4 (3) Industry and Economy of The Country

4.
3 Industry and Economy of the country

4.3.1. Wood-Polymer Composites: New Age Material
Ajay Karmarkar, Pankaj K. Aggarwal and Shakti Chauhan
IWST, Bangalore
A. Nature of technology
A new wood based product for
commercial purpose
B. Process in brief
Background of the Problem
In the age of composites, combining
biological fibers and commercial plastics can
bring in transition to safer and more
environmentally friendly composites. These
materials can be used to make lighter, stronger
and more durable products that save resources
and energy. Long life and eventual recycling
can be engineered into these products.
Natural/Bio-fiber composites are now
emerging as a realistic alternative to glass fiber
reinforced composites.
(i) Fillers
In recent years, use of synthetic
polymers has grown tremendously because of
the capability to mould these thermoplastics
into desired shapes and engineer desired
properties into them. However, there are some
drawbacks also. These include poor mechanical
properties, e.g. impact toughness and stress
relaxation behaviour. One of the most effective
way to improve these properties is by addition
of reinforcing fibres or particles. For fibrous
material there are two classifications: (1)
continuous and (2) discontinuous fibres. In this
study we had concentrated on discontinuous
Fig.- 1 : Optical image of wood four
fibre composite material, classically defined as

combination of short (chopped) fibres with a
continuous surrounding material (Figure 1).
Short fibre filled composites find the best
application in moulded products. Most
commercially important composites use glass
fibre as reinforcement.
(ii) Advantages of Using Wood Fibres
Advantages of wood fibres as a
reinforcing element for thermoplastics arise
from the fact that they are: light weight, damage
tolerant, non corrosive, and less abrasive to
processing equipments. Because of low density
of plant fibres, a wood fibre reinforced product
will always be thicker than the one reinforced
with the same mass of glass fibre. When the
product design is stiffness limited (as is
frequently the case) rather than failing stress
limited, a thicker product could be stiffer and
still acceptably strong for the same mass. Over
all performance of any fibre reinforced polymer
composite depends to a large extent on fibre
matrix interface. Wood fibre surfaces are fairly
irregular which should in principle enhance the
fibre matrix interfacial bond.
Further, high specific strength and
modulus, low cost, and availability in most
geographic regions makes wood fibres even
more attractive as fillers. The principal
advantage of natural fibre reinforced
composites is their ability to absorb tremendous
amount of energy during impact fractures. The
higher strength is not just due to fibre pull out
work and work done in creating new surfaces
but also due to complex fracture mode of
natural fibre as compared to glass or carbon
fibres reinforced composites.
The compact design of biological fibres
introduces an element of redundancy which is
very desirable from the safety point of view.
They rarely fail in brittle manner because the
interaction between the sub elements is such as
to allow non elastic deformation before
fracture. Natural fibres can combine resilience
(energy storage) and toughness (energy

absorption).
Plant fibres are carbon dioxide neutral
in their production (they derive carbon from air
and not from oil or natural gas) and require only
small energy inputs for processing. Plant fibres
cause less dermal and respiratory irritation, and
are more pleasant to work with than glass fibres.
(iii) Disadvantages of Using Wood Fibres
Despite of all the advantages mentioned
above cellulosic materials are less frequently
used in common thermoplastics such as
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride,
and polystyrene because of difficulties associated
with surface interactions between hydrophilic
wood fibre and hydrophobic thermoplastics.
Such divergent behaviour results in difficulties in
compounding these materials, and poor
mechanical properties of the end product. The
hydrophilic-hydrophobic boundary between the
pulp and the plastic is a very high energy surface,
when compared with hydrophilic-hydrophilic
and hydrophobic-hydrophobic surface
interactions when the two phases separate. Thus,
polymer and pulp segregate into pure
thermoplastic and pulp clumps. The abundant
hydroxyl groups in plant cell wall are strongly
attractive to water, and resultant sorption cause
anisotropic swelling. If this swelling is
restrained mechanically, e.g. by encapsulating
the fibre in a water-unreactive matrix, the
uptake of water cause a swelling stress. If the
fibre is exposed to water, swelling stresses can
eventually cause failure of any matrix resin that
is used to bond fibres together.
To take full advantage of high strength
properties of fibre, the interfacial shear strength
between the fibre and the matrix must be greater
than that of matrix and fibre alone. The interface
between the fibre and plastic plays a critical role
in transmitting components' individual
properties to develop thermoplastic composites
with outstanding physical and mechanical
properties. Good bonding between cellulose
and plastic is difficult because they are not
chemically reactive.
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Existing Practices
Natural fiber as reinforcements for
both thermoplastics and thermosets are one of
the fastest growing types of additives in
plastics. According to a recent study by Kline
& Company, the North American market for
wood and agricultural fiber reinforcements
was estimated to be in excess of $150 million
in 2000 with average annual growth exceeding
20% in automotive applications and 50% in
selected construction applications.
The primary market force behind these
materials will be their low cost. But, natural
fiber can offer much more in terms of technical
advantages over conventional composites. For
example good specific strength, higher stiffness,
ease of recycling and a "green" perception,
provided the major disadvantages mentioned
earlier are addressed.
Novel applications, growth prospects
and patenting opportunity has accelerated
interest in the wood filled polymer composites.
Scientific community, Industrial researchers
and universities are working aggressively on
developing these hybrid materials and finding
new applications for them.
Composites of wood flour and PP, PE,
or PVC are the buzz in today's business. Dozens
of firms are seeking to exploit these materials
for manufacturing tough, lightweight window
profiles, plastic lumber, and interior auto
panels. A very large number of companies
worldwide which, till now were in plastic
compounding business and even old wood
product industries are adding more and more
wood filled composites in their product range.
In India, very few companies are
producing wood fiber/meal filled thermoplastic
composites. Tipco Industries Ltd., Mumbai, is
manufacturing door and window frames from
the profiles made from pultrusion process using
agrofibre reinforcement with a synthetic resin
adhesive. Similarly the panels are made from
agro-fibre and resin adhesive by compression
moulding using a patented technology. The
major problem seems to be lack of availability
of competitive technologies. Although some
research institutes are working in this direction,
Chapter 4
but a lot more needs to be done, specially with

respect to processes conditions and properties.
Conventionally in India, fillers such as
clay, calcium carbonate, aluminates, silicates,
etc are used to reduce the cost and to improve
stiffness of thermoplastics. But this leads to loss
in mechanical properties like tensile strength
and modulus of elasticity. As on now, natural
fibers filled plastics are not commercially
popular in India. The technologies used abroad
are expensive and often not suited for
machineries, production practices and rawmaterials available locally.
The technology at present:At Institute of
Wood Science & Technology Bangalore, a
28mm co-rotating intermeshing twin screw
extrusion system with volumetric feeders and a
twin screw side feeder for force feeding of wood
fibers into polymer melt was designed for
production of wood filled composites (Figure
2). Studies on processes optimization enabled
us to constitute a screw profile which produces
homogeneous dispersion of fillers with least
degradation of matrix resin and wood fibers. By
using compatibilizers in the extrusion
processes, a chemical compatibility was
established in boundary layer. Mechanical
properties, measured in tensile, flexural and
impact tests, demonstrated that wood
fibers/flour acts as effective reinforcing agents
for PP. Addition of wood fibers, at all levels,
resulted in more rigid and tenacious composite,
tensile strength of composites with 50% filling
of wood fibers exhibited an increase of 45%
whereas an 85% increase in flexural strength
and around 200% increase in the MOE was
achieved. The increase is attributed to superior
interfacial adhesion and lower thermal
degradation of wood.
Fig.- 2 : Twin Screw Extruder
Chapter 4
A novel coupling agent has been

developed for wood and other natural fibers
filled polypropylene composites. The
composites prepared with this coupling agent
exhibited much superior mechanical properties
when compared to conventional coupling agent
like maleated polypropylene.
Natural fiber as reinforcements for
both thermoplastics and thermosets are one of
the fastest growing types of additives in
plastics. According to a recent study by Kline &
Company, the North American market for
wood and agricultural fiber reinforcements
was estimated to be in excess of USD150
million in 2000 with average annual growth
exceeding 20% in automotive applications and
50% in selected construction applications.
Conventionally in India fillers such as clay,
calcium carbonate, aluminates, silicates, etc are
used to reduce the cost and to improve stiffness
of thermoplastics. As on now, natural fibers
filled plastics are not commercially popular in
India. The technologies used abroad are
expensive and often not suited for machineries,
production practices and raw-materials
Fig.- 3 : Barrel section of extruder
available locally. Institute has undertaken a

systematic study to improve the interfacial
adhesion between natural fibers and matrix
materials. To study natural fiber filled
composites, a 28mm co-rotating intermeshing
twin screw extrusion system was designed and
commissioned.
The system is equipped with two
volumetric feeders and a twin screw side feeder.
Studies on processes optimization have been
completed, and this enabled us to constitute a
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screw profile for homogeneous dispersion of properties and damping behaviour of the
fillers with least degradation of matrix resin and composite materials have been systematically
wood fibers.
studied. The study provides complete
understanding of the material. In conclusion,
the coupling agent synthesized during the study
proved to be a much superior coupling agent
than those reported in the literature. Addition of
wood fibers at all levels leads to significant
improvement
in stiffness, tensile strength and
Fig.- 4 : Screw profile
flexural strength with some loss of impact
strength. The specimen shown in figure 6 were
The study on wood polymer composites
has shown that biological fibers and synthetic
resins like polypropylene and polyethylene can
be combined to make composites that are
equally strong, but environmentally friendly.
By using a suitable coupling agent it is possible
to produce advanced composite materials that
take advantages of both natural fibers and
synthetic resins. A novel vinyl monomer with
isocyanate functional group was synthesized.
The maximum grafting yield achieved in this
new coupling agent is ~9% as against 1-2%
Fig.- 6 : Test specimen for evaluation of mechanical
properties of wood-polymer composites
used to evaluate the mechanical properties of

