1

Design Of Automatic Temperature Control

System Based Microcontroller ATMega8535
InfiantoBoimau, Endarko
Department Of Physics, Faculty Of Mathematics And Natural Science
Jl. AriefRahman Hakim, Surabaya 60111
E-mail: yanse_bb@yahoo.co.id
Abstract-Temperature is a physical variable that is essential
in everyday because temperature change leads to changes in
some physical variables so that this condition requires a
control system. In this study design has been made automatic
temperature control system based on microcontroller which
aims to keep the temperature in a room is at a certain value as
desired. Temperature sensing using LM35 temperature sensor
and is managed by a microcontroller ATMega8535 to be
displayed on the LCD 2x16 characters and made the process
of controlling the room temperature setpoint by a
predetermined value. The process of temperature control was
performed on a lamp as a heater and two fans as cooler. The
control system is built by using four temperature sensors
placed on the sides of the room so that the control can be
conducted with referencing to the measurement of the four
sensors. The test results and data analysis show that the
control system has been built to run well and be able to
maintain the temperature of the system to remain on the
setpoint value.
Keyword-Temperature control, LM35 temperature sensor,
microcontroller ATMega8535.

I. INTRODUCTION
The temperature of a room that is not isolated to the
environment has a tendency to undergo temperature changes
when the temperature changes. This will continue to happen
until the ambient temperature and the room temperature reach
the equilibrium. In system like this, need to control the
temperature so the temperature of the room can be set and
maintained at a certain value to our liking even though the
ambient temperature changes.
Temperature control system is needed in the testing
laboratory and the industrial world. This is because some
physical quantities can change with changes in temperature,
such as the volume of a liquid, a solid length, gas pressure at
constant volume, the electrical resistance of a conductor and
the color of an object [1]. While in industry control system it
is needed among other things to ensure that a product is not
defective, ensuring that the engine produces the same
temperature in the production process, creating a suitable
environment for a product that can thrive and others.
The temperature control system is often not optimal to keep
a uniform temperature distribution. This requires a method of
controlling a well-integrated system that creates an
environment that has a uniform temperature in every part of
the room were controlled.

Performing a temperature sensing requires a sensor. The

temperature sensor is a device that functions for temperature
sensing and converts electrical signals into a form such as
custody, strong currents and voltages through several stages of
conversion. In its application, the choice of temperature
sensors depends on several things, such as the required
temperature range, linearity, accuracy, price, property, and
compatibility with electronic circuit design support [2].
LM35 temperature sensor is a temperature sensing
providing an output voltage proportional to the measured
temperature, in degrees Celsius. IC LM35 has a high level of
linearity with a sensitivity of 10mV/ 0 C so that the sensor can
do the sensing temperature for every 1 0 C change in
temperature resulting changes in the voltage of 10mV. IC
LM35 has low self-heating of less than 0.5 0 C, so the level of
errors in temperature readings will be low. Another advantage
of the LM35 is a small current consumption of less than 60A
[3].
Work arrangements in the sensing and temperature control
are set by a microcontroller. Microcomputer is a computer
system that all or part of its elements packaged in a single IC
chip, called single chip microcomputer [4]. Microcontroller
consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, input /
output, bus, clock, and other connected and organized internal
devices [5]. Microcontroller is resulted from the development
of semiconductor technology which results a chip with a very
fast computation capability in a small form factor and low
prices [6]. Microcontroller ATMega8535 is an 8-bit
microcontroller AVR microcontroller family that has been
equipped with 8 channels Analog to Digital Converter (ADC),
which serves to convert analog signals into digital signals [7].
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a viewer that is absolutely
necessary as a source of primary information giver and the
most widely used because it looks interesting and low power
consumption. LCD is equipped with a chip that functions as
the HD44780 LCD controller that has a Character Generator
Read Only Memory (CGROM), Character Generator Random
Access Memory (CGRAM), and Display Data Random
Access Memory (DDRAM) [8]. Controlling the lights and fan
mechanical equipment through the relay contacts working
principle is based on the nature of the electromagnetic voltage
regulated through the provision of a microcontroller that relay
becomes ON/OF.

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LCD1

II. METHOD

RS
RW
E

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

VSS
VDD
VEE

RV2

4
5
6

Vcc

1
2
3

The control temperature system space built consists of five

parts, namely the LM35 sensor as sensing element,
ATMega8535 microcontroller as the central control system
settings, the LCD as a viewer to provide information, relay
driver circuit for controlling lights and fans, and power supply
circuit to provide a voltage source for the whole set as
necessary. Sensor LM35 will perceive the room temperature
and then the results are sent to the microcontroller
ATMega8535 to be managed as useful information. Before the
signals from the sensors managed by the microcontroller it
must be converted first to digital signals because the signal
shape of the sensor is in an analog signal form. The
conversion process will be carried out by the internal ADC
ATMega8535 owned by the microcontroller 10-bit wide data.
Signal conversion result is then processed by the
microcontroller to obtain the value of the room temperature
after sensing displayed on the LCD to provide information to
the user. The value of sensing sensor result will also be used
as input to evaluate the room temperature to stay at setpoint
value by controlling the fans and lights automatically through
relay driver. The design of the room temperature control
system built in full can be seen in Figure 1.

