 3

Genesis 1:3

The first letter " "is the prefix meaning "and". The root word is "".
Hebrew root words can be used as a noun or a verb. As a noun this root would be "a
word" while as a verb it is "to say". We see a similar occurrence in English as in the
sentence; "He will play Moses in the play". The first use of the word "play" is a verb
while the second is a noun. The context of the sentence as well as the type of prefixes
and suffixes added to the word will tell you if the word is a verb or a noun.
When the letter " "is added to the root "", the word is identified as a verb and can
literally be translated as "he will say" (masculine singular perfect tense). But, since
the letter " "is the prefixed the tense is reversed and becomes "and he did say".

This word has been discussed previously and is the subject of the previous verb.

The root of this word is " "as discussed previously meaning "to exist". The ""
identifies the verb as masculine singular imperfect tense, "he will exist".
When a verb ends with a "", it is often dropped when conjugated. The same is true
for a verb that begins with a " "which is also dropped when the verb is conjugted. All
verbs are three-letter words. If you come across a verb and remove the prefixes and
suffixes and find only two letters remaining, most likely the verb has dropped the
final " "or the beginning "".

A root word meaning "light". This word is the subject of the previous verb.

This is the same verb with the same conjugation as the previous verb but includes the
" "which reverses the tense to perfect and becomes "and he did exist".

The same word meaning, light, and again the subject of the previous verb.

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Lesson 4

Genesis 1:4,5

At this point you should be able to translate verses 4 and 5. Most of the words as well
as the prefixes and suffixes have been covered above with the exception of those
listed below. Once you have translated the verses you can use a translation to check
your work.

To see

To call

To separate

Good

Between

That it is

Night

Day

Evening

Morning

One

To (prefix)

One of the best resources to assist with Biblical reading in Hebrew is a lexicon that
lists every word in the text. With type of lexicon you can look up any word found in
the Bible, including all its prefixes and suffixes, such as the word "". The
lexicon will tell you that the letter " "is a prefix, and that the root for this word is "
". The lexicon will also define the word itself. You can also look up the root and
see all of the other words derived from this root. One of the best lexicons is
"Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon" by Benjamin Davidson.

Learn Biblical Hebrew - Part 3

Lesson 5

Below are links to the Hebrew text of Genesis chapter

one and the book of Ruth in MicroSoft Word Format
and Rich Text Format. Under each line of Hebrew
text is a blank line for you to enter your translation
for Hebrew translation practice. You will also need to
download the appropriate Hebrew font to view the
Hebrew text of the document.

Genesis Chapter One - Word

The Book of Ruth - Word

Genesis Chapter One

#,r'a'h tea.w ~Iy;m'V;h tea ~yih{l/a a'r'B

tyivaer.B 1
____________________________________________
~Ah.t yen.P-l;[ .$,v{x.w Wh{b'w Wh{t h't.y'h
#,r'a'h.w 2
____________________________________________
~Iy'M;h yen.P-l;[ t,p,x;r.m ~yih{l/a ;xWr.w
____________________________________________
rAa-yih.y;w rAa yih.y ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 3
____________________________________________
leD.b;Y;w bAj-yiK rAa'h-t,a ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w 4
____________________________________________
.$,v{x;h !yebW rAa'h !yeB ~yih{l/a
____________________________________________
a'r'q .$,v{x;l.w ~Ay rAa'l ~yih{l/a a'r.qiY;w 5
____________________________________________
d'x,a ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w h'l.y'l
____________________________________________
yihyiw ~Iy'M;h .$At.B ;[yiq'r yih.y ~yih{l/a
r,ma{Y;w 6
____________________________________________
~Iy'm'l ~Iy;m !yeB lyiD.b;m
____________________________________________
~Iy;M;h !yeB leD.b;Y;w ;[yiq'r'h-t,a ~yih{l/a f;
[;Y;w 7
____________________________________________
r,v]a ~Iy;M;h !yebW ;[yiq'r'l t;x;Tim r,v]a
____________________________________________
!ek-yih.y;w ;[yiq'r'l l;[em

