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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2315997, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
I. INTRODUCTION
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C1
R1
R2
C2
k12
RS
L1
VS
L2
RL
Parameter
RS
L1
C1
R1
k23
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF 2-COIL WPT
Value
Parameter
50
L2
20H
C2
12.67pF
R2
0.5
RL
0.001-0.3
f0
Value
20H
12.67pF
0.5
50
10MHz
RS
VS
Zin
Zin magnitude, ()
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. Circuit model. (a) Model of 2-coil WPT; (b) simplified equivalent
circuit.
Fig. 2. Zin magnitude of 2-coil WPT. The green line indicates Zin magnitude at
natural frequency and red lines at bifurcated frequencies.
1.2
x 107
1.15
ZPA frequency, f (Hz)
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
Critically coupled
0.9
0.85
0.35
0.3
0.05
1
jC2
and
mutual
1
,
jC1
inductance
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2L
2L
1
( RL R) 2 [ ( RL R) 2 ]2 4( L2 M 2 ) 2
C
C
C .
2( L2 M 2 )
(5)
Assumed R=0, and 1=2, equation (6) can be achieved.
RL2 402 L2 RL2 4M 2 04 L2 0,
(6)
which is the same result as in [28], [29]. Define the quality
factor Q=0L/RL, then 1and 2 can be represented as
(2 Q 2 ) (2 Q 2 ) 2 4(1 k 2 )
.
2(1 k 2 )
When 1=2, the coupling coefficient k satisfies
1,2
1
1
1
,
(8)
Q
4Q 2
which is exact the same as the so called splitting coupling in
[30]. It can be seen from the above analysis that Zin is mainly
influenced by , RL and M. The following will analyze the
influence of M. The simulation parameters are shown in Table I.
Therefore, the relationship among the Zin magnitude, working
frequency f and k12 is shown in Fig. 2. And the relationship
between ZPA frequencies and k12 is shown in Fig. 3, where the
three ZPA frequencies are obviously shown.
In Fig. 3, the critically coupled point satisfies
2 M 2
R1 0 c RS R1 R2 .
(9)
RL R2
Then the critical coupling coefficient kc can be derived
Mc
1
kc
.
(10)
L1 L2 Q
B. Frequency Splitting
According to [22], [43], the frequency splitting phenomena
refer to that in the over coupled region, there are two splitting
frequencies can satisfy the maximum transfer power condition.
And the S parameter was defined in [22] as (11) to analyze the
frequency splitting phenomena.
RS
(11)
.
RL
Taking Fig. 1(a) for example, according to KVL, the system
equations are
jM12 I1
VS Z1
.
(12)
0 jM
Z 2 I 2
12
S21 2
VL
VS
Frequency, f(Hz)
1.2
x 107
1.15
(7)
1/ 2
Cri
uple tically
coup
d
led
U nd
er c
oup
led
S21 magnitude,
2L
2L
1
( RL R) 2 [ ( RL R) 2 ]2 4( L2 M 2 ) 2
C
C
C ,
2( L2 M 2 )
(3)
1
(4)
0
,
LC
O ve
r co
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
Critically coupled
0.9
0.85
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Coupling coefficient, k12
0.05
Fig. 5. Splitting frequency vs. k12, indicated by the solid black line.
jk12 L1 L2 RL
VL
(13)
.
VS Z1 Z 2 2 k122 L1 L2
As the parameters shown in Table I, the relationship among
S21 magnitude, k12 and f is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen from
Fig. 4 that there are three regions of over coupled, critically
coupled and under coupled. In the over coupled region, S21
magnitude splits into two peak values. Once passing the critical
coupled region, S21 magnitude decreases exponentially with the
decrease of k12.
Solving the derivative |VL/VS|/k12=0 of (13), the critical
coupling coefficient kc is
kc | 0
( RS R1 )( R2 RL )
.
02 L1 L2
(14)
kc |0
1
.
Q
(15)
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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3000
C1
Zin
R1
R2
C2
R3
C3
R4
k12
2500
C4
k34
RS
Re(Zin), ()
L1
VS
2000
L2
1500
500
10-3
C. Natural Similarity
It can be seen from Fig. 3 and Fig. 5 that in the over coupled
region, there are three ZPA frequencies, while there are only
two splitting frequencies satisfying the maximum transfer
power condition. According to the Maximum Transfer Power
Theorem, when the source impedance and the load impedance
are conjugated matched, the transfer power will be maximized.
With respect to Fig. 1(b), the frequency must satisfy the two
conditions as follows to achieve maximum transfer power:
1) The imaginary part of input impedance Zin equals to zero;
2) The real part of input impedance Zin equals to RS.
