Fundamental Units

<

] S. ~o. ~

Fundamental Ph)'sical 01)'.

.!d.!!.!ll,

~:

rs~;~~th

t~~~~~:::

~~g

j3.

!Time
!Electric Current
!Luminous lntensit y

~mpere
bnadda

lA
~~d

!mole

,
1mol

j4.

!s.
~-

~econd

~Temperature

F.

js

~elvin

!Amount of Substance

0
<:J-~1~~~

Conversion Table

~:~~ilh: r i~~~
f

!lin = 2.S4 em

-Y

!1 yd = 0.9144 m
!1 km = 0.621 mi
,, m,_ .
k
1
1 609 m
~
_
ft
}$1 mo - 5280
h A= 1o>m

v~~~;~

.a

11

83 x 10 m
!1,:n = 10 em = 10.76 1ft = 17 m
_
_
,1 hte[~OO
= 1.0576 qt =
1
1
:1ft
0.0929
m
144
,iO.O
, 2
~in.
: '
4 ga I = 28.32 liters=
}51
.tn. 1 = 6.452 em 2
1
1
2X
m
~
3.7861iters = 281 in. 1

'1000 kg= 1 !(metric

ton)
;1 slug= 14.59 kg
'1 U = 1.66 X 10 17 kg

Am= 10 6 ml = 10'

!A

m/s' = 3.28 ft/s' =

em/s'
ft/s' = 0.3048 m/s 2 =
cm/s'

bar= 10' N/m' = 14.SO lb/in.'

atm = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 em Hg
atm = 14.7 lb/in.' = 1.013 x 10;
Pa = 1 N/m' = 1.4S x 10'4 lb/in.'

~------:----t--------1-----------r----------y

T1me

Power

Energv

.......................................................................:.......................................................................:...........................................................................................:...........................................................................................

.:

""""""""""""""""""""""". """""""""""""""""""""""'t""""""""""""""""""""'J"""""""".r"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'

!ll = 0. 738 ft.lb = 10 ergs

:
cal = 4.186 J
~
!1 B = 252 I= 1 054 10' !
~J tu
ca

x
~

1 hp = 550 ft. lbI 5 =

1 year= 365 days =
0.746 kW
3.16 x 10's
1 W = 1 J/s = 0.738
1 dy = 24 h = 1.44 X
ft.lb/s
4
10' min= 8.64 x 10 s

eV = 1 .6 x 10 19 J
'
'
j931. 5 MeV is equivalent to 1 1

~u

h kWh= 3.60x 10' J

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'~""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

WORK

Work done by CONSTANT FORCE:

An ob,ject undergoes displ;tccmcnt's' along a straight line while acted on by
between

F and S isq. Then work done is

w=F S =iFIISICosa

Other units of Work:

CONVERSION

S.NO

FIELD OF USAGE

FACTOR

10-1J

C.G.S Analogy

1.6 xl0-19 J

Atomic Phy~ics

4.186J

Thermal Physics

Kilowatt-hour

Commercial Electron

(RWh)

Current unit.

CENTER OF MASS:
It is the point in a system which behaves as though the entire mass of system is concentrated
there and its motion is same if the resultant of all forces acting on the system were applied
directly to it.

Mathematically:

. - ... - .

Co-ordinates of Center of mass:

Where

M=Lm;
i1

It states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly
proportional to the product of their m;\sses ;md inversely proport ionalto the square of the

distance between them.

Force is direct along the line joining the particles and towards other particle.

m.~~------~---1

where G ~> Universal graitat10nal constant.

~>

Unit vector joining two particles.

!~we C~nSEder a
FE2

F21

syStem which has both bmeS as itS ConSI!tuentS then the ner~

=0.

'

es zero

The magnitude of the forces acting is same on both bodies hut din~ ofosite.

S}.