____________________________________________
b,r,[-yih.y;w ~Iy'm'v ;[yiq'r'l ~yih{l/a a'r.qiY;w 8
____________________________________________
yinev ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w
____________________________________________
~Iy;m'V;h t;x;Tim ~Iy;M;h Ww'QIy ~yih{l/a
r,ma{Y;w 9
____________________________________________
!ek-yih.y;w h'v'B;Y;h h,a'ret.w d'x,a ~Aq'm-l,a
____________________________________________
~Iy;M;h hew.qim.lW #,r,a h'v'B;Y;l ~yih{l/a
a'r.qiY;w 10
____________________________________________
bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w ~yiM;y a'r'q
____________________________________________
b,fe[ a,v,D #,r'a'h aev.d;T ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w
11
____________________________________________
r,v]a Anyim.l yir.P h,f{[ yir.P #e[ [;r,z ;[yir.z;m
____________________________________________
!ek-yih.y;w #,r'a'h-l;[ Ab-A[.r;z
____________________________________________
[;r,z ;[yir.z;m b,fe[ a,v,D #,r'a'h aecAT;w 12
____________________________________________
Ab-A[.r;z r,v]a yir.P-h,f{[ #e[.w Whenyim.l
____________________________________________
bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w Whenyim.l
____________________________________________
yivyil.v ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w 13
____________________________________________

~Iy;m'V;h ;[yiq.riB t{r{a.m yih.y ~yih{l/a

r,ma{Y;w 14
____________________________________________
t{t{a.l Wy'h.w h'l.y'L;h !yebW ~AY;h !yeB
lyiD.b;h.l
____________________________________________
~yin'v.w ~yim'y.lW ~yid][A{m.lW
____________________________________________
-l;[ ryia'h.l ~Iy;m'V;h ;[yiq.riB t{rAa.mil Wy'h.w
15
____________________________________________
!ek-yih.y;w #,r'a'h
____________________________________________
-t,a ~yil{d.G;h t{r{a.M;h yen.v-t,a ~yih{l/a f;
[;Y;w 16
____________________________________________
rAa'M;h-t,a.w ~AY;h t,l,v.m,m.l l{d'G;h rAa'M;h
____________________________________________
~yib'kAK;h tea.w h'l.y;L;h t,l,v.m,m.l !{j'Q;h
____________________________________________
ryia'h.l ~Iy'm'V;h ;[yiq.riB ~yih{l/a ~'t{a !
eTiY;w 17
____________________________________________
#,r'a'h-l;[
____________________________________________
rAa'h !yeB lyiD.b;h]lW h'l.y;L;bW ~AY;B
l{v.mil.w 18
____________________________________________
bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w .$,v{x;h !yebW
____________________________________________
yi[yib.r ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w 19

____________________________________________
h'Y;x v,p,n #,r,v ~Iy;M;h Wc.r.vIy ~yih{l/a
r,ma{Y;w 20
____________________________________________
~Iy'm'V;h ;[yiq.r yen.P-l;[ #,r'a'h-l;[ @epA[.y
@A[.w
____________________________________________
-l'K tea.w ~yil{d.G;h ~inyiN;T;h-t,a ~yih{l/a
a'r.biY;w 21
____________________________________________
~,henyim.l ~Iy;M;h Wc.r'v r,v]a t,f,m{r'h
h'Y;x;h v,p,n
____________________________________________
bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w Whenyim.l @'n'K @A[l'K tea.w
____________________________________________
Wa.limW Wb.rW Wr.P r{mael ~yih{l/a ~'t{a .
$,r'b.y;w 22
____________________________________________
#,r'a'B b,rIy @A['h.w ~yiM;Y;B ~Iy;M;h-t,a
____________________________________________
yivyim]x ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w 23
____________________________________________
H'nyim.l h'Y;x v,p,n #,r'a'h aecAT ~yih{l/a
r,ma{Y;w 24
____________________________________________
!ek-yih.y;w H'nyim.l #,r,a-At.y;x.w f,m,r'w
h'meh.B
____________________________________________
-t,a.w H'nyim.l #,r'a'h t;Y;x-t,a ~yih{l/a f;[;Y;w
25