From the analysis above, both the frequency bifurcation and
splitting satisfy condition 1). Moreover, if the source
impedance is purely resistive, the phenomena of frequency
bifurcation and splitting are the same in nature. In [22], [43],
the frequency splitting was analyzed by its output
characteristics. In our study, the frequency splitting phenomena
can also be predicted by its input impedance characteristics, i.e.
under some conditions, there are two splitting frequencies can
satisfy the impedance matching condition.
III. INPUT IMPEDANCE OF 2-COIL AND 4-COIL WPT
A. Two-Coil WPT
As for the 2-coil WPT, the green line in Fig. 2 can be
represented as Fig. 6. It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the real part
of Zin decreases with the decrease of the coupling coefficient
dramatically, which means the nearer, the larger the transfer
efficiency. Once passing the critically coupled point, it is
impossible to transfer power efficiently. That is why the
conventional ICPT works at a relatively short-range distance
but high transfer power.
B. Four-Coil WPT
The 4-coil WPT was proposed in [9], whose equivalent
circuit model is shown in Fig. 7. The crossing coupling
coefficients are ignored. In Fig. 7, the Zin can be derived
2 M122 ( Z3 Z 4 2 M 342 )
Zin Z1
RS ,
(16)
Z 2 Z3 Z 4 2 M 342 Z 2 2 M 232 Z 4
Parameter
RS, RL
L1, L4
C1, C4
R1, R4
k12, k34
Value
20H
12.67pF
0.5
0.001-0.3
10MHz
900
800
700
600
Re(Zin), ()
10-1
10 -2
Coupling coefficient, k12
500
400
300
200
Critically coupled
100
0
Over coupled
100
Under coupled
Mid-range
10-1
10-2
10-3
Coupling coefficient, k23
Invalued
area
10-4
100
RL
k23
1000
L4
L3
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
Invalued area
0.002
0
1.5
2
Distance, D (m)
2.5
where Z1 RS R1 jL1
1
1
, Z 2 R2 jL2
,
jC1
jC2
1
1
, Z 4 R4 RL jL4
.
jC4
jC3
Then the relationship between Zin and the coupling
coefficient at natural frequency is shown in Fig. 8, whose
parameters are shown in Table II. It can be seen from Fig. 8 that
as for the 4-coil WPT, when the distance is small, Zin is
relatively small, which means the frequency splitting
Z3 R3 jL3
2168-6777 (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2315997, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
k23
M 23
L2 L3
R2 R3
M 342 R2
1
,
2
0 L2 L3 ( R4 RL ) L2 L3 Qcoil
(18)
M 342 R2
can be ignored. And Qcoil is
( R4 RL ) L2 L3
the quality factor of the resonant coils, which are with the same
parameters.
In [9], the quality factor of the resonant coil is about 1000,
and then the minimum coupling coefficient is 0.001. It can be
seen from the relationship between coupling coefficient and
distance, shown in Fig. 9 (according to the formula in [44]) that
the effective distance of the MIT model is about 2.4 m, which is
consistent with the experiments.
TABLE III
COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY
Maximum efficiency
Practical efficiency
50%
<30%
78.5%
<60%
100%
60%
100%
70-80%
100%
90%
100%
90%
Types of PA
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
Class F
Leq
C0
Vin
Ceq
L0
Req
Parameter
Vin
L0
C0
TABLE IV
EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS
Measured value
Parameter
12V
Leq
128H
Ceq
3.77nF
Req
Measured value
12.0H
2.18nF
7
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 11. Experimental results of proposed converter. (a) Switch voltage US;
(b) switch current IS; (c) output voltage UR.
Transmitting coil
Receiving coil
Proposed topology
DC supply
LED load
Drive circuit
2168-6777 (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2315997, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
V. CONCLUSION
Frequency, impedance characteristics and HF converters of
magnetically coupled WPT are discussed in this paper. The
natural differences and similarities between frequency
bifurcation and splitting are analyzed by input impedance
characteristics, which show that if the source impedance is
purely resistive, the phenomena of frequency bifurcation and
splitting are the same in nature. In addition, the 2-coil WPT
(often used in conventional ICPT) and 4-coil WPT (used in the
resonant coupling WPT) are analyzed by their input impedance
characteristics, which show that they are distinguished with the
impedance matching method. Moreover, the results show that
the 2-coil WPT is appropriate for short-range and the 4-coil
WPT suitable for mid-range applications. As one of the most
important part of magnetically coupled WPT, the power
amplifiers from Class A to Class F topologies are summarized.
And a soft-switched converter is proposed and validated by
experiments, which achieve a 70% efficiency though it is not
precise designed.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
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2168-6777 (c) 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2315997, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
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