Tre Manual Modified

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT NO.-
IMPACT VALUE TEST

DATE :- __________
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA
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Reference: - IS: 2386, Part IV-1963
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Experiment No. 1
DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

Reference: - IS: 2386, Part IV-1963
Date:______________________________________________________________________
1. Objectives
(i) To determine the impact value of the road aggregates;
(ii) To assess their suitability in road construction on the basis of impact value.
2. Concept and Significance
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement
of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their
breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient
toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by
impact value test. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden
impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive
load.
3. Apparatus
The apparatus of the aggregate impact value test as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) -1963
consists of:
(i) A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 Kg and having a metal base with a plane
lower surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. It is supported on level and plane
concrete floor of minimum 45 cm thickness. The machine should also have provisions
for fixing its base.
(ii) A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum
thickness 6.3 mm.
(iii) A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14.0 Kg the lower end is cylindrical in shape is
50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge and case
hardened. The hammer should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric
with the cup. The free fall of the hammer should be within 380 5 mm.
(iv) A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter of 75 mm and depth 50 mm
for measuring aggregates.
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(vi) A balance of capacity not less than 500 g, readable and accurate up to 0.1 g
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(v) Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one end.
4. Procedure
The test sample: It consists of aggregates sized 10.0 mm to 12.5 mm .The aggregates
should be dried by heating at 100-110 C. for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
(i) Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.00 mm sieves. The aggregates passing
through 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10.0 mm sieve comprises the test material.
(ii) Pour the aggregates to fill about just l/3rd depth of measuring cylinder,
(iii) Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping
rod.
(iv) Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full. (v) Strike off the
surplus aggregates.
(vi) Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W ]).
(vii) Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate,
block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical, (viii) Fix the
cup firmly in position on the base of machine and place whole of the test sample in it
and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod.
(ix) Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of the
aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. Give
15 such blows at an interval of not less than one second between successive falls.
(x) Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS
sieves until no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh the fraction
passing the sieve to an accuracy of I gm (W 2). Also weigh the fraction retained in the
sieve.
(xi) Note down the observations in the proforma and compute the aggregate impact
value. The mean of two observations, rounded to nearest whole number is reported as
the Aggregate Impact Value.'
5. Precautions
(i) Place the plunger centrally, so that it falls directly on the aggregate sample and
does not touch the walls of the cylinder in order to ensure that the entire load is
transmitted on to the aggregates.
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(iii) The tamping is to be done properly by gently dropping the tamping rod and not by
hammering action. Also the tamping should be uniform over the surface of the
aggregate taking care that the tamping rod does not frequently strike against the walls
of the mould.
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(ii) In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36 mm sieve the sum of
weights of fractions retained and passing the sieve should not differ from the original
weight of the specimen by more than 1 gm.
6. Record of observations
Sr.
No.
Observations
1.
Total weight of dry sample taken=

W1gm
2.
Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm.

sieve = W2 gm
Sample-I
Sample-II Sample-III
Aggregate impact value

= (W1x 100) / W1 %
Aggregate Impact Mean Value =
3.
4.
7. Calculation & Results:
8. Interpretation of Results
Aggregate Impact Value
Classification
1.
<10%
Exceptionally strong
2.
10-20%
Strong
3.
10-30 %
Satisfactory for road surfacing
4.
>35%
Weak for road surfacing
The Indian Road Congress has recommended the following values for different types
of road construction.
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Sr. No.
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Aggregate impact value is used to classify the stones in respect of their toughness
property as indicated below:
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Maximum aggregate
impact value %
Type of pavement
Bituminous surface dressing penetration
macadam, bituminous carpet concrete and
cement concrete wearing course
Bitumen-bound-macadam, base course
WBM base course with bitumen surfacing
Cement concrete base course
30
35
40
45
8.CONCLUSION________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Assignment
How is aggregate impact expressed?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What are the desirable limits of aggregate impact value specify for different type of
pavement surfaces?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Aggregate impact value material A is 20 and that of material B is 45.Which one is
better for surface course?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What do you understand by dry and wet impact value?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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State the IRC/IS references for the A.I.V test?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO.-
LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE TEST

DATE :- __________
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Reference: - IS: 2386, PART IV -1963
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Experiment No. 2
DETERMINATION OF LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE

Reference: - IS: 2386, PART IV -1963
Date:_____________________________________________________________________
1. Objectives
(i) To determine the Los Angeles abrasion value
(ii) To find out the suitability of aggregates for its used in road construction.
The aggregate used in surface course of the highway pavements are subjected to
wearing due to movement of traffic. When vehicles move on the road, the soil particles
present between the pneumatic tires and road surfaces causes abrasion of road
aggregates. The steel reamed wheels and animal driven vehicles also cause
considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, "(he road aggregates should be
hard enough to resist the abrasion. Resistance to abrasion of aggregate is determined in
laboratory by Los-Angeles test machine.
The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to produce the abrasive action by use of
standard steel balls which when mixed with the aggregates and rotated in a drum for
specific number of revolutions also cause impact on aggregates. The percentage wear
of the aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls in determined and is known as Los
Angeles Abrasion Value.
3. Apparatus
The apparatus as per IS 2386 (Part IV) -1963 consists of:
(i) Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends
with an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm (see fig 3.1) and capable of
rotating about its horizontal axis. A removable cover for introducing sample is
provided which when clamped is dust tight. A removable steel shaft projecting radially
88 mm into cylinder and extending full length (i. e. 500 mm) is mounted firmly on the
interior of cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum from the
opening in the direction of rotation.
(ii) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48 mm in diameter and
each weighing between 390 to 445 g; six to twelve balls are required.
(iii) Sieve: The 1.70 mm IS Sieve (iv) Balance of capacity 5 kg. or 10 kg.
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(vi) Miscellaneous like tray etc.
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(v) Drying oven
4. Procedure
Test Sample: It consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105C-110C and are
coarser than 1.70 mm sieve size. The sample should conform to any of the grading
shown in table.1 below:
Table 1. Grading of Test Samples
Sieve Size (Square Hole)
Weight in gm of test Sample for Grade
Passing
Retained
Sr.No.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
mm
on mm
1.
80
63
2 5OO*
2.
63
50
2 500*
3.
50
40
5 000* 5 000*
4.
40
25
1250
5 000* 5 000*
5.
25
20
1250
5 000*
6.
20
12.5
1250
2500
7.
12.5
10
1250
2500
8.
10.0
6.3
2500
9.
6.3
4.75
2500
10.
4.75
2.36
5000
Total
5000
5000
5000 5000 10000 10000 10000
* Tolerance of 2 per cent permitted.
1. Select the grading to be used in the test. It should be chosen such that it conforms to
the grading to be used in construction, to the maximum extent possible.
2. Take 5 kg. of sample for grading A, B, C, or D and 10 kg. for grading E, F and G
3. Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 2.
Sr. No.
Table 2. Selection of Abrasive Charge

Grading
No. of steel balls
Weight of charge, gm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A
B
C
D
E
F
12
11
8
6
12
12
5000 25
4584 25
3330120
2500 15
5000 25
5000 25
7.
12
5000 25
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5. Rotate the machine at a uniform speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute.

6. Allow the machine to run for 500 revolutions for grading A, B, C or D and 1000
revolutions for grading E, F or G
7. Stop the machine after desired number of revolutions.
8. Remove the dust cover and take out material.
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4. Open the cover and feed the aggregates and steel balls in the cylinder. Replace the
cover tightly.
9. Separate the steel balls and sieve the material on 1.70 mm IS sieve.
10. Wash the material coarser than 1.70 mm size.
10. Dry it in the oven to a constant weight and weigh to an accuracy of 1 g.
11. Calculate the percentage of loss of material.
12. Take another sample and repeat the experiment. Find the mean of two values and
report it as Los Angeles Abrasion Value.
5. Precautions
1. The cover should be fixed tightly before rotating the machine.
2. All material should be discharged from me cylinder after the conduct of test.
6. Record of Observations
Sr. No.
Grading selected
1.
Original weight of the sample
2.
= (W1)
Weight of aggregates retained
on 1.70 mm IS sieve = (W2)
3.
Loss of weight = (W1 - W2)
4.
Percentage wear
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
= ((W1 - W2) / W1 )x100

Loss Angeles Abrasion Value =
Los Angeles abrasion value = ..
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Results:
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8 Interpretations of Results
Los Angeles abrasion test is commonly used to evaluate the hardness of the
aggregates. The test has more acceptability because the resistance to abrasion and
impact is determined simultaneously. Depending upon the numerical value, the
suitability of aggregates for different road constructions can be judged as per Indian
Road Congress specifications given below:
Sr. No.
Type of pavement layer
Max. permissible
abrasion value in %
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water Bound Macadam, sub case course