Simple Harmon 1 Motion:

It is a motion that repeats itself ilfler regular time interv~at t force iiCting on it is
directed towards" point over the linen (which it cxecut ~v and the force is also

where
k=w m
k = filrCe constant
2
W =

..

il posll!ve constant
m = mass of particle
x = displacement
Thermal conduttlvlty:

a,

~' "''""'"kM~
whd

0
d "" '"' of

at Q,, temperature and right side at Q11

<:M~"""

.a,

A. Tho lofi oid< <>f h<o " "'''"'''"'"

Heat flows from higher tempemture to lower temperature after some time, the temp of each

section becomes constant with time. This is known

i\S

steady stale.

In steady state, if IJ.Q Amount of heal crosses through any cross section in time IJ. T then
'
t,Q ex A
QA- QB
IJ.t
and
d

I ~ = KA(Q~- 09) I
or,
K: coefficient of thermal conductivity.

Ele~:trlc

The S.J.unit of charge IS Coulomb.

Some properties of charges:

e,

I) Like charges repel while unlike iltlr.tCI.

2) Charge is quantized multiple of charge on an electron.
Q=ne.
~
3) Net amount of charge in a system is conserved.
~
~

Coulomb's Law:

kqlql

Where r

Charge:
It is an intrinsic property of protons and electrons. proton and electron are smallest uni
positiely and negatively charge.

~separation

CJ
+

between q 1and q2

Aod k L wh<re '" "'':{!>moo;,.

Vector form-

a capacitor is proportional to the 01pplied Voltage, hence Q x. V or Q

=CV.

Vl'I'IL is called capacitance of the conductor. It depends upon geometrical shape and size of
the conductor.

If V = I volt, then Q =C. hence capacitance of any conductor will be numerically equivalent to
that charge which makes its potential equal to I volt
Unit of capacitance is 'Farad':
I Farad= I coulombil vult.
= cuulumbi (jouleicoulomb).
= coulomb"ijoule.
= (ampere x second) 2 i ( Newton x meter).

Eledri Current:
Average Current= .6.q

7~: 1~~~,'~~": ~;~ ;"' o.;w <;mH

1 second

Sl " ;' <koe~~ (A).

/s

The direction of J is same as direction of current.