wood-polymer composites. As an example,
Mechanical properties of wood filled
polypropylene composites are shown in figures
7 to 11.
Fig.- 5 : Mechanism of coupling
reported for maleated polypropylene. The

functional group in this coupling agent gets
grafted as single monomer unit without any
oligomerization, which further improves its
efficiency as coupling agent. Also the
isocyanate group of this coupling agent is less
reactive to water, this is very important, as side
reactions with residual moisture in wood can be
avoided. Thus this new coupling agent has
proved to be superior than most of the
commercially available coupling agents.
Under the study, we have also done
complete characterization of the composites.
Mechanical properties, chemical ultrastructure, water absorption, thermal behaviour,
non destruction evaluation of mechanical
-134-
Fig.- 7 : Tensile strength of wood fiber and flour

filled PP Fig composites prepared with and without
coupling agent
Chapter 4
Fig.- 9 : Flexural strength of wood fiber and flour

filled PP composites
Fig.- 8 : Tensile modulus of wood fiber and flour
filled PP composites
Fig.- 10 : Effect of type and concentration of

coupling agent (m-TMI-g-PP and MAPP) on tensile
strength of 40% wood polypropylene composites
Fig.- 11 : Effect of type and concentration of

coupling agent (m-TMI-g-PP and MAPP) on flexural
strength of40% wood polypropylene composites
Advantages of Improved Technology over

Traditional methods
The study on wood polymer
composites has shown that biological fibers
and synthetic resins like Polypropylene and
polyethylene can be combined to make
composites that are equally strong, but
environmentally friendly. By using a suitable
compatibilizer it is possible to produce
advanced composite materials that take
advantages of both natural fibers and synthetic
resins.
A novel vinyl monomer with
isocyanate functional group was synthesized.
The maximum yield achieved in this new
compatibilizer is 9% as against 2-4% reported
for most other compatibilizing agents. The
functional group in this coupling agent gets
grafted as single monomer unit without any
oligomerization, which further improves its

efficiency as compatibilizer. Also the NCO
group of this coupling agent is less reactive to
water, this is very important, as side reactions
with residual moisture in wood can be avoided.
Thus this new compatibilizer appears to be a far
superior than most of the commercially
available compatibilizers.
Using unique screw profile and
coupling agent's composites with uniform
dispersion of filler were prepared. Mechanical
properties of composites so prepared were
superior to what reported in the literature.
C. Beneficiaries of the technology
1. Prominent beneficiaries / user group
Industries involved in developing:
master batches
moulded product
Chapter 4
-135-

automobile interiors/panel materials /
dash boards etc.
doors and window profiles
decking
toys
Storage Crates/brush Handles/

storage bins
Office partitions/railings/floorings
furniture components/garden
equipment/benches etc.
plastic components for housing

electrical and electronic appliances
(e.g. T.V. Cabinet)
2. No. of clients to whom the technology has
been transferred/sold: Sold to one company.
3. Potential for further dissemination
In the age of composites, combining
biological fibers and commercial plastics can
bring in transition to safer and more
environmentally friendly composites. These
materials can be used to make lighter, stronger
and more durable products that save resources
and energy. Long life and eventual recycling
can be engineered into these products.
Natural/Bio-fiber composites are now emerging
as a realistic alternative to glass- reinforced and
wood-filled composites. The composites
developed have superior mechanical properties
(Stiffness, toughness, tensile strength etc.) and
could be moulded to any shaped articles or can
be calendared into sheets or extruded into
complicated profiles. The applications are in the
field of moulded products(Furniture
components, automobile interior, electrical/
electronic appliances etc.) Agencies which can
utilize the results of the project. There is
tremendous scope of the technology to
disseminate and Institute of Wood Science &
Technology is having full expertise on the
technology. It is planned to have interactive
meeting with plastic industries , wood industries
to generate the awareness.
D. Economic significance
Cost Benefit Analysis
The following information does,
however, provide some guidance on typical
manufacturing costs based on current market
-136-
prices. The figures quoted are purely indicative

and be examined on a company-by-company
basis prior to any decision being made on
whether or not to enter the WPC market.
The principal raw materials required
are :
Virgin Poymers (35-50%)
` 25-40/Kg
Recyclate (35-50%)
Wood (50-60%)
` 0.5-1.5/Kg
Sawdust
Wood Flour
Process additives (2-5%)
` 1-2/Kg
` 150/Kg
(Average)
Processing and other costs

` 5-12/Kg
Thus adding wood fibers to commercial
thermoplastics results in significant cost
savings at the same time improving the
properties of the composites. Due to cost
advantage plastics can make way into new
markets currently occupied by wood and metals
like steel and aluminium.
Impact of the technology
Wood plastic composite materials will
generally be comparable on price with premium
wood products. In the USA, for instance,
currently, margins on key WPC products, such
as decking, moulding and trims, fencing and
windows are attractive as there is little price
competition.
There is a wide range of factors that
need to be taken into account to estimate cost of
a WPC manufacturing process. This includes.
The availability and cost of raw materials

(polymer, wood and additives) *Whether or not
to use recycled materials
*Whether to compound in-house or to buy in
pre-compounded pellets
*The end use of the product (decking, fencing.
door profiles, etc)
*The product performance requirements
What processing equipment a potential
manufacturer currently owns
The technology / manufacturing background or
expertise of the company
E. Developed by
Ajay Karmarkar, Pankaj K. Aggarwal and
Shakti Chauhan, IWST , Bangalore
Chapter 4
4.3.2. Portable Distillation Unit

S.H.Jain, G.Ravikumar and S.Mohan
IWST, Banaglore
A. Nature of Technology
Design and development
B. Process in brief
Introduction
Apart from timber, which are known as
major forest produce, a wide variety of other
products from forests are known as NonTimber Forest Products (NTFPs). NTFPs are
derived from over 3000 species and they cover a
wide range of products from thatching materials
to aromatic / medicinal plants. Essential oils are
concentrated, fragrant, steam volatile plant
essences obtained by steam/water distillation of
the plant material. Essential oils are
concentrated, fragrant, steam volatile plant
essences obtained by steam/water distillation of
the plant material. They are secondary plant
metabolites occur in different parts of the plant
Eg. bark (Cinnamomum), flowers (Jasmine),
leaves (Eucalyptus), berries (Bursera), grasses
(Palmarosa), roots (vetiver), herbs (Patchouli)
and wood (Sandal) etc., Each essential oil is
composed of many different chemical
components. These various components
combine in different ways to form specific oils
of very distinct note. Essential oils from
aromatic plants are typically obtained by steam
distillation and then are separated by
condensation.
Many industry people have already
installed distillation units for distillation of
essential oils. These conventional distillation
units are mostly installed in places where water
and fuel wood resources are easily available.
But high cost of transportation of bulky raw
material from field to industry and other
constraints of local need have hindered
installation of more distillation units. Keeping
these things in mind and to meet the needs of
farmers and small scale distillers, Chemistry of
Forest Products (CFP) division of the Institute
of Wood Science and Technology (IWST),
Bangalore has developed a compact, portable
distillation unit for oil distillation in the field.
This unit has been designed and fabricated for
Chapter 4
distillation of oils from leaves and other

aromatic plant material.
Traditional distillation units used by local
people
People living in rural area and tribal
people living adjacent to forest areas are
growing aromatic plants of commercial
importance. Farmers grow these plants in their
lands and tribal people in general depend on
forestland for this purpose. They find problem
of getting end product, because neither have
they had distillation units with them nor they
find problem of transporting raw material to the
place of distillation. However some of the
growers have developed their own traditional
units for this purpose. One such traditional
distillation unit used by tribal people living
Traditional distillation unit

- loading of lemon grass
adjacent to Chinnar wildlife sanctuary, Chinnar,

Munnar forest division in Kerala state.
Portable distillation unit developed by
IWST, Bangalore
The portable field distillation unit (250300 Lt. Capacity) designed and developed at
Institute of Wood Science and Technology,
Bangalore is made of mild steel with detachable
parts for easy transportation from place to place.
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Close up of condenser and receiver
Portable distillation unit
This can be set up easily in field even where

there is scarcity of water for use in condenser
and other utility purposes. The unit comprises of
a still with a lid on top and vapour outlet at the
side. The material to be distilled is placed over
the perforated place inside the still and is heated
from a fire box (oven) fixed below, using locally
available fuel wood.
The condenser has been modified to
condense faster and more efficiently to yield
30% more oil. Portable distillation unit can
reduce efforts and cost of transportation of
bulky raw material to the stationary distillation
site.
Aromatic crops, viz- Lemon grass,
Citronella, E. hybrid and E.citriodora are in
great demand in present days. Steam distillation
of these crops produce valuable fragrant
products called essential oils, which have got
potential market value. Globalization system
has brought many advantages for export of
these products. Different essential oils find their
own use in fragrance industry. Essential oils
find use in manufacture of soap, perfumery,
cosmetic, drugs etc.
C. Beneficiaries of the Technology