WBM base course with bituminous surfacing
Bituminous Bound Macadam
WBM surfacing course
60
50
50
40
5.
6.
Bituminous penetration Macadam

Bituminous surface dressing, cement concrete
surface course
40
Bituminous concrete surface course
30
7.
35
9. Conclusions:
As per I.R.C. specifications, the given sample can/cannot be used for
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
10. Applications:
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Assignment
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Los Angeles Abrasion Test is very widely accepted as a suitable test to assess
the hardness of aggregates used in pavement construction. Many agencies have
specified the desirable limit of the test, for the different method of pavement
construction.
Why is Los Angeles Abrasion Test considered superior to other test to find hardness
of aggregate?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
How Los Angeles value is expressed?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
The abrasion value found from Los Angeles Abrasion Test for the aggregate A and B
are 35 and 15 respectively. Which aggregate is harder? Why? For what type of
construction it is necessary?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What are the desirable limits of Los Angeles Abrasion values specified for different
types of pavement surfacing?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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State the IRC/IS references for Los Angeles Abrasion Test?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO.-3
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

DATE :- __________
Page
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Reference:
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Experiment No. 3
DETERMINATION OF CRUSHING VALUE TEST

Reference: Date:_____________________________________________________________________
OBJECTIVE
1. To determine crushing value of a road aggregate.
2. To assess suitability of aggregate for use in different types of road pavements.
REFERENCE
Indian Standard methods of test for Aggregate for Concrete, IS: 2386 Pan TV, Indian
Standards Institution.
Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources for
concrete IS: 383 Indian Standards Institution
THEORY
The 'aggregate crushing value' gives a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. It is the
percentage by weight of the crushed (or finer) material obtained when the test
aggregates are subjected to specified load under standardized conditions, and is a
numerical index of the strength of the aggregates used in road construction.
Aggregates with lower crushing value indicate a lower crushed fraction under load
and would give a longer service life to the road and hence a more economical
performance. Weaker aggregates if used would get crushed under traffic loads,
would produce smaller pieces not coated with binder and these would be easily
displayed or loosened out resulting in loss of the surface layer. In short the
aggregates used in road construction must strong enough to withstand crushing
under roller and traffic.
Page
The apparatus for the standard aggregate crushing test as per IS: 2386-1963 (Part
IV) consists following:
1. The test mould: A 15.2 cm. diameter open ended steel cylinder with square base
plate, plunger having a piston of diameter If cm, with a hole provided across the stem
of the plunger so that a rod could be inserted for lifting or placing the plunger in the
cylinder.
2. A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross-section 16 mm in diameter, 45 to 60
cm long, rounded at one end.
3. A balance of capacity 5 kg, readable and accurate up to 1 gm.
4. IS sieves of size 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 2.36 mm.
5. A compression testing machine capable of applying load up to 40 tonnes at a
uniform rate of 4 tonnes per minute.
6. A cylindrical measure having internal diameter of 11.5 cm and height 18 cm.
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APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
The aggregate sample: The material for the standard test consists of aggregate
sized 10 mm to 12 5mm.The aggregate shall be in surface dry condition before
testing. The aggregate may be dried by heating at 100-11 0 C for not more than 4
hours and cooled to room temperature before testing, if necessary.
1. Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10 mm l.S. sieves. The aggregate
passing through 12.5 mm and 10 mm l.S. sieves comprise the test material.
2. Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10 mm sieves. The aggregates passing
through 12.5 mm sieve and retaining on 10 mm sieve comprise of the test material.
3. Take about 3.25 kg of this material.
4. Pour the aggregates to fill about just more than 1/3 rd depth of the measuring
cylinder.
5. Compact the materia! by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of tamping
rod.
6. Add two more layers in similar manner, such that the cylinder is full.
7. Remove the excess material with a straight edge The quantity contained in the
measuring cylinder is that amount of aggregates, which will be used to prepare the
test sample
8. Empty the cylinder and weigh the aggregates, accurate up to 1 gm.
9. Transfer the whole of this weighed quantity to the test mould by filling it in three
layers in the same manner as for cylindrical measure. The total depth of the sample
is than about 10 cm and the surface is little below the top of the mould.
10. Level off the surface place plunger o\ er it so that it rests horizontally over the
surface of aggregates
11. Place the assembly on the pedestal of the compression testing machine.
12. Apply the load at a uniform rate of 4 tonnes per. minute until the total applied
load is 40 tonnes.
13. Release the load.
14. Take the aggregates out of the cylinier and sieve them through 2.36 mm I S.
sieve. Weigh this fraction passing through it to an accuracy of 0.1 gm. This fraction
is a measure of loss of material due to crushing.
15. .Note down the observations in the pretbrma and compute the aggregate
crushing value. The mean of two observations, rounc^d to nearest whole number is
reported as the average crushing value
Test with non-standard sizes of aggregates

If required or if the standard size is not available, test may be carried out with
different grading. However specifications will be different for such cases and
should confirm to those given in the following table:
Details for Aggregate Crushing Test with Non-standard Sizes of Aggregate
I.S. sieve for
separating fines
Loading
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Passing
through mm
Quantity of material,
preparation of test
Retained sample
on mm
Page
Aggregate size
25
20
Standard method
4.75 mm
Standard
loading
20
12.5
3.35 mm
Rate of
10
6.3
Standard Test
cylinder- 7.5 cm dia.
Cylindrical
1.7 mm
loading
one
1.18 mm
tonne per
6.3
4.75
3.35
4.75
3.35
2.36
measure- 6 cm dia.
and 30 cm long.
Depth of material in
test cylinder after
tamping- 5cm. Total
load applied-!0
minutes. Quantity of
material- 1 kg for
two samples.
min. up to
850 micron
total of 10
600 micron
tonnes.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The plunger should be placed centrally and rest directly on the aggregates. Care
should be taken that it does not touch the walls of the cylinder so as to ensure
that the entire load is transferred into aggregates.
2. In the operation of sieving the aggregates through 2.36 mm sieve and weighing
care should be taken to avoid loss of fines .The sum of weights of fractions
retained and passing the sieves should not differ from the original weight of the
specimen by more than 1 gm.
3. The tamping should be done properly by gently dropping the tamping rod and
not by hammering action. Also the tamping should be uniform over the surface
of the aggregate taking care that the tamping rod does not frequently strike
against the walls of the mould
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OBSERVATIONS
Description
Sample-1
Sample-2
Total weight of dry sample taken W1gm

height of portion passing 2.36 mm
sieve = W2gm
Aggregate crushing value (%)
= W2/ W1x 100
CALCULATION
Aggregate crushing value (%) = W2/ W1 x 100 =
Mean =
Aggregate crushing value =
(Note: The mean of the two results to the nearest whole number is reported as the
aggregate crushing value of the material.)
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
The suitability of aggregates is adjudged, depending upon its proposed use in the
pavement layers .The table given below lays down specified limits of % aggregate
crushing value, for different types of road constructions.
A.C.V.
not more than %

50
40
40
30
30
45
30
APPLICATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST

The aggregate crushing value is the indirect measure of the aggregates. Low
aggregate crushing value indicates strong aggregate, as the crushed fraction is low.
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a)
b)
B) Rigid pavements
Other than wearing course
Surface or wearing course
Sr.No.
Page
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Allowable limits of A. C V.
Type of road construction
A) Flexible pavements
Soling
Water bound macadam
Bituminous macadam
Bituminous macadam premix carpet
Dense mix carpet
Thus the test can be used to assess the suitability of aggregates with reference to
the crushing strength for various types of pavement component Of the aggregates
used for the surface course of pavement should be strong enough to withstand the
high stress due to wheel load, including the steel tire of loaded bullock-cart.
Indian Road Congress and ISI have specified that the aggregate crushing value of
the coarse aggregates used for cement concrete pavement at surface should not
exceed 30 percent. For aggregates used for concrete other than wearing surfaces,
the aggregate crushing value shall not exceed 45 percent, according to IS.
Assignment
Explain aggregate crushing value. How would you express it?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
What is the specified standard size of the aggregate?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Aggregate crushing value of the material A is 40 and that of material B is 25.Which
one is better?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
State the IRC/ IS references for crushing value of aggregate?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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What are the recommended maximum values of aggregate crushing value for the
aggregates to be used in base and surface courses of pavement?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO.-
SHAPE TEST
DATE :- __________
Page
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Reference:
Page
Experiment No.4
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DETERMINATION OF SHAPE TEST