is in Silme direction as area vector then,

of

~~~rent
~f~

J =s

e dot product of

E = Electric field
r =average collision time.

CJ

J and S.

i moves over an area S and

Current and drift velocity :-We can express a relation in current and drift velocity v das,
l=nqAvd
where n = Moving charged particles per unit volume.
A= Area of cross section perpendicular to current llows.

Temperature dependence of resistivity and resistance.

As,

RaP
R(T) =P. [1

a(T- T.)]

To
.------:-1---:d=P

Also, a=-

c;e,

KIRCHOFF'SLAW: dT

(If

(I )Juncllon law
It states that the net current entering a junction is e 2 !
Or, Algebric sum of the current is into any junction~1

"/

"--......'
I :>1..,

"'/'~

CJ
+

ent exiling that junction.

1>

In this fugure,

nf the potential drop around any closed path is zero.

a source in the direction from In+, the voltage is considered tn be
we travel from + ln.
hnuwh

-----1

1----

-----''----~

Path

b,A=v.-v.= E

!E

----------~

~-------

-----~>

Path

{:, vv.- v. =- t
For resistance

- .............-

.............-

......;:,. Path

b,V =Va- V0 = -IR

R

---A----'\J\JV"v;----E-'-6--

----------.....;y Path
Meter Bridge

,-----ll----&ol.e>----J\

8'

I,~

......
~

The Meter Bridge

Fi!114.4

~,....,ire is unifonn.lherefore, RAe and RcH are proportional tnl 1 and b respectively.

X=!!_
Thus, R

or

X=

12

R
(!!_J
12

Magnetics (Magnet! Field):

Magnetic Fore:
in magnetude and direction, by

, Fm

q( V x B)

dB at P due

di is

CJ

I= R cot B,

dl =- R cosec~d B,

r= R cosec B
2

dB =JlBO- a Jlo I(sin 8)(- R COS8C 8)

Jo
P
4nR2 cosec 2 e
rB

I B =~

[cosa + cosp]

MAGNETIC FLUX:

-+

ds

-+
B

The magnetic flux experents total magnetic lines of

ces

ing through a given area. lflhe

element is:

d!fto =

Here

s.as = Bds cose I

dS = Perpendicular v_:ct<~r
to e .
B

=Angle between Ban

Thus, total magnetiC nux I 0

.~.

nd has a magnitude equal to the area ds.

ement.

'I' II =

JBds cose

JElCiS

3. Multiplicatioin :(a+ ib)(C + id) = (ac - bd) + i(ad +be)

a+ ib
ac + bd + i(bc- ad)
2
2
2
4. Division: c + id
C +a
c + d
pmvided at least one of c& d is non- zem

PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE
(i)

z =z

(ii) Z = Z ~z is purely real (both sided equality)

(iii)

z = z ~is purely imaginary

(vii)

(-)

(viii)

z"

z1

- z1
-

z2

z2

=-n
z

A sequence of nuc..\s

~ to be in A.P when difference

"N.~....::.~ '-'- """'

common

ce of the A.P then.

I).:..~ a+(n-l)d.
~,.nterms
n

oommoo

t,.-

tn~1is constant for all

d;lfore~o. II""'' ""' ~ '"' d<ho

Sa =~(2a+(n-l)d)
=
=

(a +(a+(n- l)d)))

n
2(a +t,,)

Geometri( Progression:
A sequence is a G.P when its llrst term is non -zero and each of its succeeding term is~
rim
preceding term. The fixed term r is known as common rat in of G.P.

Jf a 1s first term of iln G.P and r 11s common mtio then.

I) n th term t r.

CJ

= ar-...1.

2) The sum of first n terms

Harmon!( Progression (H .P):

,Jo
&fl!
I
.-----

a .. is an A.P .

+ bx + c = 0 where a, b, c e Cis called quadratic equation.

c
b

x~

-b.JD
2a

Where D

2
-

4ac is known i\S Discriminant.

Nature of roots:
I)
The quadratic equation has real and equal mots if D=O.
2)
The quadratic equation has real and distinct roots if D>O
3)
The quadratic equation has complex roots with non -zero imaginary p;uts if 0<0.