____________________________________________
Whenyim.l h'm'd]a'h f,m,r-l'K tea.w H'nyim.l
h'meh.B;h
____________________________________________
bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w
____________________________________________
Wnem.l;c.B ~'d'a h,f][;n ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 26
____________________________________________
~Iy;m'V;h @A[.bW ~'Y;h t;g.dib WD.rIy.w
WnetWm.diK
____________________________________________
fem{r'h f,m,r'h-l'k.bW #,r'a'h-l'k.bW
h'meh.B;bW
____________________________________________
#,r'a'h-l;[
____________________________________________
~,l,c.B Am.l;c.B ~'d'a'h-t,a ~yih{l/a a'r.biY;w 27
____________________________________________
~'t{a a'r'B h'beq.nW r'k'z At{a a'r'B ~yih{l/a
____________________________________________
~yih{l/a ~,h'l r,ma{Y;w ~yih{l/a ~'t{a .
$,r'b.y;w 28
____________________________________________
t;g.diB Wd.rW 'hUv.bik.w #,r'a'h-t,a Wa.limW
Wb.rW Wr.P
____________________________________________
t,f,m{r'h h'Y;x-l'k.bW ~Iy;m'V;h @A[.bW ~'Y;h
____________________________________________
#,r'a'h-l;[
____________________________________________

b,fe[-l'K-t,a ~,k'l yiT;t'n heNih ~yih{l/a

r,ma{Y;w 29
____________________________________________
#e['h-l'K-t,a.w #,r'a'h-l'k yen.P-l;[ r,v]a [;r,z ;
[er{z
____________________________________________
h'l.k'a.l h,y.hIy ~,k'l [;r'z ;[er{z #e[-yir.p ABr,v]a
____________________________________________
l{k.lW ~Iy;m'V;h @A[-l'k.lW #,r'a'h t;Y;x-l'k.lW
30
____________________________________________
q,r,y-l'K-t,a h'Y;x v,p,n AB-r,v]a #,r'a'h-l;[ femAr
____________________________________________
!ek-yih.y;w h'l.k'a.l b,fe[
____________________________________________
bAj-heNih.w h'f'[ r,v]a-l'K-t,a ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w 31
____________________________________________
yiViV;h ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w d{a.m
____________________________________________

Ruth Chapter One

tyBemi vyai %l,YEw: #r,a'B' b['r' yhiy>w:

~yjip.Voh; jpov. ymeyBi yhiy>w: 1
________________________________________________
`wyn"b' ynEv.W ATv.aiw> aWh ba'Am ydef.B
rWgl' hd'Why> ~x,l,i
________________________________________________
!Alx.m; wyn"b'-ynEv. ~vew> ymi[\n" ATv.ai
~vew> %l,m,ylia/ vyaih' ~vew> 2
________________________________________________
`~v'-Wyh.YIw: ba'Am-ydef. WaboY"w: hd'Why>
~x,l,tyBemi ~ytir'p.a, !Ayl.kiw>
________________________________________________
`h'yn<b' ynEv.W ayhi raeV'Tiw: ymi[\n" vyai
%l,m,ylia/ tm'Y"w: 3
________________________________________________
tWr tynIVeh; ~vew> hP'r>[' tx;a;h' ~ve
tAYbia]mo ~yvin" ~h,l' Waf.YIw: 4
________________________________________________
`~ynIv' rf,[,K. ~v' Wbv.YEw:
________________________________________________
h'yd,l'y> ynEV.mi hV'aih' raeV'Tiw: !Ayl.kiw> !
Alx.m; ~h,ynEv.-~g: WtWmY"w: 5
________________________________________________
`Hv'yaimeW
________________________________________________
ba'Am hdef.Bi h['m.v' yKi ba'Am ydeF.mi
bv'T'w: h'yt,L{k;w> ayhi ~q'T'w: 6
________________________________________________
`~x,l' ~h,l' ttel' AM[;-ta, hw"hy> dq;p'-yKi

________________________________________________
hn"k.l;Tew: HM'[i h'yt,L{k; yTev.W hM'v'-ht'y>h'
rv,a] ~AqM'h;-!mi aceTew: 7
________________________________________________
`hd'Why> #r,a,-la, bWvl' %r,D,b;
________________________________________________
HM'ai tybel. hV'ai hn"b.Vo hn"k.le h'yt,L{k;
yTev.li ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 8
________________________________________________
`ydIM'[iw> ~ytiMeh;-~[i ~t,yfi[] rv,a]K ds,x,
~k,M'[i hw"hy> f[;y: hf,[]y:;
________________________________________________
!h,l' qV;Tiw: Hv'yai tyBe hV'ai
hx'Wnm. !"ac,m.W ~k,l' hw"hy> !TeyI 9
________________________________________________
`hn"yK,b.Tiw: !l'Aq hn"aF,Tiw:
________________________________________________
`%Me[;l. bWvn" %T'ai-yKi HL'-hn"r>m;aTow: 10
________________________________________________
~ynIb' yli-dA[h; yMi[i hn"k.l;te hM'l' yt;nOb.
hn"b.vo ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 11
________________________________________________
`~yvin"a]l; ~k,l' Wyh'w> y[;meB.
________________________________________________
yli-vy< yTir>m;a' yKi vyail. tAyh.mi yTin>q;z"
yKi !"k.le yt;nOb. hn"b.vo 12
________________________________________________
`~ynIb' yTid>l;y" ~g:w> vyail hl'y>L;h; ytiyyIh'
~G: hw"q.ti.
________________________________________________