Reference: Date:_____________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and
elongated particles contained in it. In the case of gravel it is determined by its
angularity number. For base course and construction of bituminous and cement
concrete types, the flaky and elongated particles are considered undesirable as they
may cause inherent weakness with the possibilities of breaking down under heavy
loads. Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete road construction as
the workability of
Concrete improves.Angularity shape of particles are desirable for granular base
course due to increased stability derived from the better interlocking. When the
shape of aggregates deviates more from the spherical shape, as in the case of
angular, flaky and elongated aggregate, the void content in an aggregate of any
specified size increases and hence the grain size distribution of a graded aggregate
has to be suitably altered in order to obtain minimum voids in the dry mix or the
highest dry density. The angularity number denotes the void content of single sized
aggregates in excess of that obtained spherical aggregates of the same size. Thus
angularity number has considerable importance in the gradation requirements of
various types of mixes such as bituminous concrete and soil-aggregate mixes.
Thus evaluation of shape of the particles, particularly with reference to flakiness,
elongation and angularity is necessary.
FLAKINESS INDEX
The flakiness index of aggregates is the percentages by weight of particles whose
least dimension (thickness) is less than three-fifths (0.6) of their mean dimension.
The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
2. Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a standard thickness gauge IS sieves of sizes 63,50,40,
31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5 and 6.3 mm and a balance to weigh the samples.
3. Procedure
The sample is sieved with the sieves mentioned in Table. A Minimum of 200 pieces
of each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed = W1g. In order to separate flaky
materials, each fraction is then gauged for thickness on a thickness gauge shown in
fig. or in bulk on sieves having elongated slots. The width of the slot used should be
the dimensions specified in column (3) of Table, for the appropriate size of material.
The amount of flaky material passing the gauge is weighed to an accuracy of at least
0.1 percent of the test sample.
(a)Thickn
ess
Gauge
(0.6 times
the mean
(b)Length
Gauge
(1.8 times
the mean
sieve)mm
Wt. Of
Aggregates
(W) gm.
Wt. Of flaky
materials
(w)gm.
Wt. Of
elongated
materials
(w)gm.
Page
Size of aggregate
Sr.No.
Passing Retained
through
on
IS
IS sieve sieve
mm
mm
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4. Records & Observations:-
sieve)mm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
63.0
50.0
40.0
31.5
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.5
10.0
50.0
40.0
25.0
25.0
20.0
16.0
12.5
10.0
6.3
33.90
27.00
19..50
16.95
13.50
10.80
8.55
6.75
4.89
81.0
58.5
40.5
32.4
25.6
20.2
14.7
Total
5.Calculations and Results

In order to calculate the flakiness index of the entire sample of aggregates first the
weight of each fraction of aggregate passing and retained on the specified set of
sieves is noted.As an example let 200 pieces of the aggregate passing 50 mm sieve
and retained on 40mm sieve be = W1g. Each of the particle from this fraction of
aggregate is tried to be passed through the slot of the specified thickenss of the
thickess gauge; in this example the width of the appropriate gauge of the thickness
gauge is
( 50x40)
= ----------------- x 0.6 = 27.0 mm gauge
2
Let the weight of the flaky material passing this gauge be w 1g. Similarly the weights
of the fractions passing and retained the specified sieves, W1, W2, W3, etc. are
weighed and total weight W1+ W2 + W3 +--= Wg is found. Also the weights of material
passing each of the specified thickness gauge are found = w 1, w2, w3 - - and the total
weight of material passing the different thickness gauges w 1+w2+w3+--=wg is found.
Then the flakiness index is the total weight of the flaky mateiral passing the various
thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample
gauged.
( w + w,+ w + - - - )
Flakiness Index =
100
percent = 100 x (w / W) percent
W1+ W2 + W3
Page
6.Apparatus
The apparatus consists of the length gauge shown in Figure, sieves of the sizes
specified in table and a balance.
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Elongation Index
The elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose
greatest dimension (length) is greater than one and four fifth times (1,8 times) their
mean dimensions. The elongation test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3
mm.
7.Procedure
The sample is sieved through the IS sieves specified in Table. A minimum of 200
pieces of each fraction is taken and weighed. Jji order to separate elongated
material, each fraction is then gauged individually for length in a length gauge (See
Fig.) The gauge length used should be those specified in column 4 of the Table for
the appropriate material. The pieces of aggregates from each fraction tested which
could not pass through the specified gauge length with it's long side are elongated
particles and are collected separately to find the total weight of aggregate retained
on the length gauge from each fraction. The total amount of elongated material
retained by the length gauge are weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percnt of the
weight of the test sample.
8.Calculation and Result
In order to calculate the elongation index of the entire sample of aggregates, the
weight of aggregates which is retained on the specified gauge length from each
fraction is noted. As an example, let 200 pieces of the aggregate passing 40 mm
sieve and retained 25 mm sieve weight W1 g. Each piece of these are tried to be
passed through the specified gauge length of length gauge, which in this example is
(40 + 25)
= ---------------------- x 1.8 = 58.5 mm
2
with its longest side and those elongated which do not pass the gauge are
separated and the total weight determined = w, g. Similary the weight of each
fraction of aggregate
passing and retained on specified sieves sizes are found W ,, W2, W'3 and the total
weight of sample determined = W, + W2 + W3 + -------- - Wg. Also the weight ef
material from each fraction retained on the specified gauge length are found = x 1,x2,
x3 - -and the total weight retained determined = x 1+ x2 + x3 + --- = Xg
The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the various
length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
( x , + x 2 + x3 + ---) 100
Elongation Index = --------------------- --------------- = 100 x(X / W) percent
W1+ W2 + W3
Page
Page26
9.Conclusion:_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Assignment
What is the significance of the shape of aggregate in pavement construction?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Explain what is meant by flaky and elongated particles?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Explain flakiness index. How it is found?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Explain elongation index? How it is determined in the laboratory?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
State IRC/IS references for the shape test?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page
Page26
State the maximum allowable value of flakiness index of aggregate in different types
of pavement construction?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT NO.-5
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION

TEST FOR ROAD AGGREGATE
DATE :- __________
Reference:
27
Experiment No.5
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVTY AND WATER ABSORPTION