4)
p+iq is a root of quadratic equation if p -iq is a root of equation.
Logarithms:
Important Formulas
I. log.a = I.
2. logyl = 0.
3. logca = logba.log,b.

CJ

cJo

5. log.( min) = log.m - log.n

6. log.m" = n log.m.

~qj.

Binomial theorem:

"" i<

"

(x + y)n

r=l

im<gu md 'I y

~ oompl'~"
2

nCr xn-r yr

=nCoXn-nCI Xn-1

y+nC2~ ...........+nCnyn

Similarly (x- y) n = n C o ' 0

Th

~y + nC2 Xn-2 y2 +.......+ (-1) n n Cn yn

<ffioo~~ '"<" <>re """" "'""""'"' <ff.

- f two events are called equally likely if none of the events have preference of

ly exclusive :- If occurence of one event rules out !the ocurrence of other .

Exhaustive :- Setnf event in experiment is Silid to exhaustive it nothing h1ppen than those listed

possible out comes can occur as a consequence of the experiment .

Total out comes of experiment is cillled sample space .
A; 'm' out comes f;\Vour the occurence of event A .

n(A)

p (A)= n(S)

n(sample space)

P( A)= complement of A P (A 0 )
n -m

p (A)=

1 - P (A)

e,

P(A)+P(A)= I

r>...G

.........,

.J..:

Let A 11 B be two non empty sets & F is il relation

aUes e;1ch elemenet of set A with
unique element of set B, then F is c/d a func~~ B.
Set A is called domain ofF & B be the co ~11\f F.

~ents of set A is c/d range ofF.

Set of elements of B. which ilre im

F: A ~ B ("F is function of A i o s V '
If a e

then element in

B.,

J;,~

signed to 'a' is called image of 'a' & denoted by F( a).

'CJ

lek~~- b,c.d}, B = {1,2, 3,4, 5}

~~ 2, F(b) = 3, F(c) = 5, F(d) = I

No. of Funt:llon (or Mapping) From A to 8:

------7

Lei A= lx'l, x2 , x~, .......... , x.,}

& B ={yt. Y2 y3, .......... , Ynl

F:A

~B

A -----7 8

Then if each clemcnel in sci A has n images in sci B.

Thus, total no. of li.mctions from A 10 B ~ n"'
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

~lnstant
e, +

I. Constant Function: If range of function f consists of only one no. then f

function.
Range= I a}
domain x e R

c;

(1j
2. Polynomial function: A li.m:ti
y- ~ actx" +a ex"~ ...... + a. where a0 , a" ....... a. arc
real constants & n is non -vein
f(x) IS cid polynomial function. If a 0 ~ 0, then n IS
degree of polynomial lunc~.,
Graph off(x) = x 1

'(.I
eR
y

y =xz

f(x) = x1 is cube function

domain eR
Range eR

=x'
X

CJ

(3) Rational Function: It is ratio of two polynomials

n
n-1
L et P( x)=aox +a 1x
- .......... +a.
m.bm-1
(x)
=
b
oX
.,.
!X
+ .......... + b m
Q

:~:Ls

Then f(x) =
a rational function ifQ(x) "0
Domain e R e {xI Q(x) = 0}

Graph of f(x) =

v0

fli-

Yx

f,L~~1rdinate axis as asymptotes.

n:r

f(x) = Xis called reciprocal

Domain e R- {0}
Range e R - {0}

'(.1

~
1/2

Graph oHM~ /x

~
1

(1,1)

v=Yx

+-:--_:;-1~+=+::::====~ X

ftx)

Yx

Domnin e R- {0}
Rnnge e (0, co)
y

{4) Irrational Fun(tion: Algebraic function containing trems having non -i

powers of x are cid irrational functions.

Graph of f(x); x11

f{x)

../X Domain

e R' U {0 } or

{0, co)

Rangce R.U{O} o f (O,oo)

y

y =,fX

Grafb of f(x) ; xM

ftx) x~

0
+

( 5) Identity Function: The function y = f( x) = x for all x

Domain eR
Range eR
y

Trignometry:
Important formulas
(I)

os B - sin A

S)tan(A +B)=

~in

tan A- tan B
6) tan (A+ B)= 1 + tanAtanB
cot A cot B - 1

7)cot (A + B)=

cot A+ cotB
cot A cot B + 1

8) cot (A + B) =

cot A - cot B

9) 2 sin A cos B =sin (A+ B) + sin( A - B)