tAyh/ yTil.bil. hn"gE['Te !hel'h] WlD'g>yI rv,a]

d[; hn"r>Bef;T. !hel'h] 13
________________________________________________
`hw"hy>-dy: ybi ha'c.y"-yKi ~K,mi daom ylirm;-yKi yt;nOB. la; vyail..
________________________________________________
tWrw> Ht'Amx]l; hP'r>[' qV;Tiw:
dA[ hn"yK,b.Tiw: !l'Aq hn"F,Tiw: 14
________________________________________________
`HB' hq'b.D'
________________________________________________
yrex]a; ybiWv h'yh,l{a/-la,w> HM'[;-la,
%Tem.biy> hb'v' hNEhi rm,aTow: 15
________________________________________________
`%Tem.biy>
________________________________________________
yKi %yIr'x]a;me bWvl' %bez>['l. ybi-y[iG>p.Tila; tWr rm,aTow: 16
________________________________________________
%yIh;l{awE yMi[; %Me[; !ylia' ynIyliT' rv,a]b;W
%leae ykil.Te rv,a]-la,
________________________________________________
`yh'l{a/
________________________________________________
hkow> yli hw"hy> hf,[]y: hKo rbeQ'a, ~v'w>
tWma' ytiWmT' rv,a]B; 17
________________________________________________
`%nEybeW ynIyBe dyrIp.y: tw<M'h; yKi @ysiyO
________________________________________________
`h'yl,ae rBed;l. lD;x.T,w: HT'ai tk,l,l' ayhi
tc,M,a;t.mi-yKi ar,Tew: 18

________________________________________________
~x,l,tyBe hn"a'boK. yhiy>w: ~x,l'tyBe
hn"a'Bo-d[; ~h,yTev. hn"k.l;Tew: 19
________________________________________________
`ymi[\n" tazOh] hn"r>m;aTow !h,yle[] ry[ih'-lK'
~hoTew::
________________________________________________
rm;he-yKi ar'm' yli !"ar,q. ymi[\n" yli hn"ar,q.Tila; !h,ylea] rm,aTow: 20
________________________________________________
`daom. yli yD;v;
________________________________________________
yli hn"ar,q.ti hM'l' hw"hy> ynIb;yvih/ ~q'yrew>
yTik.l;h' ha'lem. ynIa] 21
________________________________________________
`yli [r;he yD;v;w> ybi hn"[' hw"hyw: ymi[\n"
________________________________________________
ba'Am ydeF.mi hb'V'h; HM'[i Ht'L'k; hY"bia]AMh;
tWrw> ymi[\n" bv'T'w: 22
________________________________________________
`~yrI[of. ryciq. tL;xit.Bi ~x,l,tyBe WaB'
hM'hew>
_______________________________________________
Ruth Chapter Two

tx;P;v.Mimi lyIx; rABGI vyai Hv'yail. [d;Am

[D'yUm. ymi[\n"l.W 1
________________________________________________
`z[;Bo Amv.W %l,m,ylia/