Reference: IS 2386(Part III)-1963
Date:_____________________________________________________________________
ObjectThis test covers the procedures for determining the specific gravity, apparent specific
gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
Note 1 -Three main methods are specified for use according to whether the size of the
aggregate is large than 10 mm (Method I) between 40 mm and 10 mm (Method I or II
may be used); or smaller than 10 mm (Method III).An alternate method (Method IV ) is
also permitted.
Method I - Aggregate Larger than 10 mm
Apparatus - The apparatus shall consist of the following:
i. Balance -A balance or scale of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate to
0.5 g and of such a type and shape as to permit the basket containing the sample to be
suspended from the beam and weighed in water.
ii. Oven- A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled, to maintain a temperature
of 100 to 110%.
iii. A wire basket of not more than 6-3 mm mesh or a perforated container of
convenient size, preferably chromium plated and polished, with wire hangers not
thicker than one millimetre for suspending it from the balance.
iv. A stout watertight container in which the basket may be freely suspended.
v. Two dry soft absorbent cloths each not less than 75 x 45 cm.
vi. A shallow tray of area not less than 650 cm 2.
vii. An airtight container of capacity similar to that of the basket.
Sample - A sample of not less than 2000 g of the aggregate shall be tested.
Aggregates which have been artificially heated shall not normally be used. If such
material is used the fact shall be stated in the report. Two tests shall be made, and it is
recommended that the two samples should not be tested concurrently.
Test Procedure - The sample shall be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and
dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a
temperature between 22C and 32C with a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the
top of the basket.
Immediately. after immersion the entrapped air shall be removed from the sample by
lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop
25 times at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and aggregate shall
remain completely immersed during the operation and for a period of 24 plus or minus
1/2 hours afterwards.
The basket and the sample shall then be jolted (shake abruptly) and weighed in water
at a temperature of 22 to 32%.If it is necessary for them to be transferred to a different
tank for weighing, they shall be jolted 25 times as described above in the new tank
before weighing (weight A1).
28
The basket and the aggregate shall then be removed from the water and allowed to
drain for few minutes, after which the, aggregate shall be gently emptied from the
basket on to one of the dry clothes, and the empty basket shall be returned to the
water, jolted 25 times and weighed in water (weight A2).
The aggregate placed on the dry cloth shall be gently surface dried with the cloth,
transferring it to the second dry cloth when the first will remove no further moisture. It
shall then be spread out not more than one stone deep on the second cloth, and lest
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight or any other source of heat for
not less than 10 minutes, or until it appears to be completely surface dry ( which with
some aggregates may take an hour or more). The aggregate shall be turned over at
least once during this period and a gentle current of unheated air may be used after the
first ten minutes to accelerate the drying of difficult aggregates. The aggregate shall
then be weighed (weight B).
Note -If the apparent specific gravity only is required the operations described above
may be omitted.
The aggregate shall then be placed in the oven in the shallow tray, at a temperature of
I00 to 110C and maintained at this temperature for 24 1/2 hours. It shall then be
removed from the oven, cooled in the airtight container and weighed (weight C).
Calculations - Specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and water absorption shall be
calculated as follows:
C
Specific gravity = ------------B-A
C
Apparent specific gravity = ------------C-A
100 (B-C)
Water absorption (percent of dry weight) = ------------C
Where,
A = the weight in g of the saturated aggregate in water (A 1 A2)
B = the weight in g of the saturated surface dry aggregate in air, and
C = the weight in g of oven dried aggregate in air.
Reporting of Results - The individual and mean results shall be reported. The size of
the aggregate tested shall be stated, and whether it has been artificially heated.
Method lI -Aggregate between 40mm and 10mm
Apparatus -The apparatus shall consist of the following:
a) Balance- A balance or scale of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate to
0.5 g, and of such a type as to permit the weighing of the vessel containing the
aggregate and water.
b) Oven- A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled to maintain a temperature of
100 to 110C.
29
c) Glass Vessel or Jar -A wide-mouthed glass vessel such as a jar of about 1.5 litres
capacity, with a flat ground lip and a plane ground disc of plate glass to cover it, giving
a virtually watertight fit.
d) Cloths- Two dry soft absorbent cloths, each not less than 75 x 45 cm.
e) Tray - A shallow tray of area not less than 325 cm2.
f) Container- An airtight container large enough to take the sample.
Sample- A sample of about one kilogram of the aggregate shall be used. Aggregates
which have been artificially heated shall not normally be used; if such material is used,
the fact shall be stated in the report.
Two tests shall be made and it is recommended that the two samples should not be
tested concurrently.
Test Procedure The sample shall be screened on a 1Omm IS sieve, thoroughly washed to remove fine
particles of dust, and immersed in distilled water in the glass vessel; it shall remain
immersed at a temperature of 22 to 32C for 24 1/2 hours. Soon after immersion and
again at the end of the soaking period, air entrapped in or bubbles on the surface of the
aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation. This may be achieved by rapid
clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation of the vessel between the operators hands.
The vessel shall be overfilled by adding distilled water and the plane ground-glass disc
slid over the mouth so as to ensure that no air is trapped in the vessel. The vessel shall
be dried on the outside and weighed (weight A).
The vessel shall be emptied and the aggregate allowed to drain. Refill the vessel with
distilled water. Slide the glass disc in position as before. The vessel shall be dried on
the outside and weighed (weight B).
The difference in the temperature of water in the vessel during the first and second
weighing shall not exceed 2C.
The aggregate shall be placed on a dry cloth and gently surface dried with the cloth,
transferring it t a second dry cloth when the first will remove no further moisture. It sh1
11 then be spread out not more than one stone deep on the second cloth, and left
exposed to the
atmosphere away from direct sunlight or any other source of heat for not less than 10
minutes or until it appears to be completely surface dry (which with some aggregates
may take an hour or more) The aggregate shall be turned over at least once during this
period and a gentle current of unheated air may be used after the first ten minutes to
accelerate the drying of difficult aggregates. The aggregate shall then be weighed
(weight C)
NOTE - If the apparent specific gravity only is required, the operations described
above may be omitted.
The aggregate shall be placed in the oven in the shallow tray, at a temperature of 100
to 110C for 24 1/2 hours. It shall then be cooled in airtight container and weighed
(weight D).
Calculations - Specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and water absorption shall be
calculated as follows:
D
Specific gravity = -----------------C - (A - B)
30
D
Apparent specific gravity = ------------D-(A B)
100 (C - D)
Water absorption (percent of dry weight) = ---------------D
Where,
A = weight in g of vessel containing sample and filled with distilled water,
B = weight in g of vessel filled with distilled water only,
C = weight in g of saturated surface-dry sample, and
D = weight in g of oven-dry sample.
Results - The individual and main results shall be reported. The grading of aggregate
tested shall be stated, and whether it has been artificially heated.
Method III - Aggregate Smaller Than 10 mm
Apparatus- The apparatus shall consist of the following:
Balance - A balance or scale of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate to
0.5 g, and of such a type as to permit the weighing of the vessel containing the
aggregate and water.
Oven - A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled, to maintain a temperature of
100 to 110C.
Vessel - Any form of vessel capable of holding 0.5 to 1 kg of material up to 10 mm in
size and capable of being filled with water to a constant volume with an accuracy of
0.5 ml. Either of the two following vessels is suitable:
1) A glass vessel, referred to later as a pycnometer, of about one litre capacity having
a metal conical screw top with a 6-mm diameter hole at its apex. The screw top shall be
watertight when it is screwed on to the jar, and, if necessary, a rubber or fibre washer
shall be inserted in the joint. If such a washer is used, a mark shall be made on the jar
to correspond with a mark on the screw top so that the screw is tightened to the same
position every time and the volume contained by the jar is constant throughout the test.
A suitable vessel can be made from a 1kg fruit preserving jar in which the glass lid
normally used is replaced by a sheet metal cone as shown in Fig. ; or
2) A wide-mouthed glass vessel, such as a gas jar, of about 1.25 litres capacity, with a
flat ground lip and a plane ground disc of plate glass to cover it, giving a virtually
watertight fit.
a. A means of supplying a current of warm air, such as a hair drier.
b. A tray of area not less than 325 cm2.
c. An airtight container large enough to take the sample.
d. Filter papers and funnel.
Test Procedure
Using the pycnometer - A sample of about 1 kg for 10 mm to 4.75 mm or 500 g if finer
than 4.75 mm, shall be placed in the tray and covered with distilled water at a
temperature of 22 to 32C. Soon after immersion, air entrapped in or bubbles on the
31
surface of the aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation with a rod. The sample
shall remain immersed for 24 1/2 hours. The water shall then be carefully drained
from the sample, by decantation through a filter paper, any material retained being
return & to the sample. The aggregate including any solid matter retained on the filter
paper shall be exposed to a gentle current of warm air to evaporate surface moisture
and shall be stirred at frequent intervals to ensure uniform drying until no free surface
moisture can be seen and the material just attains a free-running condition. Care
shall be taken to ensure that this stage is not passed. The saturated and surface-dry
sample shall be weighed (weight A).
Note- If the apparent specific gravity only is required, the operations described in this
paragraph may he omitted, although for material finer & 475 mm some surface drying
may be desirable to facilitate handling.
The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer which shall be filled with distilled
water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the pycnometer on its side, the
hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. The pycnometer shall be
topped up with distilled water to remove any froth from the surface and so that the
surface of the water in the hole is flat. The pycnometer shall be dried on the outside
and weighed (weight B). The contents of the pycnometer shall be emptied into the tray,
care being taken to ensure that all the aggregate is transferred. The pycnometer shall
be refilled with distilled water to the same level as before, dried on the outside and
weighed (weight C). The difference in the temperature of the water in the pycnometer
during the first and second weighing shall not exceed 2C.
The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample by decantation through a
filter paper and any material retained returned to the sample. The sample shall be
placed in the oven in the tray at a temperature of 100 to 110C for 24 1/2 hours,
during which period it shall be stirred occasionally to facilitate drying. It shall be cooled
in the air-tight container and weighed (weight D).Two tests shall be made.
Using the second (gas jar) apparatus described above, the procedure shall be the
same except that in filling the jar with water it shall be tilled just to overflowing and the
glass plate slid over it to exclude any air bubbles.
Calculations
Specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and water &sorption shall be calculated as
follows:
D
Specific gravity = -----------------A - (B - C)
D
Apparent specific gravity = ------------D- (B C)
100 (A - D)
Water absorption (percent of dry weight) = ----------------
32
D
Where,
A = weight in g of saturated surface-dry sample,
B = weight in g of pycnometer or gas jar containing sample and filled with distilled
water,
C = weight in g of pycnometer or gas jar filled with distilled water only, and
D = weight in g of oven-dried sample.
Results
The individual and mean results shall be reported and the grading of the aggregate
shall be stated.
Method IV- Alternate Method
The specific gravity and water absorption of aggregate smaller than 40 mm may be
determined by using the apparatus described in IS: 1199-1959 Methods of Sampling
and Analysis of Concrete, but distilled water shall be used in place of tap water.
When testing aggregate between 40 mm and 1O mm the procedure shall be as
described above substituting the bucket for the wire basket and stirring with a rod
instead of jolting to remove air from the sample.
When testing aggregate smaller than IO mm the apparatus shall be used in the same
way as above, but the- sequence of operations shall be as given in 2.4. After
transferring the sample to the bucket, water shall be added to cover the aggregate by
at least 25 mm and the sample stirred to remove air. The bucket shall then be filled with
water and the level of water in the tank raised slowly to avoid, as far as possible, the
loss of fine particles from the sample in the bucket to the tank.
CALCULATIONS:
33
EXPERIMENT NO.-6
PENETRATION TEST
DATE :- __________
Reference:
34
35
Experiment No. 6
DETERMINATION OF PENETRATION VALUE OF BITUMEN