10) 2cos A sin B =sin(A + B) - sin( A - B)
l l) 2cos A cos B =cos(A +B)- cos( A - B)

12) 2sin A sin B =cos(A + B)- cos(A - B}

13) sin C +si nD= 2 sin

(C-D)
(C+D)
2
cos
2

C+D)
(
si
2
14)sinC - sinD=2cos
IS) cis C +cos D = 2 cos

16) cos

c-

2
2
Center ~ ( - g - t) radius~ '1/lg +t -c
Genreul second degree eguation l
,
ax + hy + 2 hxy + 2yx +2fy +C = 0
this equa tion re fresent circle when ,
a - b,h - o g2 .,. f ;;::c

Equation of circle in different forms (I) Centre(h 1K) radius a:(x - h)2 + (y- kf

a2

standard form (when center is origin):x +y" m a

x2 + /

- 2hx - 2ky =

o~----------------- x

(x - h)2 + (y- k)2 = h!

G
r>..

'(.I

CJ

or, x+ y 2hx 2ky +k = 0

Circle which touches both the axis:-

.. x 2 + y 2 2hx 2hx + h2 =0
Equation of Hyperbola

S'
X~~~----------~~~--~--~--------~.---~

(-ae, 0)

A' (-a, 0)

x=-

x=-

-y

The standard equation of hyperbola is:

x2

y2

-----=1
a2 b2

Equation of parabola

(.a, b)
Foot of
Directrix
latus rectum

=4ax
lm
ant properties
(i) Vertex 0 (0,0)
(ii) Focus s(9,0)
(iii) Foot of directrix ( -9,0)

(iv) Directrix x +a= 0

( v) Equation of catus rectum x = a
and length of Latus return = 4a .
(vi) Axis y= 0.
(vii) Extreminfies of latus return (91 2a) & (91 -2a)

Section Formula:
(I) Integral division: If R(x, y, z) is point dividing join of P(x 1. YJ. z 1) &

m:n.
mx2 + nx1

Then. x

m +n

my2 + ny1

,y

m +n

externally in ratio m : n are

mz2 + nz1

,z=

mx 2 - nx 1 my 2 - ny 1 mz 2 - nz1 )
m- n ' m- n ' m- n

Theorem on Limits:

hm g(x) = m

11 I!'J.[tW +g(x)J=' m
2)

lim [f'(x) x g(x) ]=I x m

X~

c;

~flj

LIMITS:

lim f(x) = I

m +n

r>..

.~

Q(x~. y~. '~

z.;)

0~~~

7) If f(x)
and

g(x) ~ h(x) for all x.

lim f(x) = I= lim h(lC)

"""*

x~

then

lim g(x)

x~

=I (Squeeze playi Sandwitch Theorem).

Some Standard results on limits:

lim Sinx = lim ~ = lim Sin ~IX

2) x:::j() x
x40 Sinx x40 x
lim Cosx = lim _l_ = 1
3) x-~
x >0 Co:oc

lim
5) X~

(H!)"
X

=lim (1
x-i(l

+x)~ = e

~ (f{x)-1)~:)

=eX

Where g(x) -?CO andf(x) -7lfor x-? a

Standard Formulae of Differentiation:

d (Xh ) = nx"-l
<Jx

I)

5):(<M) -"~
d( T

4) dl! a )= a

1na

:'"")=~~

6)

8) dx

ex - - cosecKcotK

-(cob!.

10)

:'"o;, =- <0~
=

II) dx(M

-'~.

!3) dK (cot 'x) = __: 1

l+xl'

0~

<0 9

d(

-1 .

COS!C X)

15)dx

-1

= - ,-,--;

lxlvxl-1

-1

-(tee x)=16)

d.~

lxl~

~
~'

CHEMISTRY

Faraday's I'' law of electrolysis: Mass of any substance depOsited or liberated

IS duectly propOrtional tO quantity Of eleCtricity passed.
If Wg of substance deposited on passing Q coulombs of electricity. then,
W a 8 => W = z 8
z ~electrochemical equivalent
If current of campcres IS passed for I seconds, then
Q ~c X I

W~z8

~;

a~trode

v~

zcl

If n electro a

inv ....ed in electrode rxn, passage of n. f;uadys of electric ity will liberate
raday deposits I gm equivalent of subatance.
bsta nee

z=

ion

Tmn~post

no. of cation, n,

T mn~port no.

Current carried by cation =

Total current
=

Current carried by an ion = ____,J.la'-"-Total current

of anion, n" =

Conduction: Reciprocal of electrical resistance.

1
1
C=Rora:R
It unit is siemen (S) or ohm

Seecific Conductivity:

R= P

P ~specific resistance.

Relallonshl between e ulvalent conductlvltv &

1000
Molarity

K=c x. a

Specillc conduetivity =conductance x a