________________________________________________
hj'q\l;a]w: hd,F'h; aN"-hk'l.ae ymi[\n"-la,
hY"bia]AMh; tWr rm,aTow: 2
________________________________________________
`yTibi ykil. Hl' rm,aTow: wyn"y[eB !xe-ac'm.a,
rv,a] rx;a; ~yliB\Vib;.
________________________________________________
h'r,q.mi rq,YIw: ~yrIc.Qoh; yrex]a; hd,F'B;
jQel;T.w: aAbT'w: %l,Tew: 3
________________________________________________
`%l,m,ylia/ tx;P;v.Mimi rv,a] z[;bol. hd,F'h;
tq;l.x,
________________________________________________
~k,M'[i hw"hy> ~yrIc.AQl; rm,aYOw:
~x,l,tyBemi aB' z[;bo-hNEhiw> 4
________________________________________________
`hw"hy> ^k.r,b'y> Al Wrm.aYOw:
________________________________________________
`taZOh; hr'[]N:h; ymil. ~yrIc.AQh;-l[; bC'NIh;
Ar[]n:l. z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 5
________________________________________________
ayhi hY"bia]Am hr'[]n: rm;aYOw: ~yrIc.AQh;-l[;
bC'NIh; r[;N:h; ![;Y:w: 6
________________________________________________
`ba'Am hdeF.mi ymi[\n"-~[i hb'V'h;
________________________________________________
aAbT'w: ~yrIc.AQh; yrex]a; ~yrIm'[\b'
yTip.s;a'w> aN"-hj'q\l;a] rm,aTow: 7
________________________________________________
`j['m. tyIB;h; HT'b.vi hz< hT'[;-d[;w> rq,Boh;
za'me dAm[]T;w:

________________________________________________
jqol.li ykil.Te-la; yTiBi T.[;m;v' aAlh] tWr-la, z[;Bo
rm,aYOw: 8
________________________________________________
`yt'ro[]n:-~[i !yqiB'd>ti hkow> hZ<mi yrIWb[]t;
al{ ~g:w> rxea; hd,f'B.
________________________________________________
ytiyWIci aAlh] !h,yrex]a; T.k.l;h'w> !Wrcoq.yIrv,a] hd,F'B; %yIn:y[e 9
________________________________________________
tytiv'w> ~yliKeh;-la, T.k.l;h'w> tmic'w> %
[eg>n" yTil.bil. ~yrI['N>h;-ta,
________________________________________________
`~yrI['N>h; !Wba]v.yI rv,a]me
________________________________________________
ytiac'm' [;WDm; wyl'ae rm,aTow: hc'r>a'
WxT;v.Tiw: h'yn<P'-l[; lPoTiw: 10
________________________________________________
`hY"rIk.n" ykinOa'w> ynIreyKih;l. ^yn<y[eB. !
xe
________________________________________________
%teAmx]-ta, tyfi['-rv,a] lKo yli dG:hu dGEhu Hl'
rm,aYOw: z[;Bo ![;Y:w: 11
________________________________________________
ykil.Tew: %Ted>l;Am #r,a,w> %Meaiw> %ybia'
ybiz>[;T;w: %veyai tAm yrex]a;
________________________________________________
`~Avl.vi lAmT. T.[;d;y"-al{ rv,a] ~[;-la,
________________________________________________
yhel{a/ hw"hy> ~[ime hm'lev. %Ter>Kuf.m;
yhit.W %le[\P' hw"hy> ~Lev;y> 12

________________________________________________
`wyp'n"K.-tx;T; tAsx]l; taB'-rv,a] laer'f.yI
________________________________________________
T'r>B;dI ykiw> ynIT'm.x;nI yKi ynIdoa]
^yn<y[eB. !xe-ac'm.a, rm,aTow: 13
________________________________________________
`^yt,xop.vi tx;a;K. hy<h.a, al{ ykinOa'w>
^t,x'p.vi ble-l[;
________________________________________________
~x,L,h;-!mi T.l.k;a'w> ~l{h] yviGO lk,aoh' t[el.
z[;bo hl' rm,aYOw: 14
________________________________________________
yliq' Hl'-jB'c.YIw: ~yrIc.AQh; dC;mi bv,Tew:
#m,xoB; %TePi T.l.b;j'w>
________________________________________________
`rt;Tow: [B;f.Tiw: lk;aTow:
________________________________________________
~yrIm'[\h' !yBe ~G: rmoale wyr'['n>-ta, z[;Bo
wc;y>w: jQel;l. ~q'T'w: 15
________________________________________________
`h'Wmylik.t; al{w> jQel;T.
________________________________________________
al{w> hj'Q.liw> ~T,b.z:[]w: ~ytib'C.h;-!mi Hl'
WLvoT'-lvo ~g:w> 16
________________________________________________
`Hb'-Wr[]g>ti
________________________________________________
yhiy>w: hj'Qeli-rv,a] tae jBox.T;w: br,['h'-d[;
hd,F'B; jQel;T.w: 17
________________________________________________
`~yrI[of. hp'yaeK.