Reference:Date:____________________________________________________________________
1. Objectives
(i) To assess the suitability of bitumen for its use under different climatic condition and
type of construction.
Penetration is a measurement of hardness or consistency of bituminous material. It is
the vertical distance traversed or penetrated by the point of a standard needle in to the
bituminous material under specific condition of load, time and temperature. This distance is
measured in one tenth of a millimeter. This test is used for evaluating consistency of
bituminous materials. It is not regarded as suitable for use in connection with the testing of
road tar because of the high surface tension exhibited by these materials and the fact that
they contain relatively large amount of free carbon.
3. Apparatus
(i) Container: A flat bottomed cylindrical metallic dish 55 mm in diameter and 35 mm in
depth is required. If the penetration is of the order of 225 or more deeper dish of 70 mm
dia. and 45 mm. depth is required,
(ii) Needle: A straight, highly polished, cylindrical hard steel rod, as per dimensions
given in Fig.
(iii) Water bath: A water bath maintained at 25.0 0.1 C containing not less than 10
litres of water, the sample being immersed to a depth not less than 100mm from the top
and supported on a perforated shelf not less than 50 mm from the bottom of the bath.
(iv)Transfer dish or tray: It should provide support to the container and should not rock
the container. It should be of such capacity as to completely immerse into the container
during the test.
(v) Penetration apparatus: It should be such that will allow the needle to penetrate without
much friction and is accurately calibrated to give results in one tenth of a millimeter.
(vi) Thermometer: Range 0-44 C and readable up to 0.2 C
(vii) Time measuring device: With an accuracy 0.1 sec.
4. Procedure
(i) Preparation of test specimen: Soften the material to a pouring consistency at a
temperature not more than 60 C for tars and 90 C for bitumen above the approximate
softening point and stir it thoroughly until it is homogeneous and is free from air bubbles
and water. Pour the melt into the container to a depth at least 10 mm. in excess of the
expected penetration. Protect the sample from dust and allow it to cool in an atmosphere
at a temperature between 15 to 30 C for one hour. Then place it along with the transfer
dish in the water bath at 25-0 0.1 C and allow it to remain for 1 to 1 & 1/2 hour. The test
is carried out at 25.0 0.1 C unless otherwise stated.
36
(ii) Fill the transfer dish water from the water bath to depth sufficient to cover the
container completely, place the sample in it and put it upon the stand of the
penetration apparatus.
(iii) Clean the needle with benzene, dry it and load with the weight. The total moving load
required is 100 0.25 gms, including the weight of the needle, carrier and super-imposed
weights.
(iv) Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample. This may be done by
placing the needle point in contact with its image reflected by the surface of the
bituminous material.
(v) Make the pointer of the dial to read zero or note the initial dial reading.
(vi) Release the needle for exactly five seconds.
(vii) Adjust the penetration machine to measure the distance penetrated.
(viii) Make at least 3 readings at points on the surface of the sample not less than 10 mm.
apart and not less than 10 mm from the side of the dish. After each test return the sample
and transfer dish to the water bath and wash the needle clean with benzene arid dry it. In
case of material of penetration greater than 225 three determinations on each of the two
identical test specimens using a separate needle for each determination should be made,
leaving the needle in the sample on completion of each determinations to avoid
disturbance of the specimen.
5. Precautions:
(i) There should be no movement of the container while needle is penetrating into the
sample.
(ii) The sample should be free from any extraneous matter,
(iii) The needle should be cleaned with benzene and dried before each penetration.
6. Record of Observations:
Actual Test temperature =
Sr. No.
Readings
Sample 1
Test 1 Test 2
1.
Sample 2
Test 3 Test 1 Test 2
Test 3
Penetrometer dial reading

(a) Initial
(b) Final
2.
3.
Penetration value
Mean penetration value =
37
Penetration test is a commonly adopted test on bitumen to grade the material in terms
of its hardness. An 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies between
80 and 100. The grading of bitumen helps to assess its suitability for use in different
climatic conditions and types of construction. For bituminous macadam and penetration
macadam, IRC suggest bitumen grades 30/40, 60/70 and 80/100. In warmer regions lower
penetration grades are preferred to avoid softening whereas higher penetration grades
like 180/200 are used in colder regions so that excessive brittleness does not occur.
Highest penetration grade is used in spray application works.
Conclusions:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Assignment
How is penetration value of bitumen expressed?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What are the standard load, time and temperature specified for penetration test?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What do you understand by 80/100 bitumen?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
State the penetration value for various types of bitumen for India?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
38
EXPERIMENT NO.-
DUCTILITY TEST
DATE :- __________
Reference: - IS: 1208-1978
39
40
Experiment No. 6
DETERMINATION OF DUCTILITY OF THE BITUMEN

Reference: - IS: 1208-1978
Date:_________________________________________________________________________
1. Objectives:
(i) To measure the ductility of a given sample of bitumen.
(ii) To determine the suitability of bitumen for its use in road construction.
The 'Ductility Test' gives a measure of adhesive property of Bitumen and its ability to
stretch. In a flexible pavement design, it is necessary that binder should form a thin ductile
film around the aggregates so that the physical interlocking of the aggregates is improved.
Binder material having insufficient ductility gets cracked when subjected to repeated traffic
loads and it provides pervious pavement surface. Ductility of a bituminous material is
measured by the distance in centimeters to which it will elongate before breaking when
two ends of standard briquette specimen of the material are pulled apart at a specified
speed and at a specified temperature.
4.
Apparatus
The apparatus for the standard ductility test as per IS: 1208-1978 consists of the
following:
(i) Briquette mould : It is made up of brass with the shape, dimensions and tolerances
as shown in Fig. 9.2 The ends b and b' being known as clips and parts a and a' are sides
of the mould. The circular holes are provided in the clips to grip the fixed and movable
ends of the testing machine. The mould when properly assembled form a briquette
specimen of following dimensions:
Total length
75.0 0.5 mm
Distance between clips
30.0 0.3 mm
Width at mount of slip
20.0 0.2 mm
Width at minimum cross section
10.0 0.1 mm
(half way between clips)
Thickness throughout
10.0 0.1 mm
(ii) Water bath: A bath maintained within 0.1 C of the specified test temperature,
containing not less than 10 litres o water, the specimen being submerged to a depth of
not less than 10 cm and supported on a perforated shelf and less than 5 cm. from the
bottom of the bath.
(iii) Testing machine: For pulling the briquette of bituminous material apart, any apparatus
may be used which is so constructed that the specimen will be continuously submerged
in water while the two clips are being pulled apart horizontally at a uniform speed of 50
2.5 mm per minute.
(iv) Thermometer: Range 0-44 C and readable up to 0.2 C
41
4. Procedure:
(i) Melt the bituminous test material completely at a temperature of 75C to
100C above the approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid.
(ii) Strain the fluid through IS sieve 30.
(iii) After stirring the fluid, pour it in the mould assembly and place it on a brass plate.
(iv)In order to prevent the material under test sticking, coat the surface of the plate and
interior surfaces of the sides of the mould with mercury or by a mixture of equal parts
of glycerine and dextrine.
(v) After about 30-40 minutes, keep the place assembly along with the sample in a
water bath. Maintain die temperature of the water bath at 27 C for half an hour.
(vi)Remove the sample and mould assembly from the water bath and trim the
specimen by levelling the surface using a hot knife.
(vii)Replace the mould assembly in water bath maintained at 27C for 80 to 90
minutes.
(viii) Remove the sides of the mould.
(ix)Hook the clips carefully on the machine without causing any initial strain.
(x) Adjust the pointer to read zero.
(xi)Start the machine and pull two clips horizontally at a speed of 50 mm per minute.
(xii) Note the distance at which the bitumen thread of specimen breaks.
(xiii) Record the observations in the proforma and compute the ductility value. Report
the mean of two observations, rounded to nearest whole number as the 'Ductility
Value'.
Note: Machine may have a provision to fix two or more moulds so as to test these
specimens simultaneously.
5. Precautions
The plate assembly upon which the mould is placed shall be perfectly flat and
level so that the bottom surface of the mould touches it throughout.
(ii) In filling the mould, care should be taken not to disarrange the parts and thus
distort the briquette and to see that no air pocket shall be within the moulded
sample.
(i)
(i) Bitumen Grade =
(ii) Pouring Temperature C =
(iii) Test temperature C =
(iv) Periods of cooling, minutes
a. In air =
b. In water bath before trimming =
c. In water bath after trimming =
42
Sr. No. Test Property
Briquette No.
1
(a)
Initial Reading
(b)
Final Reading
(c)
Ductility = b - a (cm.)
Mean
3
Value
Ductility value =
The suitability of bitumen is judged, depending upon its type and proposed use.
Bitumen with low ductility value may get cracked especially in cold weather. ISI has
specified following values of minimum ductility for various grades of Bitumen as
follows:
Sr. No.
Source of paving bitumen and

penetration grade
1.
Assam Petroleum
2.
3.
4.
A 25
Minimum ductility value cms

5
A 35
10
A 45
12
A 65, A 90 and A 200
15
Bitumen from sources other than

Assam Petroleum S 35.
50
S 45, S 65 and S 90
75
43
9.Conclusions:________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Assignment
Explain ductility of the bitumen?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How is ductility value expressed?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What is the minimum cross sectional area of the ductility specimen?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What are the precautions taken while carrying out ductility test?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
State the IRC / IS references for the ductility test?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
44
EXPERIMENT NO.-
SOFTENING POINT TEST