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups
Forest departments, Tribal people, small
farmers who are engaged in cultivation of
aromatic plants.
2. The technology has been transferred/ sold
to Five clients.
3. The unit has a good potential to be used by
small scale operators in the field and can be
given wide publicity
1. Potential to address livelihood issues and
generate additional income
People living in rural area and tribal
people living adjacent to forest areas are
growing aromatic plants of commercial
importance. Farmers grow these plants in their
lands and tribal people in general depend on
forestland for this purpose. They find problem
of getting end product, because neither have
they had distillation units with them nor they
find problem of transporting raw material to the
place of distillation. The developed portable
distillation unit has potential to address
livelihood and generate additional income.
Approximate expected net income per year from distillation of different essential oils by
portable distillation unit
S.No
Aromatic Plant
Citronella
Avg yield of oil /

Ha ( in Kg)
200
Avg Net income / Ha /Year

(in `)
20,000 30,000
Lemon Grass
200 - 300
30,000 35,000
3.
Eucalyptus globules ( blue gum)
40 - 45
4000-6000
4.
Eucalyptus citriodora oil
40 - 50
4000-6000
-138-
Chapter 4
2. Productivity enhancement and economic

benefits over replaced technology
30 % more production of oil, this is
because of use of modified condenser system.
Here instead of one coil, 5 parallel coil pipes are
used. This ensures 100 % condensation of
vapours without loss, thus more yield.
3. Impact of the Technology

Manufacturing cost is less and can be
affordable by small scale industries or even by
group of small farmers on cooperative basis.
Approximate cost to fabricate one unit is
` 45,000/-
4.3.3. Treated Catamarans: A boon to fishermen

Pankaj Aggarwal, M. V. Rao and M. Balaji
IWST, Bangalore
Application of wood preservation
technology in developing a product (Catamaran)
useful for fishing community of the country.
B. Process in brief
Introduction
Catamarans (Kattumarams), those
graceful wooden crafts that dot the Indian seas,
have served the traditional fishermen so well for
centuries. A vast fleet of these lografts,
numbering about 1,00,000 units, sustain the
bulk of over 2 million people dependent on the
small sector (traditional) fisheries of the
country. Although a very simple craft, the
catamaran is highly versatile, with a design that
is generally considered 'next to perfect',
considering the environmental, technical and
economic constraints within which it has to
operate. Basically there are two types of
catamarans in operation: the 'log' type and the
'boat' type. The former is widely used in the
coromandel coast of Tamil Nadu and South
Andhra, and the latter in North Andhra and

Orissa coasts. The wood species found useful in
catamaran fabrication fall under the category of
'broad leaved soft woods' which are all naturally
non-durable. The timber for catamarans is used
in an unsheathed and unprotected form. It is,
therefore subjected to rigorous conditions of
weathering (exposure to sun, hot beach sands,
desicating winds), mechanical wear and tear
and rapid biodeterioration both on land and in
the sea, as the catamarans are used for about
8 hours a day in the sea and are kept on the
beaches the rest of the time.
The alternate wetting and drying causes
surface splits, cracks and dimensional changes.
This condition is also favourable for infestation
of marine fungi, which renders the timber very
soft, increases water absorption and promotes
borer attack. Although it was thought earlier
that the catamarans are free from marine borers,
it is now known that they are attacked by these
destructive organisms (marine borers are
Catamarans in service
Chapter 4
-139-
specialised organisms which tunnel the wood,

much like the termites on the land and destroy
it}. Due to a combination of the above factors,
frequent repairs or replacements of logs are to
be done. On an average, the catamarans have a
short service life of 5-7 years.
An enormous quantity of timber
(approximately 1,50,000 to 2,50,000 m3 for
1,00,000 units at ~ 1.5 - 2.5 m3/catamaran)
exists in the catamaran form in the country.
Albizia chinensis (Albissi or Siris) is the
most favoured species especially for boat type
catamarans in Andhra Pradesh. This timber is
also preferred by Tamilnadu fishermen for logtype catamarans, followed by Paraserianthes
falcataria (Earlier, species like Melia dubia and
Albizia moluccana imported from Sri Lanka
were used, but their supply ceased many years
ago). Timber of A.chinensis has become
increasingly scarce over the years in Eastern
Ghats and other places. A limited quantity of P.
falcataria grown in the coffee and tea
plantations (primarily in Kerala) is extracted
and brought to Tamilnadu to meet the demands
of catamaran fishermen. This practice may not
continue for too long. Other species like
Ailanthus excelsa, Gyrocarpus jacquini etc., are
used to a very limited extent. The predominantly
dry deciduous forests in the States of Tamilnadu
and Andhra Pradesh (where catamarans are
extensively used) do not support luxuriant
growths of Kattumaram quality timber species.
Annual requirements of timber for catamaran is
estimated to be around 15,000 to 25000 m3 even
at a conservative 10% replacement every year.
The demand is expected to grow every year with
increasing fishermen population. The shortage
in supply have resulted in phenomenal hikes in
price in recent years. Compounding the problem
is the fact that the traditional fishermen are a
highly conservative community steeped in age
old practices in usage. A boat type catamaran of
the most preferred species, A.chinensis and
P.falcatraia is currently priced at ~ Rs.32,000/
and Rs. 25,000/ respectively, as against
Rs.8,000/- to Rs.10,000/- in 1980. Since the
very livelihood of fishermen depends on their
craft material, they are not able to procure the
timber of their choice at prices they can afford,
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and a "crisis situation" is currently prevailing

warranting immediate remedial measures.
Treated Catamarans for the benefit of poor
traditional fishermen:
Under these circumstances, there is an
obvious need 'for rational utilization of the
existing resources by adopting scientific
techniques in management and usage,
especially when it is realised that the current
practices are generally unscientific, based
mostly on age-old traditions. Of prime
'importance in this context, would be an
enhancement of service life that would result in
an investment reduction and also aid in
checking the drain of the already meagre
resources. It has now been well established that
by preservative treatment, durability of timbers
could be enhanced by as many as 5-8 times the
normal life on land and at least 4 times under the
more rigorous marine conditions. The wood
preservation technology is readily available in
the country, well tested, does not involve high
costs and more important, does not call for any
basic changes in the designs. By imparting
pressure treatment, not only can an
improvement of service life be achieved, but
also, several non-durable secondary species,
hitherto not in usage, could be profitably
utilized.
This was demonstrated in longterm
exposure trials of test panels carried out with a
number of Indian timbers treated with
preservatives at various Indian harbours by the
Marine Centres of the Institute of Wood Science
& Technology. Long and painstaking field trials
under actual service conditions were also
carried out with CCA (Copper ChromeArsenic) treated catamarans on the East
Coast. In these trials, Albizia chinensis (reyya)
Catamarans launched in 1968 at Visakhapatnam,
Andhra Pradesh and treated with CCA
preservative, here given a continuous service
life of 24 years (5 times the normal life). In
on-going tests initiated in 1986 with CCA
treated catamarans made of a much cheaper
non-conventional timber species whose
availability is much better, i.e., Bombax ceiba is
highly non-durable in untreated condition
(6 months to 1 year in marine exposure trials).
Chapter 4
Similar tests have also been undertaken

by the Institute at Chennai (madras) in 1990,
with log-type P. falcataria catamarans. The
condition of these catamarans is also very
sound. Under a world Bank sponsored project a
total of 100 catamarans made of Bombax ceiba
were launched at Andhra Pradesh
(Visakhapatnam, Krishnapatnam) and
Tamilnadu (Chennai). Recently, under a project
funded by Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of India three new species were
tried for catamaran fabrication viz. Albizia
lebbek, Maesopsis eminii and Tetrameles
nudiflora. A total of 40 catamarans made of
these three species were launched in Tamilnadu
in 2009-10 and are performing well.
The above results indicate the potential
and need for introduction of treated catamarans
for the benefit of poor, traditional fishermen.
The technology developed:
Treatment of catamaran logs is best
carried out by forcing wood preservatives
(chemical formulations toxic to decay causing
organisms) into the timber, under vacuum
pressure. A number of preservatives are
commercially available, but the most preferred
one is CCA (Copper-Chrome-Arsenic), a water
soluble fixed-type composition well suited to
several Indian localities. Treatment of timber is
to be carried out in "pressure treatment plants"
which are of two types, i.e., (t) Fixed and (2)
Mobile plants (mounted on a suitable vehicle).
Logs with smaller girths (such as the raft type
catamarans used in Tamil Nadu and South
Andhra Coasts) can be easily treated in mobile
treatment plants; while for boat-type
catamarans employing large girth plants are
required.
Since the timber species used in
catamaran fabrication are non-durable and also
as the logs contain considerable sapwood, they
all need proper treatment. Fortunately, most of
the species are easily treatable and for some,
even through and through penetration could be
obtained, a positive advantage.
At current prices, Albizia chinensis
boat-type catamarans used in Andhra coast may
cost about Rs.32,000/- including fabrication.
The log-type P. falcataria catamarans being
Chapter 4
used in Tamil Nadu coast may cost around

Rs.25,000/-. In untreated condition, the service
life is about 5 years. A 4-fold increase in the
same could be reasonably expected, after
pressure treatment. The cost of treatment works
out to be between Rs.3,000/- per catamaran.
The economic benefits in the form of reduction
in investment costs are obvious.
Through preservative treatment, a number of
hitherto unutilised or underutilised secondary
species could also be upgraded, resulting in a
much needed widening of choice of species.
Thus, even a highly perishable timber like
Bombax ceiba could be profitably used, and the
benefits would be even more significant as
treated catamarans of these species at current
prices may cost around Rs. t 5,000/-. Similarly
species like Albizia lebbek, Maesopsis eminii
and Tetrameles nudiflora are also promising
species for catamarans. These catamarans in
untreated condition may not lost for even 2
years. A service life of 16 years has been
demonstrated for treated B. ceiba catamarans,
while for other three species trials are going on.
By initiating these steps of conservation
through preservative treatment, bio-diversity of
valuable marine timbers, which are fast
dwindling, could be preserved. This is
encouraging news. Even though all the
maladies affecting catamaran fishery cannot be
taken care of, the problem concerning the craft
material could be greatly alleviated
through utilisation of treated catamarans. In
spite of all the odds, the champion craft can still
grace our seas and bring in those bountiful
catches.
Launching of Treated Catmarans
-141-

