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To be discussed..
I thought to make a list of technical interview questionsquestions based on networking and security area - routing & switching, firewalls, loadbalancers, TCP/IP, DNS and troubleshooting steps. I will add more questions on firewalls, load-balancers etc when I get time to gather all my notes,
hopefully very soon.
Routing/Switching questions:
Make yourself aware on below routing protocols:
EIGRP
OSPF
BGP
MPLS
What is Feasible successor:
To be considered a feasible successor, the Advertised distance must be less than the Feasible distance of the successor. (AD < FD)
What does the EIGRP stuck in active message mean?
When EIGRP returns a stuck in active (SIA) message, it means that it has not received a reply to a query. An EIGRP neighbour (or
neighbours) have not replied to the query for that route.
When the SIA occurs, the router clears the neighbour that did not reply to the query.
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Why do you not see OSPF neighbours as FULL/DR or FULL/BDR on serial link?
This is normal. On point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks, there are no designated routers (DRs) or backup designated routers
(BDRs).
What is multicast address for EIGRP and OSPF hello packets:
EIGRP 224.0.0.10
OSPF for all the routers 224.0.0.5
OSPF initial multicast only for DR and BDR 224.0.0.6
What is type-1 and type-2 LSAs in OSPF?
Type-1 LSAs are router LSAs and are generated by each router for the area to which the router belongs.
Type-2 LSAs are network LSAs and are generated by the DR and BDR.
OSPF network types:
Broadcast, multi-access networks: Ehternet, token ring. Single mode operation.
Point-to-point : T1 CAS, ISDN BRI/PRI, single operation mode, no DR/BDR.
Non-broadcast multi-access(NBMA) networks: Frame realy, ATM, MPLS. Five modes of operation.
Which port is being used by BGP protocol?
port TCP 179.
What is the Path/link cost for below links?
10 Mbps 100
100 Mbps 19
1 BGPS 4
Administrative distance of various routing protocols:
Connected 0
Static 1
eBGP/ BGP 20
EIGRP 90
OSPF 110
IS-IS- 115
RIP 120
iBGP 200
Unknown 255
Port numbers:
Telnet 23
DNS 53
SSH 22
FTP 21 (FTP data- 20, FTP control 21)
SMTP 25
Whois 43
SFTP 115
SNMP 161
BGP 179
LDAP 389
DHCP client- 546
DHCP Server 547
POP3 110
TACACS and TACACS+ port:
UDP/TCP 49
What is STP? (Spanning tree protocol)
It is loop prevention mechanism. It main purpose is to dynamically maintain a loop-free network. It does this by sending out BPDUs,
discovering any loops in the topology, and blocking one or more redundant links.
Some basic questions:
Explain TCP/IP 3-way handshake. (Easy but important question)
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What is BID?
It is 8-byte field that is composed of the bridges 6-byte MAC address and a 2-byte bridge priority.
What are the spanning tree states?
Below four are spanning-tree states: 1. Blocking 2.Listening 3.Learning 4. Forwarding.
How many /24 subnets in /27 subnets?
2^3 = 8. .. 8 Subnets.
What is mac address:
It is a 48 bit address burned into a network interface card.
First 3 octets 24 bits known as OUI (org unique identifier) - Manufacture/vendor identification
What is ehternet normal MTU size ? And what about MPLS MTU size?
1500 bytes is the MTU for an Ethernet frame. MPLS MTU is 1520.
What is the demarcation point?
The demark is the point where the CPE ends and the local loop begins. It is the meeting point of service providers responsibility and clients
responsibility.
What is the difference between SVCs and PVCs ?
SVCs(switched virtual circuits) are dynamically established when data needs to be transferred and that are terminated when data
transmission is complete.
SVCs states: 1. Call setup 2.data transfer 3.Idle and 4. Call termination.
PVCs(permanent virtual circuits) are permanently setup virtual circuits that operates in two states: Idle and data transfer.
What is split horizon?
The rule of split horizon is that is it never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original update came.
What is convergence?
Convergence is when all routers have consistent knowledge and correct routing tables.
What is route poisoning?
With route poisoning, when a distance vector routing protocol notices that a route is no longer valid, the route is advertised with an infinite
matric, signifying that the route is bad.
What is DLCI ?
A DLCI is a number that identifies the logical circuit between the router and the frame relay switch. It is the frame realy layer 2 address.
Local significance only.
What is the committed information rate(CIR) ?
The CIR is the committed information rate by the service providers, in bits per second, at which data will be transferred. The service provider
sends any data in excess of this rate if its network has capacity at that time.
More to come
Here are some more questions:
What is STP? (Spanning tree protocol)
It is loop prevention mechanism. It main purpose is to dynamically maintain a loop-free network. It does this by sending out BPDUs, discovering
any loops in the topology, and blocking one or more redundant links.
What is Root guard and BPDU guard and where are those being used?
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Root guard: It is the mechanism to stop intruders to make their switch(compromised or their own) as a root in STP by enabling root guard on
root bridge switch ports. As soon as it received superior bpdu on root guard enabled ports it simply disable that port and put into inconsistent
mode until other switch stops sending superior bpdus.
BPDU guard: It stops portfast enabled ports to send bpdu. As an example if any of the port on switch is connected to user PC then it port-fast
might have been enabled on that port. It does mean switch knows that the port-fast port wont be connected to other switch it is not expecting
bpdu to be coming from that port. If PC(or application or users own switch) starts sending bpdu on that port, switch simple disable/shutdown
that port.
Commands to enable BPDU guard:
Spanning tree bpdu guard enable
Spanning tree portfast bpdu guard default
pp2
Prashant has been working in IT networking for last 7 years and holding CCNP, JNCIA, F5, CCNA Security and ITILv3 certifications. He has
finished his Msc Computer Science from Uni of Greenwich, UK.
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michael kors
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hi boss your straight and forward answers help me to get the best way t answer the interviewer thanx once again
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Samanmubasher
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kishor
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Kira
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Nice post.. Ive just passed my ccna and now preparing for interviews.
Im a software analyst for embedded systems and decided to shift my career in networking,
And still trying to figure out which specific field in networking I might fit in that is somehow related to the previous job. I would like to ask
your advise?
Thanks!
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Nishant
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kalpesh patil
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pratap
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raju
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