LM032L

PC.4...7
PC.0...2

10k

AC 220 V

RL1

LAMPU

12V

D1
1N4002

Q1

R1

BD139
1k

R3
100R

D3
LED-RED

R2
100R

D2
LED-RED

Figure 2. Each block circuit temperature control system

Start
Initialization I/O ports,
variable and constanta
Take temperature of the
LM35

Figure 1. Block diagram of system design room temperature

The hardware techniques are designed separately within a
few blocks of the circuit includes power supply circuit
regulated +5 VDC, VDV +9, and +12 VDC, sensor LM35,
2x16 character LCD, ATMega8535 minimum system
microcontroller and relay driver circuit. Each block is tested
and then proceed with the testing of the overall system. Circuit
in each block can be seen in Figure 2. Besides, the software
design is also divided into several separate procedures so
much easier to do testing and checking the error of the
program. Temperature control program flow diagram is shown
in Figure 3.
The measurement techniques conducted on the direct
measurement of the variables to be measured are temperature
and voltage measurements on each block of the circuit and
indirect measurement including the sensitivity and linearity of
the sensor. Data analysis technique used consists of a
graphical method and error analysis. Plot data is done using
the Microsoft Excel program. With the graphical method, the
relationship between two variables obtained from the
measurements, the shape equation approach, and the slope of
the initial value will be determined. Meanwhile, by using the
error analysis, it will determine percentage of deviation
between the results of measurements and calculations.

LM35 value conversion to

digital signals
Calculate the temperature of
the LM35
Show the value of the
temperature on the LDC

Whether the
temperature sensor
1>=30C?

No
Whether the
temperature sensor
1<30C?

Yes
Whether the
temperature sensor
2>=30C?

No

Whether the
temperature sensor
3>=30C?

No

Yes
Lamp OFF
Fan ON

No

No

Yes
Whether the
temperature sensor
3<30C?

Yes
Whether the
temperature sensor
4>=30C?

Yes
Whether the
temperature sensor
2<30C?

Yes

No

No

Yes
Whether the
temperature sensor
4<30C?

No

Yes
Lamp ON
Fan OFF

End

Figure 3. Flowchart program temperature control system

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The system for run optimally will require testing of
individual circuit blocks and test consistency of the whole
system. Testing of the system includes hardware testing and
system performance testing designed by the function 4.87 V
8.95 V and 11.89 V are obtained in testing of the power
supply, at the output of each ofLM7805, LM7809 and
LM7812 regulator series of power supplies which are built.
Tests on the LCD and the microcontroller are done by certain
posts on the LCD display. Meanwhile, testing the relay driver
built is done with the ON/OFF relay through regulation by the
microcontroller. The results of system design built can be seen
in Figure 4.

Figure 4. The control system design

Tests on several blocks of the system and the results of
performance testing of prototype designs include:
1. LM35 temperature sensor calibration
LM35 Sensor tests carried out to obtain which sensor that
has the same measurements with a standard thermometer. In
this study, the four sensors used do not have the same
detection compare with analog thermometer (mercury
thermometer) so we need calibration. Testing is done by
placing the four sensors and analog thermometer at the same
point for sensing the temperature at that point while the
temperature of the place is changed. Sensor calibration
performed on the water has a temperature ranging from 15 C
to 60 C. The results of the four sensor calibration are shown
in Figure 5.

Figure 5.Sensor calibration graph

Each calibration result from the four sensors has a linear
regression of 0.999 and the linear equations obtained are used
as a correction to calculate the temperature of LM3. From
linear equations of each sensor, it can be seen that the variable
y is the temperature measured by a thermometer analog
whereas x is the temperature measured by the sensor LM35.
Thus, we get four equation corrections to the LM35 sensor
readings.
2. ADC testing
To determine the relationship between the ADC conversion
data to enter the ADC voltage can be determined by providing
a voltage across the potentiometer to the ADC input. Plot
ADC test results can be seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6. ADC test result charts

From Figure 6 above, it shows that the amount of voltage
conversion input factors to become digital data by ADC is
equal to 50.84 times with offsets of 1.125.
3. Testing control response
Responses to run the prototype in process control are a
benchmark for the performance and effectiveness of the
prototype in the process control. Tests on the response of the
control in response to changes in temperature to keep the room
temperature remains at setpoint value are shown in Figure 7.

Table 1. The results of testing the control system

The test results of the prototype show that, the temperature

in every side of the space are in the hold fixed setpoint based
on the determined value. In the table above, it can be observed
that when the temperature measured by the four sensors under
the setpoint value, the light will be ON while the fan will be
OFF. Meanwhile, when the temperature measured by the four
sensors is above the setpoint value, the light will go OFF and
the fan will go ON. In this condition, when one of the sensors
that perceive the temperature has a value below the setpoint
value light will be ON and the fan will be OFF, this condition
will be maintained until the temperature of the four sensors
shows a value above the setpoint then the light will go OFF
and back ON the fan. This system will be maintained
continuously until there is another treatment of the user.
Figure 7. Prototype response graph
Testing is done with a value of 30 C and the setpoint of
the graph can be seen that each sensor has a different
optimization response. This is due to poor air circulation in the
system so every corner of the room has no similar temperature
distribution. According to the four graphs above, an average
deviation from the setpoint value of each sensor was obtained
at 0.533 C, 0.238 C, 0.266 C, and 0.616 C.
4. Testing the entire system
Testing of the entire system is intended to determine the
performance of the prototype that was built in temperature
control chamber. Control is done by referring to the results of
the four sensing sensors placed on each side of the room so as
to create a temperature spread fairly evenly on each sides of
the room. The results of testing the control system can be seen
in Table 1.

IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of testing and data analysis, then some
conclusions are obtained as follows:
1) Internal ADC ATMega8535 owned by the microcontroller
has good linearity to be used as a digital signal converter.
2) LM35 temperature sensor can perceive the exact
temperature after calibration with an analog thermometer.
3) The control system built has pretty good control response
with an average error of each sensor owned by 0.533 C,
0.238 C, 0.266 C, and 0.616 C of the setpoint value
(30).
4) The control system built as a whole is able to work well in
controlling the room temperature.

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