________________________________________________
aceATw: hj'Qeli-rv,a] tae Ht'Amx] ar,Tew: ry[ih'
aAbT'w: aF'Tiw: 18
________________________________________________
`H['b.F'mi hr'tiAh-rv,a] tae Hl'-!T,Tiw:
________________________________________________
yhiy> tyfi[' hn"a'w> ~AYh; T.j.Q;li hpoyae
Ht'Amx] Hl' rm,aTow: 19
________________________________________________
rm,aTow: AM[i ht'f.['-rv,a] tae Ht'Amx]l; dGET;w:
%WrB' %reyKim;
________________________________________________
`z[;Bo ~AYh; AM[i ytiyfi[' rv,a] vyaih' ~ve
________________________________________________
bz:['-al{ rv,a] hw"hyl; aWh %WrB' Ht'L'k;l.
ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 20
________________________________________________
Wnl' bArq' ymi[\n" Hl' rm,aTow: ~ytiMeh;-ta,w>
~yYIx;h;-ta, ADs.x
________________________________________________
`aWh Wnlea]GOmi vyaih';
________________________________________________
~yrI['N>h;-~[i yl;ae rm;a'-yKi ~G: hY"bia]AMh;
tWr rm,aTow: 21
________________________________________________
`yli-rv,a] ryciQ'h;-lK' tae WLKi-~ai d[; !
yqiB'd>Ti yli-rv,a]
________________________________________________
yaic.te yKi yTiBi bAj Ht'L'K; tWr-la, ymi[\n"
rm,aTow: 22
________________________________________________

`rxea; hd,f'B. %b'-W[G>p.yI al{w> wyt'Ar[]n:~[i

________________________________________________
~yrI[oF.h;-ryciq. tAlK.-d[; jQel;l. z[;Bo tAr[]n:B.
qB;d>Tiw: 23
________________________________________________
`Ht'Amx]-ta, bv,Tew: ~yJixih; ryciq.W
________________________________________________
Ruth Chapter Three

rv,a] x;Anm' %l'-vQ,b;a] al{h] yTiBi Ht'Amx]

ymi[\n" Hl' rm,aTow: 1
________________________________________________
`%l'-bj;yyI
________________________________________________
hr,zO aWh-hNEhi wyt'Ar[]n:-ta, tyyIh' rv,a]
WnT'[.d;mo z[;bo al{h] hT'[;w> 2
________________________________________________
`hl'y>L'h; ~yrI[oF.h; !r,GO-ta,
________________________________________________
yTid>r;y"w> %yIl;[' %yIt;l{m.fi
%tel{m.fi T.m.f;w> T.k.s;w" T.c.x;r'w> 3
________________________________________________
`tATv.liw> lkoa/l, AtL{K; d[;vyail' y[id>W"Ti-la; !
r,GOh; T.d>r;y"w>
________________________________________________
tyLigIw> tab'W ~v'-bK;v.yI rv,a] ~AqM'h;-ta, T.
[;d;y"w> Abk.v'b. yhiywI 4
________________________________________________

`!yfi[]T; rv,a] tae %l' dyGIy: aWhw>

T.b.k'v'w> yTib.k'v'w> wyt'l{G>r>m;
________________________________________________
`hf,[/a, yl;ae $k yrIm.aTo-rv,a] lKo h'yl,ae
rm,aTow: 5
________________________________________________
`Ht'Amx] hT'W:ci-rv,a] lkoK. f[;T;w: !r,GOh;
dr,Tew: 6
________________________________________________
hm're[]h' hceq.Bi bK;v.li aboY"w: ABli bj;yYIw:
T.v.YEw: z[;Bo lk;aYOw: 7
________________________________________________
`bK'v.Tiw: wyt'l{G>r>m; lg:T.w: jL'b; aboT'w:
________________________________________________
tb,k,vo hV'ai hNEhiw> tpeL'YIw: vyaih'
dr;x/Y<w: hl'y>L;h; ycix]B; yhiy>w: 8
________________________________________________
`wyt'l{G>r>m;
________________________________________________
^p,n"k. T'f.r;p'W ^t,m'a] tWr ykinOa' rm,aTow:
Ta'-ymi rm,aYOw: 9
________________________________________________
`hT'a' laegO yKi ^t.m'a]-l[;
________________________________________________
!Arx]a;h' %Des.x; T.b.j;yhe yTiBi hw"hyl; T.a;
hk'WrB. rm,aYOw: 10
________________________________________________
`ryvi['-~aiw> lD;-~ai ~yrIWxB;h; yrex]a; tk,l,yTil.bil. !AvarIh'-!mi
________________________________________________