DATE :- __________
Reference:
45
46
Experiment No. 5
DETERMINATION OF SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMINOUS

MATERIAL
Date:______________________________________________________________________
1. Objective
To determine the softening point of bitumen / tar.
The softening point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the substance attains a
particular degree of softening. As per IS : 334-1982 , it is the temperature (in C) at which
a standard ball passes through a sample of bitumen in a mould and falls through a height
of 2.5 cm., when heated under water or glycerin at specified conditions of test. The binder
should have sufficient fluidity before its applications in road uses. The determination of
softening point helps to know the temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be
heated for various road use applications. Softening point is determined by ring and ball
apparatus.
3. Apparatus
(i) The ring and ball apparatus consists of following:
a) Steel balls - two numbers each of 9.5 mm dia. and weighing 3.5 0.05 g.
b) Brass rings - two numbers each having depth of 6.4 mm The inside diameter
at bottom and top is 15.9 mm and 17.5 mm respectively.
c) Ball guides to guide the movement of steel balls centrally.
d) Support - that can hold rings in position and also allows for suspension of a
thermometer. The distance between the bottom of the rings and the top surface
of the bottom plate of the support is 25 mm.
(ii) Thermometer that can read up to 100 C with an accuracy of 0.2C
(iii) Bath. - A heat resistant glass beaker not less than 85 mm in diameter and 1220 mm in
depth.
(iv) Stirrer
4. Procedure
(i) Preparation of test sample : Heat the material to a temperature between 75-100 C
above its softening point; stir until, it is completely fluid and free from air bubbles and
water. If necessary filter it through IS sieve 30. Place the rings, previously heated to a
temperature approximating to that of the molten material, on a metal plate which has been
47
coated with a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and dextrin. After cooling for 30 minutes in
air, level the material in the ring by removing the excess with a warmed, sharp knife.
(ii) Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.
(iii) Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50 mm above the upper surface of the
rings. The starting temperature should be 5C Note: Use glycerin in place of water if the
softening point is expected to be above 80C; the starting temperature may be kept 35
C
(iv) Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the temperature rises at a uniform
rate of 5 plus or minus 0.5C per minute.
(v) As the temperature increases the bituminous material softens and the ball sinks
through the ring, carrying a portion of the material with it.
(vi) Note down the temperature when any of the steel ball with bituminous coating
touches the bottom plate.
(vii) Record the temperature when the second ball also touches the bottom plate.
The average of the two readings to the nearest 0.5C is reported as the softening
point.
5. Precautions
(i) Distilled water should be used as the heating medium.
(ii) During the conduct of test the apparatus should not be subjected to vibrations.
(iii) The bulb of the thermometer should be at about the same level as the rings. 6. Record of Observation
i) Bitumen Grade =
ii) Liquid used in the both =
iii) Period of coding in water bath min. =
Sr. No.
1.
Test Property
Sample No. 1
Sample No. 2
Ball No.
Ball No. 1
Ball No. 2
Ball No. 2
Temperature when the ball

touches bottom, C
Average =
2.
Softening point of
bitumen/tar =
48
Softening point indicates the temperature at which binders possess the same viscosity.
Bituminous materials do not have a definite melting point. Rather the change of state from
solid to liquid is gradual and over a wide range of temperature. Softening point has
particular significance for materials that are to be used as joint and crack fillers. Higher
softening point ensures that they will not flow during service. In general, the higher the
softening point, the lesser the temperature susceptibility. Bitumen with higher softening
point may be preferred in warmer places.
9. Conclusion:-
10. Application of the test:

Softening point is essentially the temperature at which the bituminous binder has an
equal viscosity. The softening point of tar is therefore related to the equi viscous
temperature (e.v.t).The softening point drawn from the ring and ball apparatus is
approximately 20C lower than the e.v.t. softening point, thus gives an idea of temperature
at which the bituminous material attains a certain viscosity. Bituminous with higher
softening point may be preferred in warmer place. Softening point is also sometimes used
to specify hard bitumen and pitches.
49
Assignment
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EXPERIMENT NO.-
VISCOSITY TEST
DATE :- __________
50
Reference:
51
52
Experiment No. 4
DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL

Reference:-IS: 1206, Part I -1978
Date:______________________________________________________________________
1. Objective
To determine the viscosity of bituminous binder.
Viscosity of a fluid is the property by virtue of which it offers resistance to flow. Higher the
viscosity, the slower will be the movement of the liquid. The viscosity affects the ability of
the binder to spread, move into and fill up the voids between aggregates. It also plays an
important role in coating of aggregates. Highly viscous binder may not fill up the voids
completely thereby resulting in poor density of the mix. At lower viscosity the binder does
not hold the aggregates together but just acts as lubricant. The viscosity of bituminous
binders falls very rapidly as the temperature rises. Since binders exhibit viscosity over a
wider range, it is necessary to use different methods for the determination of viscosity.
For binders in a liquid state (road tars and cutback bituminous), the viscosity is
determined as the time in seconds by 50 c. c. of the material to flow from a cup through a
specified orifice under standard conditions of test and at specified temperature.
3. Apparatus
As per IS: 1206 (Part I) -1978, following equipment is required:
(i) Tar viscometer: It consists essentially of a cup having a specified orifice and valve; a
water bath mounted on three legs having a suitable sleeve for the cup, a stirrer and a
shield. The following is the detailed description of the different parts and accessories of
tar viscometer.
a) Cup: It is made of hard brass tube and fitted with an external brass collar at the
upper end of the cylinder to support the cup. The bottom of cup consists of
circular phosphor-bronze plate screwed into the cylinder and made conical to
facilitate drainage of tar after use. It is provided with a perfectly cylindrical
extension of diameter 10 mm and length 5 mm. Some viscometers have orifice
of 4 mm dia. (refer Tables 1 and 2)
b) Valve: It serves to close the orifice of cup and is made of phosphor-bronze as
per the dimensions given in figure.
c) Water bath: It is made of copper sheet, is cylindrical in shape, about 160 mm.
in diameter and 105 mm. in depth. It is mounted on three equidistant legs.
d) Sleeve to receive the cup and to hold it in position.
e) Stirrer consists of four vertical vanes.
53
f)
Curved shield: It is fixed to the upper edge of the cylinder and extends to
within about 5 mm of the walls of the water bath. This shield carries an insulated
handle for rotating the stirrer, a support for a thermometer, and a swiveled
support for the valve.
(ii) Receiver: A 100 ml. graduated cylinder, having an internal diameter of not more than
29 mm. It has markings on 25 ml and 75 ml levels.
(iii)Thermometer: Two thermometers, one for bath and another for cup. The
measurement range should be 0 to 44 C or 37.8 C to 82C or 76C to 122C depending
upon whether the viscosity is expected to be low, medium or high. The thermometer
should be readable and accurate up to 0.2 C
A stop watch or other timing device capable of being read up to 1/2 second.
Table 1. Specifications for Test Temperature and Range of Viscosity for Road Tar
(as per IS: 215 -1981)
Sr. No.
Road Tar Type
BT-1
RT-2
RT-3
RT-4
RT-5
1.
Office size, mm
,10
10
10
10
10
2.
Test temperature
45C
45C
55C
65C
3.
Viscosity in sec.
30-55
35-60
35-70
35-70
30-55
Table 2. Specifications for Test Temperature and Range of Viscosity for Cutback
Bitumen (as per IS: 217-1961)
Sr. No.
Grades-SC, MC and RC
1.
Orifice size, mm
2.
Test Temperature C
3.
Viscosity in sec.
25
25-75
10
10
10
25
25
25
40
40
50-150
10-20
26-27 14-45 60-140
Note: The working range of the tar viscometer with 10 mm orifice is such that liquid
having time of efflux between 10 sec. and 140 sec. should be used. For 4 mm orifice, it
should be 20 to 200 seconds.
4. Procedure
54
(i) Adjust the tar viscometer

test temperature from Table
for the test and maintain
throughout the duration of
or perfectly continuously.
so that the top of the tar cup is leveled. Select the