1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups:
F i s h i n g c o m m u n i t y, F i s h e r i e s
departments.
2. Number of clients to whom the
technology has been transferred: 129
fishermen.
3. Potential for further dissemination:
The technology is already in the end
users domain and fishermen of
Tamilnadu and AndhraPradesh are

aware of that but in small pockets only.
It is high time that we try to penetrate
more areas. The technology can be
transferred to any industry or individual.
There is a need to conduct awareness
programme in the filed (coastal areas)
by way of organizing demonstration
programme, documentary on
catamarans.
D.Economic significance
Economics at a glance
1.
Cost of catamaran of Albizia chinensis
` 32000.00
2.
Cost of catamaran of Paraserianthes falcataria
` 25000.00
3.
Cost of catamaran of Bombax ceiba
` 12000.00
4.
Cost of treatment per catamaran
` 3000/ - to ` 4000/-
5.
Approximate number of catamarans in use
100000
6.
150000 to 250000m3
9.
Quantity of timber used (@ 1.5 m 2.5 m3 ) for all

catamarans
Quantity of timbers required for replacement and
fresh constructions ( approximately 10% of 6) per
year
Total cost of catamarans (about 70% of
A. chinensis @ ` 30000/- per craft and 30% of
other timber @ ` 20000/ - per craft)
Cost of annual replacement ( @ 10 % of 8 )
10.
Life of untreated catamarans
4 to 7 years
11.
Demonstrated life of CCA-treated catamarans
Over 24 years
12.
Economic benefit effected by adopting the IWST

technology
` 270 million per years
7.
8.
13.
Ecological benefit
15000 to 25000m3
` 2700 million
` 270 million
(for fresh timber ) +

maintenance expenses
Prevention of continuous
drain of timber resources +
forest conservation
(A 10% initial additional investment has assured maintenance free 4 to 5 fold service life)
1. Potential to address livelihood issue and
Quantity of timber used for marine
fishing craft is enormous, volume of timber
damaged due to biodeterioration is catastrophic,
-142-
the loss to the already economically

underprivileged fishermen is crippling,
allbecause of the inefficacy and inadequacy of
the traditional methods (application of fish oil,
vegetable oils, gums, resins and lime etc.)
Chapter 4
followed by fishermen to protect their craft. As

against this, the tested technology perfected by
IWST, is a boon for ameliorating the living
conditions of coastal fishing population of
India. By adopting this technology fishermen
can have more choices of timber which are cost
effective and will help them in earning
additional income as they will be saving money
in using conventional timber species as is clear
from the above table.
Advantages of the technology are : (1)

enhancement of service life of catamarans
leading to investment reduction and operational
(maintenance) costs; (2) widening choice of
timber by utilizing hitherto unutilized or underutilized timber species;(3) most importantly,
conservation of valuable timber resources by
reducing its demand for replacements, thereby
allowing forests to grow leading to
environmental protection.
4.3.4. Improved utilisation of lesser known and plantation grown timbers from
South India
R. V. Rao, S. K. Sharma, S.R. Shukla,
P. Kumar, A. K. Sethy and N. C. M. Rajan
IWST, Bangalore
Utilisation of lesser known and
plantation grown timbers.
B. Process in Brief
India is bestowed with about 1600
timber yielding species out of which about 126
species have been commercially exploited.
However, wood from all the species are not
alike. A few species are preferred over others
due to their superior properties and this led to
their over exploitation. Unscientific use of such
valuable timbers also sometimes urges frequent
replacement. Continuous harvest of timber
from natural forest in the past has resulted in
reduction of forest cover and depletion of
existing stocks. To prevent over exploitation,
government/supreme court enforced restriction
on the felling of tree in natural forest in 1997.
As a result, there is always a gap between
demand and supply of timber and this gap is
increasing due to the growing population. To fill
the gap between demand and supply, import of
timber has played a major role. However, this is
not a permanent solution as it incurs a huge flow
of money out of the country. From global
perspective, import also encourages
exploitation of valuable timber in the exporting
country and in due course of time might come
under regulations. To meet the ever increasing
Chapter 4
need of the growing population, the assured

source of timber is plantation forest. Use of
lesser known species will also reduce the
pressure on primary species.
Plantations of fast grown and short
rotation timber species were established
throughout the country in the last few decades.
In this process, a number of exotics have also
been introduced initially on trial basis and later
on large scale plantations including clonal trials
by government, public and private sectors. Fastgrown plantation species have different timber
characteristics from the same species grown in
native forests. In plantation forestry, mostly fast
grown and short rotation species are preferred.
The rate of growth influences the wood quality
by influencing the relative proportion and
arrangement of different cell types which make
up the wood. An understanding of anatomical,
physical, and mechanical properties of such
species helps in classifying and grading the
timber for various end uses. In promoting these
species as a substitute for the traditional timber,
scientific data plays a pivotal role. In this
endeavor, IWST, Bangalore has been working
to evaluate the properties of these timbers. This
led to generation of scientific data on number of
lesser known/plantation grown species.
Although all of them are not available for
-143-
commercial exploitation but the generation of

scientific data helps in classifying the timber for
various end uses based on their physical and
mechanical properties. In order to reduce
pressure on use of primary timbers from natural
forests, a number of lesser known timbers and
timbers from plantations have been studied for
their various physical, mechanical and
anatomical properties to find out their
suitability in different applications. Suitability

indices of these species for different potential
uses such as construction, door and window
shutters, furniture, handicrafts, agricultural
implements, sports goods, tool handles etc.
were worked out and recommendations were
made for various end uses. An account of the
species studied and recommended for different
end use from southern states is given below.
Species studied at IWST Bangalore for various end uses

Usages
Species recommended by IWST
Construction
?
Acacia auriculaeformis (Bengaljali)
?
Cocos nucifera (Coconut wood)
?
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Eucalypts)
?
Gironniera reticulata (Naru bhootala)
?
Hevea brasiliensis (Rubberwood)
?
Protium serratum (Murtenga)
?
Tecomella undulata (Rohida)
Furniture
?
?
Acacia mangium
?
Eucalyptus citriodora (Eucalypts )
?
Grevillea robusta (Silver oak)
?
Hevea brasiliensis (Rubberwood)
?
Sterculia urens (Karar)
?
Tecomella undulata (Rohida)
Handicraft
?
?
Acacia mangium
?
Azadirachta indica (Neem)
?
?
Eucalyptus citriodora (Eucalypts )
?
Eucalyptus tereticornis (Eucalypts )
?
Grevillea robusta (Silver Oak)
?
Gyrocarpus jacquinii (Tanaku)
?
Maesopsis eminii (Musuzi)
?
Simarouba glauca (Oil tree)
Packaging
?
?
Eucalyptus hybrid (Eucalypts)
?
Grevillea robusta (Silver oak)
?
Gyrocarpus jacquini (Tanaku)
?
Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber wood)
Sports Goods
?
?
Mangifera spp. (Mango)
?
Morus alba (Mulberry)
-144-
Chapter 4
Usages
Boats and other Marine crafts
Picture & Slate Frames (Small Scale

Industries)
Panel Products
Species recommended by IWST

?
Albizia falcataria
?
Bombax ceiba (Semul)
?
Gyrocarpus jacquinii (Tanaku)
?
Entorolobium contortisiliquium
?
?
Eucalyptus hybrid (Eucalypts)
?
Gyrocarpus jacquini (Tanaku)
?
?
Grevillia robusta (Silver oak)
?
Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber wood)
?
Maesopsis eminii (Musuzi)
Wood Products From Different Plantation Timbers

(Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculaeformis, Simarouba glauca,
Eucalypts tereticornis and Coconut wood)
Timber Identification/Certification
Various timbers which are available in
different markets in India are not sold with the
correct botanical/trade name. The sellers use the
local name of a reputed timber and sell with that
name. Hence, timber identification has always
Chapter 4
been a service in great demand from users in

Industry, Government Departments, Forest
Departments, Police, Vigilance, Lokayukta,
CBI, Port Trust, Defense, Railways, Handicrafts
and common man. This Institute has been
rendering service to all these user agencies with
-145-
the help of basic tools of wood anatomy and

wood anatomical structure to identify timber to
check adulteration. There is a collection of
about 1300 samples of authentic wood species
and 700 authentic permanent slides which are
used as references in the process of
identification. During last ten years (20002010), around 700 enquiries and 2000 wood
samples were received, for knowing their
identity and other properties including possible
alternate uses, from different organizations.
C. Beneficiaries of thee Technology