Kolilraust:b law: Limiting molar conductivity of an eleetrolyte (molar conductivity <tl infinite
diution} is sum of limiting ionic conductivities of cation & <tnion e<tch multiplied with no. of ions
present in one formula unit of eleetrolyte.
+ Y'...D X
eg. A"m for A_,By = x.t""'
A

.1.2 & ~~lome conduCiinlies at mfimte dilutiOn.

Addie ower
I.

1-. 2-. 3- chlorob-utanoic acid

I

II

Ill

arther the (+I) group,

,realer the acidic power

1-. 2-. 3- methyl pentanoic acid

I

II

OH

(I)

Ill

rCH,
OH

---CH 3 is electron
II< I< omlling and
Ill
NO 1 is electron

(II)

OH

lcH,

---CH_; is electron
II< I< epell ing; decreases
Ill
eitlic strength of
henol

(Ill)

OH

OH

-ocH, ~.
>

(II)

(Ill}

OCH~ group
Ill < I < ontains +M effect
II
nd deereases acidie
oer.

OH

OH

).

~NO~

OH

rNO,

~
(Ill}

(II}

(I}

CH.COOH

CH,=CHCH,COOH

CH~CH,COOH

p" hybridised carbon of

, II are more elctronegati ve hen
I> II> cid strength i
Ill
eased. Benz~

C 6 H;C

(Ill}

(II}

(I}

NO1 is electron
ttracting; Ill is more
I< II< esonance stabilised
Ill
han I and also than IL
n I, only inductive
ffect is operative.

ne

oxalic a-cid. suc-cinic acid. malonic acid. adipic acid

I
II
Ill
adipic a-cid

>

(all dil>asic)

IV

10.

II.

12.

o-

m-

II

m the
er Jeer -eases
s i*distance between
en1 increases~
COOHh is maximum
cidic.
N02 is electron
ttracting (I eflbct}

p- nitro benzoic acid

Ill

OH shows electron
'>'ithdrawing nature at o
and m - and electron
< < epelling at p -. o111 11
somer due to
I
ntranwleeular bonding
n salicylate ion is
tmnger than m so mer

o1

~-

111<11<

methOXi benzoic acid

Ill

dO

I< Ill< NH~ is electron

p- amino benzoic acid

II

Ill

Section B
Basic power

Order

Why?

0
~

(II}

(I)

~'c5]

(Ill}

kocH.~

LQl

l8J

liiH2
(I)

(II)

one pair on N is not used in

esmumce of :t -electrons in I.
n II lone pair of the ring is
I> Ill> II
tself used in delocalisation
>~hile that of outside ring in
II.
OCH :1 is strong electron
(mating group. This is due to
I > II> Ill> IV rtho effcet, all the aniline arc
OCH,
ess basic than p-substit
nil ine due to steric

(IV)

(Ill)

~~H, ~ r&''

indrancc.
(hyper conug
nduction},
I > II > Ill -,. IV ortho ef

>

(I}

(II}

(Ill}

(IV}

I there is Sfi hybridised C,

n I, .v/. N 0~ is electron
ithdrawing.
(I}

~
(I)

(II}

~'

(Ill}

NH2

111>1>11

(II)

~
(Ill}

(IV}

one pair on N is used in

elocalisation of :t -electrons in
romatic amines while
yclohexyl is electron
epelling (Ill); in II, lone pair
m N is used by two benzene
mg.

'01 is electron-withdrawing,
hus nitro-ani! ines arc less
asic than aniline. IV is less
I > II> Ill> IV
asic than Ill because N0~
s closer and exerts a stronger
nductive effect.

c'"'

NHCOCH~

@ @

(I}

NH.

(II}

(I)

c~'

1<11<111

lcctron donating nat

'2Hs > CH.1 So mor.
trcngth.

(Ill}

(II)

~CI c&CI $
(I)

Ill._, I> II

hcnyl and C'OC'H :1 are

'lcctronw ithdra wing and ..
.f,Hs < COCH~

(Ill}

c"'

NH.

1<11<111

(Ill}

(II)

utho efteet in (I)

(I}

(II}

Order

I._, II> Ill

here is intermolecular H.
onding I. Ill has weak force
1f attraction and is most
olatile.

o<m<p

Intramolecular H bonding in o
somer makes it more volatile.

B.P. of

I. CH>CHpH,
I

of ... with Tnllcn's reagent

CH>CHO,

CH>COCH"

c,H.CHO

II

Ill

IV

Why?

CHO group is easily

>xidised compared to keto
I > II> IV> Ill