[;deAy yKi %L'-hf,[/a, yrIm.aTo-rv,a] lKo

yair>yTi-la; yTiBi hT'[;w> 11
________________________________________________
`T.a' lyIx; tv,ae yKi yMi[; r[;v;-lK'
________________________________________________
bArq' laeGO vyE ~g:w> ykinOa' laegO qq
~ai yKi ~n"m.a' yKi hT'[;w> 12
________________________________________________
al{-~aiw> la'g>yI bAj %lea'g>yI-~ai rq,Bob;
hy"h'w> hl'y>L;h; ynIyli 13
________________________________________________
`rq,Boh;-d[; ybik.vi hw"hy>-yx; ykinOa'
%yTil.a;g>W %lea\g"l. #Pox.y:
________________________________________________
~Arj.Bi ~q'T'w: rq,Boh;-d[; wyt'AlG>r>m;
Atl'G>r>m; bK;v.Tiw: 14
________________________________________________
hV'aih' ha'b'-yKi [d;W"yI-la; rm,aYOw: Wh[ereta, vyai ryKiy: ~r,j,B.
________________________________________________
`!r,GOh;
________________________________________________
dm'Y"w: HB' zx,aTow: Hb'-yzIx\a,w> %yIl;['-rv,a]
tx;P;j.Mih; ybih' rm,aYOw: 15
________________________________________________
`ry[ih' aboY"w: h'yl,[' tv,Y"w: ~yrI[of.-vve
________________________________________________
tae Hl'-dG<T;w: yTiBi T.a;-ymi rm,aTow:
Ht'Amx]-la, aAbT'w: 16
________________________________________________
`vyaih' Hl'-hf'[' rv,a]-lK'

________________________________________________
yl;ae $k rm;a' yKi yli !t;n" hL,aeh'
~yrI[oF.h;-vve rm,aTow: 17
________________________________________________
`%teAmx]-la, ~q'yre yaiAbT'-la;
________________________________________________
al{ yKi rb'D' lPoyI %yae !y[id>Te rv,a] d[; yTibi
ybiv. rm,aTow: 18
________________________________________________
`~AYh; rb'D'h; hL'Ki-~ai-yKi vyaih' jqov.yI
________________________________________________
Ruth Chapter Four

z[;Bo-rB,DI rv,a] rbe[o laeGOh; hNEhiw> ~v'

bv,YEw: r[;V;h; hl'[' z[;boW 1
________________________________________________
`bveYEw: rs;Y"w: ynImol.a; ynIl{P. hPo-hb'v.
hr'Ws rm,aYOw:
________________________________________________
`WbveYEw: hpo-Wbv. rm,aYOw: ry[ih' ynEq.ZImi
~yvin"a] hr'f'[] xQ;YIw: 2
________________________________________________
hr'k.m' %l,m,ylia/l, Wnyxia'l. rv,a] hd,F'h; tq;l.x,
laeGOl; rm,aYOw: 3
________________________________________________
`ba'Am hdeF.mi hb'V'h; ymi[\n"
________________________________________________
ynEq.zI dg<n<w> ~ybiv.YOh; dg<n< hnEq.
rmoale ^n>z>a' hl,g>a, yTir>m;a' ynIa]w: 4

________________________________________________
h['d>aew> [d;aew> yLi hd'yGIh; la;g>yI
al{-~aiw> la'G> la;g>Ti-~ai yMi[;
________________________________________________
`la'g>a, ykinOa' rm,aYOw: ^yr,x]a; ykinOa'w>
lAag>li ^t.l'Wz !yae yKi
________________________________________________
tWr taemeW ymi[\n" dY:mi hd,F'h; ^t.Anq.~AyB. z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 5
________________________________________________
tMeh;-~ve ~yqih'l. ht'ynIq' ytiynIq' tMeh;tv,ae hY"bia]AMh;
________________________________________________
`Atl'x]n:-l[;
________________________________________________
tyxiv.a;-!P, yli-la'g>li -lAag>li lk;Wa
al{ laeGOh; rm,aYOw: 6
________________________________________________
`laog>li lk;Wa-al{ yKi ytiL'auG>-ta, hT'a; ^l.la;G> ytil'x]n:-ta,
________________________________________________
~YEq;l. hr'WmT.h;-l[;w> hL'WaG>h;-l[;
laer'f.yIB. ~ynIp'l. tazOw> 7
________________________________________________
`laer'f.yIB. hd'W[T.h; tazOw> Wh[erel. !t;n"w>
Al[]n: vyai @l;v' rb'D'-lK'
________________________________________________
`Al[]n: @l{v.YIw: %l'-hnEq. z[;bol. laeGOh;
rm,aYOw: 8
________________________________________________