Wood users and wood based industries
D. Economic Significance
Utilization of lesser known wood
species for various applications with low
investment.
E. Developed by
R.V. Rao, S.K. Sharma, S.R. Shukla,
P. Kumar, A.K. Sethy and N.C.M. Rajan
IWST, Bangalore
4.3.5. Sap displacement technique for treating small girth timber and bamboo
D. Venmalar
IWST, Bangalore
Preservation treatment of gree
poles/bamboo.
Wood and bamboo are versatile
material for variety of structural and nonstructural applications. However, it is
biodegradable and needs protection to enhance
serviceability. Conventional method of treating
-146-
wood material is by subjecting it to pressure

treatment or by diffusion treatment, which
involves machinery and skilled labor. Since
investments on these are expensive, many wood
processing industries are reluctant to adopt the
technology.
A simple Sap displacement technique
which does away with the elaborate plant and
Chapter 4
skilled man power and which can be carried out

at felling sites obviating transportation of poles
to a centralized pressure treatment plant has
been standardized at Institute of Wood Science
and Technology, Bangalore. Treatment may
involve an additional cost of about 20-25%.
Life of timber and bamboo after treatment
enhances by five to seven folds and therefore,
the actual cost of bamboo and poles works out to
be much less than the cost of untreated bamboo
and poles.
B. Process in brief
Modified Boucherie Process
This method is an adaptation of the
treatment process developed and patented by
Dr. Boucherie of France in 1838 for treating
green timber.
The principle of the Modified
Boucherie Process uses a simple pressure pump
to push a preservative salt dissolved in water
through the entire length of the bamboo pole,
from the bottom to the top. The sweet sap is
pushed out and replaced by the preservative
chemical so that insects do not like to make their
homes in it; and if they do lay their eggs in the
treated bamboo, the larvae die, because the
chemical affects their digestive system.
Modified Boucherie process developed
by IWST is the modification of conventional
Boucherie process to treat green timber
poles/bamboo in large numbers quickly by sap
displacement technique. The conventional
Boucherie process is modified to treat bamboo
quickly. In the modified Boucherie process, a
suitable container is used for keeping the
treating solution which is of water soluble type.
The container is provided (at the bottom) with
side tubes fitted with stopcocks and rubber
tubes to which are attached green
poles/bamboos with branches on. In order to
secure leak-proof contact between rubber tubes
and bamboos, suitable metallic clamps or other
devices should be used. The tank is also fitted
with a screw cap to which is attached a motorcar
tyre tube valve. The tank is filled with the
treating water soluble preservative solution to
about two-thirds of the volume and after
tightening the cap, air is pumped in through the
2
valve to a pressure of 1.0 to 1.4 Kg/cm which
could be easily measured by using a pen-gauge.
Under this pressure, the treating liquid forces
Chapter 4
the sap out of the walls and septa of the bamboos

through the open end and takes its (sap) place in
course of time. After a few preliminary
experiments, the concentration of the treating
solution and the period of treatment can be
optimised to obtain requisite absorption of the
preservative.
The preservative liquid that is flowing
out of the poles/bamboos and which has got
diluted with the sap could be reused after
bringing it up to the required concentration and
pH value of 4 to 5.
Modified Boucherie Equipment
Preservativ flow from Bamboo
-147-
Recently, Institute has developed a

compressor based Boucherie equipment in
which pressure is developed by using
compressor. This equipment avoids using
manual pumping of preservative.
Compressor based Boucherie equipment
II. Simple Sap Displacement Technique

It was originally employed for the
preservation of fence posts in India by Tewari et.
al (1967). This is an excellent and very simple
on site treatment standardized at Institute of
Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India.
Rural people, who cannot afford to follow
Boucherie methods, can employ the simple sap
displacement technique for treating green
poles/bamboos.
Simple sap displacement method to treat freshly

felled bamboos
-148-
In this method, freshly felled

poles/bamboos of varying diameter (full as well
as half split) are made to stand on their butt ends
submerging to a height of 30-40 cm in a suitable
tank containing preservative solution (6 to 8%
CCA or CCB). After 24 48 hrs, depending on
the girth and length of the poles/bamboos, are
reversed with the top end submerged in the
solution. They can be removed after 24 48 hrs
of reversal.
After this operation, all
poles/bamboos should be closely stacked for 23 weeks before putting into use. After the
treatment, penetration of chemical can be
checked by cutting sections from treated and
untreated bamboos by usual spot test (semicarbazide) penetration test.
Green poles/bamboos cut fresh in the
farm can be treated by sap displacement
methods with in 6 to 15 hours from the time of
felling. If there is a delay between felling and
treatment the latter can be taken up, by keeping
felled green poles/bamboos soaked in fresh
water in a tank, stream, channel or trough for a
period ranging from 1 to 2 days.
Fixation of preservatives
After the poles/culms have been treated
they are allowed to dry in a covered place to
avoid direct wetting and exposure to sun rays
which may result in leaching of the preservative
and subsequently fungi infestation and insect
attack.
Drying in a very humid tropical climate
takes a lot of time. It is therefore recommended
to have enough space between the
poles/bamboo pieces and a good distance, from
the wet soil (not less than 40 cm) for good
ventilation.
Environmental Health and Safety points to
be taken care of
In order to prevent or minimize the
harmful effects of preservatives/chemicals on
the person using the chemical, knowledge on
proper handling, preparation and application of
chemicals is important.
Safety precautions in preparation,
handling and application of chemical treatment
are as following:
1. Wear appropriate protective clothing
(made of impervious material) like
Chapter 4
plastics gloves, safety boots and

helmets. Eye protective goggles are
needed while mixing preservative
solutions.
2. Do not drink, eat or smoke during or
after application of treatment.
3. Store preservative in correct manner and
follow instructions of manufacturer.
4. Spray along the wind direction.
5. Wash hands, feet or take shower after
work. Change work clothes regularly.
6. Place containers out of reach of
children. Empty containers can be
disposed by burying them under
ground.
7. Do not allow sludges to accumulate.
8. Do not remove treated timber
poles/bamboo material until dripping is
stopped.
9. For material treated with water soluble
preservatives like CCA,CCB etc., store
the poles/bamboo under cover and use
only after drying.
10. Dispose off treating solutions properly.
11. Do not release CCA preservatives in
streams and do not burn treated
materials as fire wood.
12. Train staff and display precautionary
materials and gadgets.
Pollution
Pollution can occur from wood
preservatives, preservative process and treated
timber / bamboo. In most cases pollution
problem originates from preservative
chemicals themselves. The extent of pollution
differs widely with the type of preservative and
the treatment process employed. Disposal of
waste from treatment requires much care. CCA
preservative solutions are toxic and should
never be released into streams or canals. CCA
treated timber bamboo should not be burned
and especially it should never be used for
cooking or in a barbeque.
1. Prominent beneficiaries/ user groups
Potential beneficiaries/user groups of
this technology are construction industry, forest
Chapter 4
department, rural community, NGO's, planters,

farmers, fishermen etc.
2. No. of clients to whom technology has
been transferred
The technology has been demonstrated
at several places to NGo's, Forest department,
rural community, planters, farmers etc. in
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Goa.
Following users have used this technology.
Bamboo Pecker Life Style Crafts Pvt

Ltd Bangalore
Uravu Kerala
CPRI-Bangalore
V Design purple-Bangalore
Om Shantidhama- Ramanagaram
Being simple and inexpensive, the
technology has potential to be used by
construction industry as well as individuals,
farmers, fishermen etc. An extensive awareness
campaign is required.
The technology is inexpensive and does
not require skilled worker. Interested
entrepreneurs, individuals can generate income
by using this very low cost technology.
If untreated, non-durable timber/
bamboo is used, the decay is inevitable calling
for loss or early replacement of material.
Failure of a piece of timber/bamboo in a
building through decay or insect attack may
involve frequent replacement and high
maintenance costs.
Average life of an untreated low
durability timber or bamboo is not more than
2-3 year. Treated timber poles/bamboo posts
may last about 10-15 years. Treatment cost
(excluding equipment) including manpower is
approximately ` 50 - 60 per pole of 15 ft length
and 45cm girth, and for that of bamboo is
` 25 -30 for 15 ft length and 10-15cm girth.
Treatment may involve an additional cost of
about 20-25%. However, the service life of
treated poles/bamboo and its products increase
-149-
by 5 to 7 times. This means the cost of

poles/bamboo can be decreased significantly of
original costs through treatment and the benefits
are obvious.
3. Impact of the technology
The availability of conventional high
durability timber like teak, rosewood etc is
limited for various industrial and structural
applications. Therefore dependency on
plantation timbers has increased. These
plantation timbers are generally associated with
low durability. The adoption of this simple

technology can play an important role in use of
non durable timbers which can ultimately lead
to conservation of valuable forest resources.
E. Developed by
The technology was developed over the
years by several Scientists of IWST involved in
the field of wood preservation. The technology
was improved and popularized by D. Venmalar,
IWST, Bangalore.
4.3.6. Seed decoater

R. Anandalakshmi and V. Sivakumar
IFGTB, Coimbatore
Seed processing equipment that
separates shell/seed coat from kernel, especially
in oilseeds like Jatropha curcas. This
minimizes loss of oil through retention by seed
coat (oil cake) during oil expelling.
B. Process in brief
Developed a prototype -'Seed Decoater'
for processing Jatropha seeds which separates
kernel from seed coat. The seed is broken by
milling technique while the separation of seed
coat from kernel is through air suction. The shaft
was designed based on the mean size (length,
diameter) of Jatropha seeds collected from
different sources. The prototype is driven by a

1hp motor and a minimum of 10 kg seed per
hour can be processed by this Seed Decoater.
The separation in the ratio, 85: 15 for kernel:
seed coat enables to restrain loss of oil through
adsorption by seed coat and thereby maximize
oil recovery on crushing oilseeds in an expeller.
In addition, the oil from the processed seeds is
found to have better physico-chemical
characteristics compared to whole seed oil. The
technology also indirectly helped use of oilcake
as cattle feed as the seed coat containing the
toxic components could be removed to a great
extent.
Jatropha Oil
-150-
Chapter 4

1. Prominent beneficiaries / user groups
1.
Farmers/ co-operatives, women-self

2.
help groups.
been transferred/ sold
3.
The technology transferred to tribal

women-self help group, AHADs, Attapady
and farmers/ foresters of Tamil Nadu.