>roup due to rcdusing
ydrogen.

eaclivity of ... with Fehling's solution

I

II

Ill

IV (above)

l > II > l V > Ill dO

xtent of hydration of

&,,c5 &'

(II}

(Ill}

1 < II< Ill <IV han ketones. Halide n

>f carbonyl group n
lectropositive.

(I\/}

lcctrophilic nature of ........ for

ucleophilic attack

l.

H>@C-OH CH.)0C-OH

CH_)@

CH.

H
I

C-OH

II

ehydration of

0'

nucleophilic
~--

~ence

r'

ue to stability of intermediate
'arbocation

\ lcohol leading to increase in

'onjugation due to dehydration
IV< I< 11 <Ill s more easily dehydration is
nore easily dehydrated. IV is
inyl ic, hence least.

OH

66
(II}

(I}

'

Ill

eactivity of isomeric I 0 , 2", '"butyl

alidc towards elimination (El or E2)

OH

1>11>111

lability of
. CH,CH=CHCH,
Ill

CH)C=CHCH,
CH

IV

)c=e<CH~
CH~

CH~
'./I

ubstituted alkenes are more

table.More the alkyl groups
1 <II< Ill< IV
tre attached to the doubly
< V <VI
onded carbon atom more
s the stability.

of

ex

(I)

()

(II)

1<111<11

(Ill)

of

oo 0

(I)

(II)

is more substituted than Ill

hyperconjugation more
lily}

Ill > II> I._,_ IV

is vinylic while in
~01~j u:gat'i ve, II allylic.

(IV}

(Ill)

of
CH,

CH2CH==CH2

II

CH

66
(IV)

(Ill)

.-.atnlllltv of
ii!MIIIIl<ne, greater the
hi~ti"i
of chemical reaction.
I have H-bonding but
of 0 > N
n1e1~Ce H -bonding in II > I

1Boilh1g poinls of

~lectr<:tne!~ativi ty

11-T-IIn-hulvl a min e. 11-l>utyl alcohol. 11-pentane

I
II
Ill

km"'''''r the stability, easier the

(easiest I}

I< II< Ill< IV

< V <VI

'""m'"'"m of perticular species.

yl < methyl I < 2 < 3 <

ylic

lallylic) lVI)

(tenden..:y) of... in SN
. MeO-. OH-. CN-. CH,COO-.

II

Ill

IV

IROSO.-. ArS0,\.'11
\/Ill

VI

I< II < Ill --IV acid is strong, its conjugate

< V <VI< VII
is weak and greater the
<VIII
""'"'"'r'" tendency.

of esterification of the following

with MeOH
Me:CHCOOH, MeCCOOH,
II

Ill

IEt,,CCC)OH (i- P r)2CHCO OH

(II}

(I}

(Ill}

(IV)

CH,

I> II > IV
>III>V

H,~CH,

11u~uu:ne

reacthity of these compunds

electrophile inS 1: reaction

H,

(I}

c)

~
CH;

COOH

(II)

(Ill)

is o-. p-directing due to

""'"v"'"''" while COOH is
~n-directing and deactivating
:1

OH

CO()~

'\

the number of sp
lh hrrilhal C atoms separating
> >IV>
ring from the positively
11 1
11
~h:mwi substituent increases,
em~ct decreases
to less electronegativity.

~k,ctrons

there by giving a very

uncharged intermediate.

of the following o, p
0

cH,Hom

II > I > Ill

CH,~O-cross conjugation
~i11nirlisl1ed
~k,ctrons

its ability to donate

to an arenium ion.

ehuhe readhily or ... towards S :-;1

eadion
p methoxy Denzyl chloride
3 Denzyl chloride,
I
II

11>1>111

and p nitro Denzyl chloride

Ill

ehuhe readhily or ... towards S :-;1 and

:-;2 reaction
4. PhCHp PhCHCIMe PhCCIMe2
(I)

(II)

(Ill)

(Ph stands for ~he nyl. c.H)

ehuhe readhily or ... wilh E ~

5
electro bile) in S t: reaction.
Cl

Intermediates are benz y lie

'<\lions. So CH ~0(eleetron
epelling) gives greater
tability through delocalisation
hile N 01 (eleetron attracting)
ecreases stabil it .

S:-;1:

111>11>1
S~2:

11<11<1

II > I > Ill

NO.

@ c$iNO,
(I)

6.

(II)

(Ill}

)rder or S:-;2 rcacthlty of alkollidc

ucleo biles
Me,CO-. MeO-. MeCHp-.
I

II

Ill

~2 reaetivity is suseptible to
teric hindrance by the
ucleophile as well as by the
ize of alkyl group.