1. Heat the water bath to the temperature specified
it within 0.1 C of the specified temperature
test. Rotate the stirrer gently at frequent intervals
(ii) Clean the tar cup orifice of the viscometer with a suitable solvent and dry
thoroughly.
(iii) Warm and stir the material under examination to 20 C above the temperature
specified for test and cool, while continuing the stirring.
(iv) When the temperature falls slightly above the specified temperature, pour the tar into
the cup until the leveling peg on the valve rod is just immersed when the latter is vertical.
(v) Pour into the graduated receiver 20 ml of mineral oil, or one per cent by weight
solution of soft soap and place it under the orifice of the tar cup.
(vi) Place the other thermometer in the tar and stir until the temperature is within
0.1 C of the specified temperature. When this temperature has been reached, suspend
the thermometer coaxially with the cup and with its bulb approximately at the geometric
centre of the tar.
(vii) Allow the assembled apparatus to stand for five minutes during which period the
thermometer reading should remain within 0.05 C of the specified temperature.
Remove the thermometer and quickly remove any excess of tar so that the final level is
on the central line of the leveling peg when the valve is in vertical position.
(viii) Lift the valve and suspend it on valve support.
(ix) Start the stop watch when the reading in the cylinder is 25 ml and stop it when it is
75 ml. Note the time in seconds.
x) Report the viscosity as the time taken in seconds by 50 ml of tar to flow out at the
temperature specified for the test.
5. Precautions:
(i) The tar cup should be cleaned gently with non corroding solvents such as light
oils free from phenols.
tar
(ii) The orifice size should be tested at frequent intervals with a gauge having
appropriate diameters.
i) Material:
55
ii) Grade:
iii) Specified test temp, C =
iv) Size of orifice, mm Sr. No.
Readings
1.
Test Temperature
2.
Time taken to flow 50 cc of the binder
3.
Viscosity (sec.)
Test 1
Test 2
The determination of time of flow of binder through the orifice gives an indirect measure
of viscosity of tars and cutbacks. Higher the duration of flow, greater is the viscosity.
Viscosity of binder is one of the criteria for their classification. The viscosity of a particular
grade of road tar or cutback bitumen should fall within the range as given in Tables 1 and
2. Binders having very low viscosity can be advantageously used in exceptionally cold
weather conditions. High viscosity binder has to be heated before their application.
9. Conclusions:
10. Application of the test:

Viscosity test gives indirect measure of the viscosity of tars and cutbacks in
seconds. Higher the duration, more viscous is the material. The determination of
56
viscosity by orifice viscometer in seconds is an indirect measure of viscosity. The

absolute unit of viscosity is dyne-seconds per square cm or poise.
Assignment
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57
EXPERIMENT NO.-
FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST

DATE :- __________
Reference:
58
59
Experiment No.
Determination of Flash Point And Fire Point of Bituminous

Material
Reference:- IS : 1209-1978
Date:_____________________________________________________________________
1. Objective
To determine flash point and fire point of the bituminous material.
The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the application of test
flame causes the vapours from the material momentarily catch fire in the form of a
flash under specified conditions of test.
The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes
the material to ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds under specified conditions of test,
At high temperatures, bituminous materials emit hydrocarbon vapours which are
susceptible to catch fire. Therefore the heating temperature of bituminous materia]
should be restricted to avoid hazardous conditions. Flash point and fire point tests are
used to determine the temperature to which bituminous material can safely be heated.
3.Apparatus
The apparatus as per IS : 1209-1978 consists of:
(i) Pensky. Martens closed Tester consisting of the following major parts :
(a)Cup: It is made of brass, the inside of the cup may be turned to a slightly larger
diameter above the filling mark and the outside may be tapered above the flange. The
flange is about 12 mm in width and approximately 3 mm in thickness. It is equipped
with devices for locating the position of the lid on the cup and the cup jtself in the
stove. A handle is attached to the flange of the cup.
(b)Lid: It includes a stirring device, cover proper, shutter and flame exposure
device.The stirring device consists of a vertical steel shaft of 2.5 mm to 3 mm diameter
and mounted in the centre of the cup. It carries two^laded brass propellers. Cover
proper is made of brass and fits the outside of the cup closely. It has four openings,
60
Opening A has an area defined by area of two concentric circles. Openings B and C
are of equal areas and approximately half the angular width of opening A. Opening D
is provided to grip the thermometer collar.
(c) Shutter: 2.5 mm thick and made of brass. It is so shaped and mounted that it
rotates on the axis of the horizontal centre of the lid. On one extreme position, the
openings A, B and C of the lid are completely closed and when the other extreme
position, these orifices are completely opened.
Flame, exposure device - having a tip with an opening 0.7 to 0.8 mm in diameter. The
device is equipped with an operating mechanism which, when the shutter is in open
position, depresses the tip so that the centre of orifice is between the planes of the
under and the upper surfaces of the lid proper. A pilot flame for automatic relighting of
the exposure flame should be provided.
(d) Stove: It consists of an air bath and a top plate on which the flnge of the cup
rests.Air bath has a cylindrical interior, 41.3 to 42.2 mm in depth. The air bath may be
either a flame-heated metal casting or an electric resistance element.
The top plate is made of metal and it can be attached to the air bath with the help of
three screws in such a manner to leave an air gap.
(e)Thermometers: For low range values, it has measurement range from -7 to 110C
and readable upto 0.5C . For expected higher values of flash and fire
point,thermometer having a range of 90 to 370 and readable to 2C should be used.
4.Procedure:
4.1 For Bitumen other than Cut Back Bitumen
(i) Clean and dry all parts of the cup and its accessories throughly.
(ii) Fill the cup with the material to be tested upto the level indicated by the filling mark.
(iii) Place thelid on the cup and set the latter in the stove.
(iv) Insert the thermometer.
(v) Light and adjust the test flame so that it is of the size of bead of 4 mm in diameter.
Apply heat such that the temperature rises at a rate 5 to 6C per minute.
(vi)Turn the stirrer at a rate of approximately 60 revolutions per minute.Apply the test
flame by operating the device controlling the shutter and test flame burner so that the
61
flame is lowered in 0.5 second, left in its lowered position for one second and quickly
raised to its high position. Discontinue stirring during the application of test flame.
(vii)Apply the test flame initially at a temperature 17C below the expected flash
point.Therefore apply the test flame at an interval of 1 C for the range above 104
C.For the temperature range above 104 C increase this interval to 2 C
(viii) Note down the flash point as the temperature at which the flame application
causes a distinct flash in the interior of the cup.
The duplicate test results should not differ by more than the following.
Flash point range
104 C and below
Above 104 C
Repeatibiiity
2 C
8.5C
Reproducibility
3.5 C
8.5 C
4.2 FOR CUT-BACK BITUMEN

Procedure:
(i) Fill the cup with the material to be tested.
(ii) Completely fill the air space between the cup and the interior of the air bath with
water having the same temperature as of the material.
(iii) Proceed in some manner as in 4.1 except that rate of heating is between 1 to
1.5C per minute, the rate of stirring is 7(^80 revolutions per minute, and the test flame
to be applied at each 0.5 C rise in the temperature.
(iv) Note down the test results; the duplicate tests should be within the limits specified
in under 4.1 (viii)
4.3 DETERMINATION OF OPEN FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT

The standard Pensky-Martens tester and thermometers as prescribed in previous
method is used with slight modifications. The cover of the cup is replaced by a clip
which encircles the upper rim of the cup and carries the thermometer and test flame.
The test flame is fixed at the vertical axis of the cup and in level with the upper edge
of
the cup.
62
Procedure
(i)Follow the steps (i) to (v) as in 4.1
(ii) Note the temperature at which a flash first appears at any point on the surfaceof
the material.
(iii)
Continue heating until the oil ignites and burns for 5 minutes. Record this
temperature as fire point.