The prototype can be manufactured and
made available to oil expelling units set E.
by SFDs/ SHGs where people can have a
common access.
Potential to address Livelihood issues
and generate additional income: Yes.
Productivity enhancement and economic
Provides better economic returns
The technology supports decentralization
of biodiesel or pure pant oil (PPO)
production from tree borne oilseeds.
Quality of oil extracted and oil cake
produced can be improved.
Developed by
R. Anandalakshmi and V. Sivakumar
IFGTB, Coimbatore
4.3.7. Apparatus for preservative treatment of bamboos

Dhruba Gurung
RFRI, Jorhat
Preservative treatment of bamboos by
Boucherie process.
B. Process in brief
To increase the durability of bamboos it
is given preservative treatment using
preservative solution. A freshly harvested
bamboo is fitted to the apparatus and
preservative solution is passed through the
2
bamboo under pressure of 1 to 2 kg/cm . The
pressure is generated with the help of
cycle/vehicle pump in case of Jagriti (for rural
use) and electric motor and compressor in case
of Pragati (for semi industrial use). The
preservative solution like CCB, which is a
broad spectrum preservative, under pressure
passes through the vessels in bamboo and
replaces the bamboo sap to enhance its
durability. The treatment process required to
treat a 6 meter long bamboo requires about 30 to
45 minutes. However, the treatment time
required depends on the moisture content and
age of bamboo.
Patent application for Jagriti-the
apparatus for preservative treatment of bamboo
was filed during 2003 through NRDC and was
Chapter 4
granted patent by the patent authority of India

(Calcutta) during 2009 with the patent number
of 231745.
Patent for Pragati, which is semi
automatic has not been filed till date, because of
the need for further improvement.
General rural mass using bamboo for
structural purpose, bamboo craftsman.
The process of selling the patent is
being taken up
There is a demand from bamboo
craftsman in general; Nagaland Bamboo
Development Agency, Dimapur, Nagaland
and Department of Science and
Technology, Govt. of Sikkim in particular
for Jagriti which was demonstrated during
various opportunities during exhibition,
trainings etc.
-151-
outside. There is a huge demand of the
apparatus but due to the process of selling of
1. Potential to address Livelihood issues
patent from ICFRE, Dehradun, this
and generate additional income
Institute is not in a position to cater to their
On adoption of the treatment process, it
demand
and hence also commercialization.
will save cost of material, labour and time
for recurrent replacement of especially E. Developed by
Dhruba Gurung, A.N. Singh and K.G. Prasad
bamboo posts, fences, furniture and other
RFRI, Jorhat
such items. The treatment cost is very
negligible and comes up to ` 2/- to
maximum of ` 5/- per bamboo. It will also
save the raw material from forest or
homestead garden i.e. bamboo during the
enhance period of treated bamboo. These
utilized resources may be sold in the market
to earn additional income.
benefits over replaced technology:
Enhanced durability of bamboo under
utilization (in any form) will eliminate the
recurrent replacement of bamboo; cost
incurred thereof and thus save the natural
resources and also recurring expenditure.
Sell of value added bamboo/product, in

the form of preservative treatment, can
earn extra remuneration.
3. Impact of the technology (As the case
may be)
Jagriti and Pragati, both the apparatus
for preservative treatment of bamboo, had
immense impact on the entrepreneurs and
trainees to whom it was demonstrated
during Kilsan Melas, exhibitions and
trainings conducted in the Institute and
4.3.8. Handmade paper from Lantana camara

Sanjay Naithani and S. P. Singh
FRI, Dehardun
Demonstration
B. Process in brief
Lantana camara was chopped by hand
cutter of 2-2.5 cm size and cooked in digester for
0
3 hours at 160 C using sodium hydroxide
(8-12%). The pulp produced was washed
thoroughly to remove any alkali. The pulp was
refined in refiner and beaten in valley beater to
320 ml CSF. The stock of beaten pulp was made
after adding 3% Rosin and 6% alum as sizing
-152-
agent. For value addition, different coloured

dyes and silk fibres were mixed and handsheets
of 800 GSM were prepared in handmade paper
unit of Cellulose and Paper Division.
Entrepreneurs.
been transferred /sold
Twelve participants from different parts
of India attended the training programme
Chapter 4

sponsored by DST from 7-11th June, 2010.
Technology can further be disseminated to
New raw material has been introduced
other entrepreneurs.
for Handmade paper industry.
NA
E. Developed by
Yes, the technology demonstrated will
Sanjay Naithani and S.P.Singh
contribute for the livelihood and generate
FRI, Dehradun
additional income.
Demonstration of handmade paper from Lantana Camara to the users
Chapter 4
-153-
4.3.9. Natural Dyes Technology

Rakesh Kumar, Y. C. Tripathi and V. K. Varshney
FRI, Dehradun
A. Name of technology
Process for the production of ecofriendly natural dyes from forest biomass at
pilot plant scale.
B. Process in brief
Chemistry Division FRI is engaged in
carrying out the research on natural dyes from
different plant species for the last one decade. A
number of plant species have been explored for
isolation of dye at higher yield. Encouraging
results obtained at laboratory scale has
prompted us to transfer the laboratory research
on a pilot plant scale. Accordingly a pilot plant
for isolation of natural dyes was designed,
fabricated and installed at Chemistry Division,
Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun to handle
about forty kilograms of plant materials. The
pilot plant consists of four main components (i)
Boiler (ii) Extractor (iii) Evaporator and (iv)
Dryer. The batch trials were carried out to
optimize the process parameters for the
isolation of natural dyes on a pilot plant scale
from abundantly available plant material such
as Eucalyptus hybrid (leaves and bark), Populus
deltoides (bark), Lantana camara (leaves),
Pinus roxburghii (needles) and Cassia tora
(seeds). The dyes imparted a number of
fascinating shades on silk, wool and cotton with
good colour fastness properties. The
CIEL*a*b* hue and chroma values of the dyed
fabrics were also determined. Research carried
out has led to the development of processes for
the extraction of natural dyes from a number of
widely occurring plant materials on a pilot
scale. The pilot plant studies indicate that there
is a scope for the up scaling of the process for the
isolation of natural dyes from the above plant
species.
Dyers, Khadi and Village Industries
Board, small scale dyeing units, NGOs
engaged in manufacturing naturally dyed
clothes for various purposes etc.
been transferred/ sold- One
-154-

The technology has potential for further
dissemination to State Khadi and Village
Industries Boards, dyers, small scale dyeing
units, NGOs and all those who have interest
in natural dyes.
In India coloration of textiles using
natural dyes has been done mainly by
craftsman, khadi & village industries, small
scale exporters of textile having high
monetary value, small scale dyeing units,
NGOs etc. All of these works involves more
manpower in comparison to mills fabrics.
Indigenous knowledge and skills in color
extraction, cloth dyeing, embroidery, and
weaving may be able to provide a sort of
livelihood to sustain their meager income in
subsistence farming of rural people.
Furthermore, hand weaving and cloth
dyeing practices are maintained to preserve
the indigenous culture and knowledge of
the society.
NA
Due to stringent environmental
standards imposed by different countries to
check the pollution caused during
man u f a ctu r in g p r o ce s s a n d th e ir
subsequent use of synthetic dyes the use of
natural dyes is gaining momentum. The
emphasis has been increasing on finding
new natural color from renewable
resources which have the potential to yield
high quality dyes. For commercialization of
natural dyes at large scale it is needed to
study the isolation of dyes at pilot scale.
Natural dye plant procured, installed and
commissioned for the first time in
Chapter 4
dyeing textile fabrics and is a step ahead for

Uttarakhand. Trials were carried out in pilot
the commercialization of natural dyes.
plant at 20 40 kg batch scale. A number of
shades were produced from the isolated E. Developed by
dyes. The dyed fabrics exhibited very good
Rameshwar Dayal, Rakesh Kumar,
fastness properties to light, washing,
Sanjay Naithani, O. P. Bhatt, Praveen Onial
crocking and perspiration. The study
and Raj Dev Rawat
indicates that dye extracted from the
FRI, Dehradun
targeted species on pilot scale is suitable for
4.3.10. Hair Dye Technology

FRI, Dehradun
A black hair dye composition and a
process for preparation thereof, (Patent
Application No. 1910/DEL/2007 dated
September 10, 2007).
B. Process in brief
The process involves using ecofriendly and abundantly available naturally
occurring biopolymer. The hair dye so
developed is fast drying, does not deteriorate in
presence of air as compared to other
commercial hair dyes and has shelf life of 4
years. It is odourless, easy to apply and wash,
does not stain the skin and impart long-lasting
black colour on hair. The hair dye composition
has para phenylene diamine (PPD) not more
than 1% after dilution with water. As such, the
developed black hair dye is non-toxic and
doesn't cause itching sensation on hairs and skin
while applying. The process is cost effective as
it involves use of low-cost and abundantly
available raw materials.
Hair dye manufacturing units, small
scale entrepreneurs, beauty salons etc.
One
Chapter 4

The technology has potential for further
dissemination to hair dye manufacturing
units, small scale entrepreneurs, beauty
salons, etc.
Yes
The technology provides an easy way to
prepare black hair dye using non-toxic
compounds as the base material. The
product is odorless, easy to apply in low
dose without causing irritation to skin and
the color lasts longer as compared to other
commercial dyes.
The impact of the technology being
simple and cost effective is suitable for the
use by hair dye manufacturing units, small
scale entrepreneurs, beauty salons, etc.
E. Developed by
Rameshwar Dayal
FRI, Dehradun
-155-
4.3.11. Technology for isolation of ursolic acid