ytiynIq' yKi ~AYh; ~T,a; ~ydI[e ~['h'-lk'w>

~ynIqeZ>l; z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 9
________________________________________________
`ymi[\n" dY:mi !Alx.m;W !Ayl.kil. rv,a]-lK' taew>
%l,m,ylia/l, rv,a]-lK'-ta,
________________________________________________
~yqih'l. hV'ail. yli ytiynIq' !Alx.m; tv,ae
hY"bia]Moh; tWr-ta, ~g:w> 10
________________________________________________
r[;V;miW wyx'a, ~[ime tMeh;-~ve treK'yI-al{w>
Atl'x]n:-l[; tMeh;-~ve
________________________________________________
`~AYh; ~T,a; ~ydI[e AmAqm.
________________________________________________
hw"hy> !TeyI ~ydI[e ~ynIqeZ>h;w> r[;V;B;rv,a] ~['h'-lK' Wrm.aYOw: 11
________________________________________________
~h,yTev. WnB' rv,a] ha'lek.W lxer'K. ^t,yBe-la,
ha'B'h; hV'aih'-ta,
________________________________________________
`~x,l'tybeB. ~ve-ar'q.W ht'r'p.a,B. lyIx;-hfe[]w:
laer'f.yI tyBe-ta,
________________________________________________
[r;Z<h;-!mi hd'Whyli rm't' hd'l.y"-rv,a] #r,P,
tybeK. ^t.ybe yhiywI 12
________________________________________________
`taZOh; hr'[]N:h;-!mi ^l. hw"hy> !TeyI rv,a]
________________________________________________
hw"hy> !TeYIw: h'yl,ae aboY"w: hV'ail. AlyhiT.w: tWr-ta, z[;Bo xQ;YIw: 13
________________________________________________

`!Be dl,Tew: !Ayr'he Hl'

________________________________________________
tyBiv.hi al{ rv,a] hw"hy> %WrB' ymi[\n"-la,
~yviN"h; hn"r>m;aTow: 14
________________________________________________
`laer'f.yIB. Amv. areQ'yIw> ~AYh; laeGO %l'
________________________________________________
%teL'k; yKi %teb'yfe-ta, lKel.k;l.W vp,n<
byvimel. %l' hy"h'w> 15
________________________________________________
`~ynIB' h['b.Vimi %l' hb'Aj ayhi-rv,a] WTd;l'y>
%t,b;hea]-rv,a]
________________________________________________
`tn<m,aol. Al-yhiT.w: Hq'yxeb. WhteviT.w:
dl,Y<h;-ta, ymi[\n" xQ;Tiw: 16
________________________________________________
hn"ar,q.Tiw: ymi[\n"l. !Be-dL;yU rmoale ~ve
tAnkeV.h; Al hn"ar,q.Tiw: 17
________________________________________________
@ `dwId' ybia] yv;yI-ybia] aWh dbeA[ Amv.
________________________________________________
`!Arc.x,-ta, dyliAh #r,P, #r,P' tAdl.AT hL,aew> 18
________________________________________________
`bd'n"yMi[;-ta, dyliAh ~r'w> ~r'-ta, dyliAh !
Arc.x,w> 19
________________________________________________
`hm'l.f;-ta, dyliAh !Avx.n:w> !Avx.n:-ta, dyliAh
bd'n"yMi[;w> 20
________________________________________________
`dbeA[-ta, dyliAh z[;boW z[;Bo-ta, dyliAh !
Aml.f;w> 21

________________________________________________
`dwID'-ta, dyliAh yv;yIw> yv'yI-ta, dyliAh
dbe[ow> 22
________________________________________________