FRI, Dehradun
A process for the isolation of Ursolic
acid from Eucalyptus hybrid leaves;
Patent Application No. 361/Del/2009 dated
25-02-2009.
B. Process in brief
Ursolic acid (3-hydroxy-urs-12en-28oic acid), an important compound isolated from
different plant species is medicinally regarded
as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory
antiulcer and cytotoxic. The compound has
been isolated from various plant species by
different methods. However, the processes
adopted so far are uneconomic and the source
plants are not abundantly available. In view of
the fact, a process has been developed for the
isolation of ursolic acid from leaves of
Eucalyptus hybrid (Mysore gum, mainly E.
tereticornis) which is extensively grown in
India under social forestry programme due to its
high biomass yield. The overall process
comprise chopping of Eucalyptus hybrid
leaves, subjecting the chopped leaves to the
steps of selective extraction with polar solvents,
concentrating the extract on a water bath
0
o
maintained at 80 C to 95 C to obtain a modified
extract, subjecting the solid containing extract
to filtration and washing with solvent of
extraction to obtain ursolic acid. The process
developed is simple and involves solvent
extraction of the Eucalyptus hybrid leaves and
does not involve chromatographic technique for
its separation. The Eucalyptus hybrid leaves are
available in plenty while the other source plant
species from which ursolic acid has been
reported are not available in such a huge

quantity. These leaves can be an excellent
source for the isolation of ursolic acid.
The developed process provided a value added
utilization of Eucalyptus hybrid leaves
available in plenty and hitherto a waste
material.
Pharmaceutical industries, farmers
been transferred/ sold- NIL
Has potential for transfer to
Pharmaceutical industries.
generate additional income: Yes
The developed technology provides a
simple and low cost procedure for isolation
of ursolic acid from Eucalyptus hybrid
leaves available in plenty.
The technology is simple, utilizes the
abundantly available source material and is
suitable for pharmaceutical industry and
also provides additional source of income to
the farmers from plantations.
E. Developed by
Rameshwar Dayal and
Praveen Kumar Onial
FRI, Dehradun
4.3.12. Samridh
Rashmi
FRI, Dehradun
B. Process in brief
A. Name of Technology
A product named as 'Samriddhi' for
A product named as 'Samriddhi'
sericulture.
developed from the weeds and tested it at
-156-
Chapter 4
Regional Sericulture Research Station,

Sahaspur on silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Generally Bombyx mori L. takes 24-36hrs. for
complete spinning but on application of
Samriddhi, it took only 15-18hrs. Therefore, it
can reduce the time period of spinning i.e. just
half of the normal time taken for the same. Due
to shortening of time period, consumption of
mulberry leaf was less and uniform spinning
was obtained. Labour cost and feed cost was
also reduced. It has increased the production of
good cocoon as quality food is easily available.
This will help the ultimate production of silk
and also facilitates the farmers to improve their
economic condition.
Silkworm farmers and Sericulture
Industry.
been transferred/sold
The product is in process of filing a
patent.
3. Potential for further dissemination (As
the case may be) - N.A
The application of 'Samriddhi' reduced
the cost of silk production in terms of cost of
mulberry leaves, less manpower days
(Labour cost), space, infrastructure and
time. The product will give edge to the
farmers in terms of competitiveness,
financial gain and economic up-liftment.
2. Productivity enhancement and
economic benefits over replaced
technology - Nil
Precisely, Samriddhi has been
established as a promising Silk
Productivity Enhancer giving maximum
output with significantly reduced input
cost. The product will facilitate the
farmers to improve their economic
condition through increased silk
production and high economic gain.
E. Developed by
Rashmi
FRI, Dehradun
4.3.13. Reshaping of Exudate Gums

Vineet Kumar
FRI, Dehradun
A. Name of the technology
Reshaping of Exudate gums.
B. Process in brief
The process utilizes the physicochemical parameters of the gums. The
knowhow/process is easy to implement by the
small scale industry.
Small scale industries, NGO's,
entrepreneurs interested in NWFPs value
addition and trade.
been transferred/sold - Two
1. M/s R.S. Food processes (I) Ltd.,
Rajandgaon, Chattisgarh by charging 1.15
lakhs
Chapter 4
3.
D.
1.
2.
2. M/s Rajput Enterprises Ltd., Bhopal,

Madhya Pradesh by charging 1.25 lakhs.
Potential for further dissemination
The technology has potential for Small
scale industries, NGO's, entrepreneurs
interested in NWFPs value addition and trade.
Economic significance
Potential to address livelihood issues and
The process developed may provide
additional income to entrepreneurs and
small scale industries leading to employment
generation and livelihood to local people.
The product based on the above process is
having better value due to (a) lesser
-157-
hygroscopicity (b) easy to handle and store

interested in NWFPs value addition and
(c) better shelf life leading to better market
trade.
price.
E. Developed by
Vineet Kumar and P.K. Kukreti
FRI,
Dehradun
The technology is suitable for its use by
Small scale industries, NGO's, entrepreneurs
4.3.14. A new and improved composition for agarbatti making

Vineet Kumar
FRI, Dehradun
A. Name of Technology
A New and Improved Composition for
Agarbatti making.
B. Process in brief
The agarbatti industry is dependent
heavily on forest products for raw materials.
Among the raw materials, the supply of the
binding material has concerned agarbatti
manufacturers mostly because the criteria for
selecting this binding material, the glutinous
bark of Machilus macrantha and Litsea
glutinosa, has viscoelastic properties most
suitable for the binding. Hence, the bark (called
jigat in powder form) is the most preferred
binder. Jigat is a vernacular word meaning
sticky in Kannada, the common language in
Karnataka state of India. Overexploitation
caused the rapid depletion of this resource and
thus, other alternatives were sought. The object
of the present knowhow is to provide a novel
composition for agarbattis (insence sticks)
using novel binding material which is an
abundantly available biopolymer derived from
forest/agro based biomass thereby providing a
total substitute of jigat which is equally
effective in its properties to save the
endangered/extinct Machilus macrantha and
Litsea chinensis. It is expected to control,
regulate and rationalize harvesting of forest
produce which will not only help in
conservation of rare and endangered species but
also will save the fragile degraded/affected
ecosystems.
Small scale industries/Large industries
engaged in Agarbatti manufacture, NGO's,
addition and trade.
-158-

been transferred/sold - 1
Anand Agarbatties, Nagpur by charging
license fees of Rs. 2.5 lakhs
The technology has potential for Small
scale industries/ Large industries engaged
in Agarbatti manufacture, NGOs,
addition and trade.
Agarbatti making is a small scale
household activity in India. The substitute
so developed will provide livelihood to
poor people of the country.
The process know-how is expected to
control, regulate and rationalize harvesting
of forest produce which not only will help
in conservation of rare and endangered
species but also will save the fragile
degraded/affected ecosystems. Further, the
raw material for binding of Agarbatti is also
being imported. The indigenous know-how
developed will also save the foreign
exchange of the country.
engaged in Agarbatti manufacture, NGO' s,
addition and trade.
E. Developed by
Vineet Kumar
FRI, Dehradun
Chapter 4
4.3.15. Development of a green and facile process to isolate hederagenin

Vineet Kumar
FRI, Dehradun
Development of a green and facile
process to isolate hederagenin.
B. Process in brief
Hederagenin is a potential bioactive
compound known for its anticancer,
anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antihyperlipidemic, antityrosinase, skin lightening,
cure of nephritis and prevention and treatment
of bone diseases alongwith a number of other
biological activities. The processes to isolate
the compound are cumbersome and nonecofriendly. With an aim to isolate hederagenin
from Sapindus mukorossi a series of
experiments were carried out to develop an easy
process for isolation of hederagenin. Based on
the number of experiments done by us in the
laboratory, a simple and easy process for
isolation of hederagenin has been developed.
engaged in molecules of pharmaceutical/
biological importance, entrepreneurs
trade. The novel process is being patented.
been transferred/sold - NIL

The technology has potential for
industries and entrepreneurs engaged in
molecules of pharmaceutical/biological
importance, for value addition of NWFPs
and its trade.
The process developed may provide
additional income to entrepreneurs and
small scale/large industries leading to
employment generation and livelihood to
local people.
The process to isolate the bioactive
compound hederagenin is extremely simple,
facile, cost-effective and ecofriendly.
small scale industries/Large industries
engaged in molecules of pharmaceutical/
biological importance, entrepreneurs
trade.
E. Developed by
Vineet Kumar
FRI, Dehradun
4.3.16. Wood bending technology using vapour phase ammonia for making bent
wood furniture
N.K. Upreti
FRI, Dehradun
A. Nature of the technology
This technology is used to plasticize
wood by exposing it to vapour phase ammonia
in controlled environment for making bent
wood furniture.
Chapter 4
B. Process in brief
Use of curved wood in furniture and
housing is prevalent and is of key importance in
many industries in India especially in those that
manufacture furniture, sports goods, boats,
-159-
ships and several decorative and utility articles.

Steam has traditionally been used to soften
wood for bending. Tests carried out earlier have
indicated that only a few Indian timber species
are amenable to steam bending. The steam
bending technique has also limitations such as
bending at sharp radius of curvature is not
possible, long period is required for
plasticization and drying of stock after bending
etc. The work carried out at Forest Research
Institute, Dehradun has shown that the abovementioned limitations can be overcome by
using vapour phase ammonia plasticization
technique. This technique has enabled a wider
choice of species for production of bentwood
components for a variety of commercial
products.
The FRI has designed and developed a
pilot scale unit for the plasticization of wood
through vapour phase ammonia treatment for
making bentwood furniture components and
other utility and fancy bentwood articles.
Bending results have indicated that
several important timbers which are not
amenable to steam bending can be bent
successfully even to sharp curvatures by this
technique. The technique would economize use
of wood without affecting the functional
requirements of the products, as the current
practice to obtain bent wood components is
from wider sections.
1. Prominent beneficiaries /user groups
Wood industry
2. No of clients to whom technology has

This technology has been sold to two
clients officially as per the available
records, but it is seen that some people in
wood industries are already using this
technology for making bent wood furniture.
Wood industries may be approached for
solar kilns installations for their wooden
furniture/handicraft making units.
This technology can help in saving
wood and time in the process of making of
bent wood furniture and will ultimately
save maney.
The technology is more efficient
than the boiling water based process being
used by industry at present and definitely
result in more economic gain by a client
who adopts it.
Too early to say anything definite on it.
E. Developed by
S. N. Sharma and C. N. Pandey
FRI, Dehradun
4.3.17. Modified Solar kiln for drying timber and other NWFPs
N. K. Upreti
FRI, Dehardun
A. Nature of the technology
It is a tool for drying timber and other
NWFPs in order to bring down moisture content
for further processing.
B. Process in brief
The standard steam heated timberseasoning kilns with boiler and complement of
-160-
boiler operating staff and kiln operators are not

economically appropriate for all situations.
Drying of timber can be appreciably
accelerated compared to air seasoning and at
appreciably reduced seasoning costs compared
to conventional steam heated kilns using solar
seasoning kiln. Solar kilns are based on
greenhouse principle. The solar kiln is normally
Chapter 4
operated during day light hours only. A single

passed force air-drying arrangement is
incorporated making use of the dry air available
on warm summer nights. Wood Seasoning
Discipline of Forest Products Division, FRI has
now developed a modified solar kiln design
having a charge capacity of 250 cft for one-inch
thick plank. The design consists of a super
structure of timber frame rested on walls, single
sheathed on the roof, south, east and west walls
with 5.5 mm clear transparent glass. The north
wall is sheathed with 9.5 mm BWR grade
plywood. The kiln is oriented east-west along
its length. The roof is tilted towards the south at
an angle to the horizontal equal to 0.9 times the
latitude for maximum year round absorption of
solar energy. Corrugated blackened galvanized
iron sheet is used for false ceiling and the entire
structure is painted black on inside to absorb
maximum solar radiation. Two electric fans are
installed at the floor level in north wall for
uniform air-circulation. The improved chimney
type vents in south wall help in recovery of heat
loss during venting operation. The modified
design kiln is equally efficient and
approximately 30 % cheaper compared to old
version. The solar kiln can also be used for
drying seeds, bidi leaves, raw material of
ayurvedic medicines etc.
Wood industry and Forest Development
Corporations
2. No of clients to whom technology has
This technology has been sold to 18
clients in last twenty years. The modified
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
E.
design based solar kiln is yet to be installed

for clients. The U.P. Forest Development
Corporation has showed interest in it and
hopefully this modified design solar kiln
will be installed for them in near future.
Potential for further dissemination
More Forest Development Corporations
and Wood industries may be approached for
solar kilns installations for their wooden
furniture/handicraft making units.
Potential to address Livelihood issues
The kiln can be installed for self help
groups for drying NWFPs for value
addition in theie produces. They can use it
commercially for providing service to
small users and earn some extra money.
The new kiln is 30 % cheaper in
installation cost and its design is simpler in
construction than the old design kiln.
So far we have observed that the solar
kiln ais able to dry timber and other NWFPs
efficiently for different clients for whom it
has been installed and doing proper value
addition to their products.
Developed by
N. K. Upreti
FRI, Dehradun
The modified design Solar kiln for drying timber and NWFPs
Chapter 4
-161-
4.3.18. Automised Boucherie Process for the treatment of 24 green bamboos
Automised Boucherie Process for the
treatment of 24 green bamboos (Patent applied )
B. Process in brief
Freshly felled bamboos can be treated
by Automised boucherie process. The green
bamboos with branches are connected to a MS
tank and treated with a preservative solution
under a pneumatic pressure of about 1.5 kg/cm2.
The technology is very simple, adaptable at
village level and especially suitable for green
round bamboo, which is difficult to treat.
C. Beneficiaries of the technologies
1. Prominent beneficiaries/user groups:
Villagers, Farmers, Forest Department,
Technology demonstration-cum-training
facilities are available at Wood Preservation
Discipline, Forest Research Institute (FRI),
Dehra Dun.
Has been demonstrated to the number of
trainees under various training programme.
3.
D.
1.
2.
3.
E.
Sadhna Tripathi, and Ajmal Samani

FRI, Dehradun
Potential for further dissemination - Yes
Potential to address livelihood issues and
Value addition of material will be
economically good for use of material for
longer time span.
The technology was limited for the
treatment of five bamboos. Now 24
bamboos can be treated simultaneously.
Treatment of green bamboos with
preservatives to enhance their life 5-8
times.
Developed by
Sadhna Tripathi and Ajmal Samani
FRI, Dehradun
4.3.19. New eco-friendly, economical and non-hazardous wood preservative ZiBOC

comparable to CCA
Ajmal Samani
FRI, Dehradun
New eco-friendly, economical and nonhazardous wood preservative ZiBOC
comparable to CCA (Patent applied).
B. Process in brief
ZiBOC is a fixed composition of three
chemicals is environment acceptable.
C. Beneficiaries of the technologies
Timber Industries.
Under process
Yes
-162-
Value addition of material will be
economical for use of material for longer
time span.
The preservative developed is
environmentally acceptable in nature.
The technology will help in increasing
the life of timber and thus help in
conserving the forest.
E. Developed by
Sadhna Tripathi
FRI, Dehradun
Chapter 4
4.3.20.
Pet care shampoo composition for cleansing and parasiticidal properties
V. K. Varshney
FRI, Dehradun
3. Potential for further dissemination- Has

potential for transfer to veterinary products
A pet care shampoo composition for
manufacturers and Herbal industries.
cleansing and parasiticidal properties and a
process for preparation thereof.
B. Process in brief
The invention relates generally to
animal care products and provides a cost
Yes
effective shampoo composition, as an 2. Productivity enhancement and economic
alternative to the commercially available
product containing synthetic biocide. The
The invention provides a cost effective
product is suitable for topical application to
shampoo composition, as an alternative to
pets, specifically dogs, for cleansing and
the commercially available product
parasiticidal properties. The composition
containing
synthetic insecticide, for topical
cleanses away the dirt and excess oils, leaves
application to pets, specifically dogs, for
coat clean, soft, smooth, moist and shiny, has
cleansing and parasiticidal properties and
pH compatible to the pet's skin and contains
also provides a simple method for
natural ingredients of pleasant aroma for
preparing
such shampoo composition using
removal of parasites. The composition does not
low cost harmless raw materials.
cause irritation, tearing and itching to the pet
and the owner, and neutral to the pet's behavior. 3. Impact of the technology
The invention further provides a simple method
The technology is simple, cost
for preparing such shampoo composition using
effective, and utilizes the low cost raw
low cost harmless raw materials.
material, and is industrially adaptable. The
Veterinary products manufacturers, Pet
owners, Herbal industries, etc.
product is safe to the pet and the owners.

E. Developed by
V. K. Varshney
FRI, Dehradun

NIL
Chapter 4
-163-

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4.

3 Industry and Economy of the country

Fig.- 1 : Optical image of wood four

fibre composite material, classically defined as

(energy storage) and toughness (energy

but a lot more needs to be done, specially with

Fig.- 2 : Twin Screw Extruder

A novel coupling agent has been

Fig.- 3 : Barrel section of extruder

available locally. Institute has undertaken a

used to evaluate the mechanical properties of

reported for maleated polypropylene. The

Fig.- 7 : Tensile strength of wood fiber and flour

Fig.- 9 : Flexural strength of wood fiber and flour

Fig.- 10 : Effect of type and concentration of

Fig.- 11 : Effect of type and concentration of

Advantages of Improved Technology over

oligomerization, which further improves its

doors and window profiles

Storage Crates/brush Handles/

plastic components for housing

prices. The figures quoted are purely indicative

Processing and other costs

The availability and cost of raw materials

4.3.2. Portable Distillation Unit

distillation of oils from leaves and other

Traditional distillation unit

adjacent to Chinnar wildlife sanctuary, Chinnar,

Close up of condenser and receiver

Portable distillation unit

This can be set up easily in field even where

C. Beneficiaries of the Technology

Avg yield of oil /

Avg Net income / Ha /Year

Eucalyptus globules ( blue gum)

Eucalyptus citriodora oil

2. Productivity enhancement and economic

3. Impact of the Technology

4.3.3. Treated Catamarans: A boon to fishermen

Andhra, and the latter in North Andhra and

specialised organisms which tunnel the wood,

and a "crisis situation" is currently prevailing

Similar tests have also been undertaken

used in Tamil Nadu coast may cost around

Launching of Treated Catmarans

C. Beneficiaries of the technology

Tamilnadu and AndhraPradesh are

Cost of catamaran of Paraserianthes falcataria

Cost of catamaran of Bombax ceiba

Cost of treatment per catamaran

Approximate number of catamarans in use

Quantity of timber used (@ 1.5 m 2.5 m3 ) for all

Life of untreated catamarans

Demonstrated life of CCA-treated catamarans

Economic benefit effected by adopting the IWST

` 270 million per years

(for fresh timber ) +

the loss to the already economically

followed by fishermen to protect their craft. As

Advantages of the technology are : (1)

need of the growing population, the assured

commercial exploitation but the generation of

suitability in different applications. Suitability