(iv)The duplicate test results should fall within the following range.
Repeatability
8C
8C
Flash Point
Fire Point
Reproducibility
11C
14C
5. Precautions
a. The test flame should neither be large; than stipulated nor be applied more
frequently than specified as the surface layer may get super heated.
b. The bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame should not be confused
with the true flash.
Type of Material:
Type of Test:: Closed /Open
Sr.
Property
No.
Test
1
1.
Flash Point
2.
Fire Point
Mean
3
The determination of flash point in helpful in assessing the safe limits of heating the
bitumen. The heating temperature of bitumen should be limited well below the flash
point.
8. Conclusion
63
Assignment
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64
EXPERIMENT NO.-
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR BITUMEN

SAMPLE
DATE :- __________
Reference:
Experiment No.:
Specific Gravity Test for Bitumen Sample

Date:____________________________________________________________________
1.Introduction
The density of a bitumen binder is a fundamental property frequently used as an aid in
classifying the binders for use in paving jobs. In most applications, the bitumen is
65
weighed, but finally in use with aggregate system, the bitumen content is converted on
volume basis. Thus an accurate density value is required for conversion of weight to
volume. The specific gravity is greatly influenced by the chemical composition of
binder. Increased amounts of aromatic type compounds cause an increase in the
specific gravity. The Test procedure have been standafdized by the ISI.
The specific gravity is defined by ISI as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of the
bituminous material to the mass of an equal volume of water, the temperature of both
being specified as 27 C 0.1 C
2.Applications of Specific Gravity Test on Bituminous Materials
A knowledge of the correct specific gravity of bituminous material have mainly two
applications. First, to convert the specified bitumen content by weight to volume basis
when the binder is measured by volume. Here it is necessary to know the coefficient of
expansion or the specific gravity values at different temperatures.
Second, the specific gravity is useful to identify the source of a bituminous binder. Pure
bitumen has a specific gravity in the range 0.97 to 1.02. (Higher penetration grade
bitumen and cut back bitumen have lower range of specific gravity values). In case the
bitumen contains mineral impurity, the specific gravity will be higher. Thus it is possible
for a qualitative estimation of mineral impurity in bitumen. The specific gravity of tars
depends on the type of carbonisation process used for their production. Vertical retort
tars have a specific gravity range i. 10 to 1.15 whereas horizontal report and cokeoven tars have values in the range 1.18 to 1.25
The Indian Standard Institution specifies that the minimum specific gravity values of
paving bitumen at 27 C shall be 0.99 for grades A25, A35, A45, A65, and S65, 0.98
for A 90 and S 90 and 0.97 for A 200 and S 200.
3.Apparatus
There are two methods (i) Pyknometer method (ii) Balance method. For pyknometer
method, the apparatus are specific gravity bottle of 50 ml capacity, ordinary' capillary
type with 6 mm diameter neck or wide mouthed capillary type bottle with 25 mm
diameter neck can be used. For balance method an analytical balance equipped with a
pan straddle is used.
66
4.Procedure
Method I (Pyknometer method)
The specific gravity bottle is cleaned, dried and weighed alongwith the stopper. It is
filled with fresh distilled water, stopper placed and the same is kept in water container
for at least half an hour at temperature 27C 0.1C. The bottle is then removed and
cleaned from outside. The specific gravity bottle containing distilled water is now
weighed.
The bituminous material is heated to a pouring temperature and is poured in the
above empty bottle taking all the precautions that it is clean and dry before filling
sample materials. The material is filled upto the half taking car to prevent entry of air
bubbles. To permit an escape of air bubbles, the sample bottle is allowed to stand for
half an hour at suitable temperature cooled to 27 C and then weighed. The remaining
space in the specific gravity bottle is filled with distilled water at 27 C, stopper placed
and is placed in water container at 27 C. The bottle containing bituminous material
and containing water is removed, cleaned from outside and is again weighed.
Method II. (Balance method)

In balance method the bitumen test specimen is cube shaped, about 12 mm on each
edge. It is prepared by pouring the liquified bitumen sample in brass mould to provide
the sample of required dimension and is cooled. The sample is weighed in air and is
then weighed in distilled water maintained at 27C 0.1 C to the nearest 0.1 mg.
5.Calculation
The specific gravity of the bituminous material is calculated as follows :
i) Pyknometer method
weight of bitumious material
(c-a)
Specific gravity = ----------------------------------------------- = -----------------------------weight of equal volume of water at 27- C
(b - a) - (d - c)
a = weight of specific gravity bottle
67
b = weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with distilled water.

c = weight of the specific gravity bottle about half filled with bituminous material.
d = weight of the specific gravity bottle about half filled with the material and the rest
with distilled water.
(ii) Balance Method
e
Specific gravity = ---------------(e - f)
Where,
e = weight of the dry specimen
f = weight of the specimen when immersed in distilled water.
6.Records & Observation
a = weight of specific gravity bottle
b = weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with distilled water.
c = weight of the specific gravity bottle about half filled with bituminous material.
d = weight of the specific gravity bottle about half filled with the material and the rest
with distilled water.
e = weight of the dry specimen
f = weight of the specimen when immersed in distilled water.
Sr. No.
Pyknometer Method
Sample 1
Sample 2
Balance Method
Sample 1
Sample 2
1
2
3
Specific Gravity
68
7. Conclusion
Assignment
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69
EXPERIMENT NO.-
AGGREGATE STRIPPING VALUE

DATE :- __________
Reference:
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING: K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY, SATARA
70
Experiment No. 8
DETERMINATION OF STRIPPING VALUE OF ROAD AGGREGATE

(IS : 6241-1971)
Date:_____________________________________________________________________
1. Objective
(i)To determine the stripping value of aggregates used in road construction;
(ii) To ascertain the suitability of road aggregates for bituminous road construction.
This test is conducted to determine the effects of moisture upon the adhesion of the
bituminous film to the surface particles of the aggregate. This test is of significant value
to ascertain the suitability of the two materials viz. bitumen (binder) and aggregates,
because one particular aggregate may be satisfactory with one binder and
unsatisfactory with another; and the same being true for the binders. The specifications
of Ministry of Transportation and shipping recommend the determination of stripping
value by the static immersion method in accordance with IS : 6241-1971.
3. Apparatus
(i) Thermostatically controlled water bath.
(ii) Beakers of capacity 500ml.
4. Procedure
71
(i) Obtain the material that passes through 25 mm sieve and is retained on 12.5 mm
sieve.
(ii)Dry, clean and heat the binder and aggregates to 150-175 C and 120-150C respectively and mix
with 5 per cent binder by weight of aggregate.
(iii) After complete coating, allow the mixture to cool at room temperature in clean
dry
beaker.
(iv) Add distilled water to immerse the coated aggregates,
(v) Cover the beaker and keep it undisturbed in a thermostatic water bath at a
temperature 40 C for a period of 24 hours.
(vi) Estimate the extent of stripping by visual examination while the specimen is still under
water and express as the average per cent area of aggregate surface uncoated.
Note: Three samples may be tested simultaneously so as to arrive at an average value.
The stripping value is expressed to the nearest whole number.
5. Precautions:
(i)The aggregates should be thoroughly dried before mixing with binder.
(ii)Distilled water should be used for the test.
(iii)Mix-up of the two separate samples should be uniform.
6. Record of Observations :
i.
Type of Aggregate =
ii.
Type of binder =
iii.
% binder used =
iv.
Total' wt. of aggregate =
v.
Total wt. of binder =
vi.
Temp, of water bath =

Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Percentage of area of aggregate

uncoated by immersion in water
Average stripping value
72
7. Interpretation of Results:
The results o the stripping test give an indication regarding susceptibility of aggregates
to the action of water, or pioisture. The more the stripping value, the poorer are the
aggregates from point of view of adhesion. ERC has specified the maximum stripping
value of 25% for aggregates to be used in bituminous road construction.
8.Conclusion:
Assignment
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73
EXPERIMENT NO.-
MARSHAL STABILITY VALUE

DATE :- __________
Reference:
74
Experiment No.
DETERMINATION OF MARSHALL STABILITY VALUE

1.Objectives
i.To determine the density - voids analysis for the given bituminous mixture;
ii.
To determine the strength (Marshall's Stability Value) and flexibility (flow value)
for the given bituminous mixture;

iii. To determine the suitability of the bituminous mixture to meet the specified criteria for
the surface course.
The test procedure is used in designing and evaluating bituminous paving'mixes, and
is widely applied in routine test programmes for the paving jobs. The major features of the
Marshall method of designing mixes are to determine the two important properties of
strength and flexibility.
Strength is measured in terms of the 'Marshall's Stability' of the mix which is defined
as the maximum load carried by a compacted specimen at a standard test temperature of
60 C. This temperature represents the weakest condition for a bituminous pavement in
use. The flexibility is measured in terms of the 'flow value' which is measured by the
change in diameter of the sample in the direction of load application between the start of
loading and the time of maximum load. In this test an attempt is made to obtain optimum
binder content for the aggregate mix type and traffic intensity.
3.Apparatus
The apparatus for the Marshall stability test consists of the following:
i.Specimen Mould Assembly comprising mould cylinders 10 cm. diameter by 7.5 cm.
height, base plate and extension collars. They are designed to be interchanged with
either end of cylindrical mould. Three mould cylinders are recommended.
75
ii. Specimen extractor for extracting the compacted specimen from the mould. A suitable
bar is required to transfer load from the extension collar to the upper proving ring
attachment while extracting the specimen.
iii. Compaction hammer having a flat circular tamping face 4.5 Kg. sliding weight
constructed to provide a free fall of 45.0 cm. Two compaction hammers are
recommended.
iv. Compaction Pedestal consisting of a 20 x 20 x 45 cm. wooden block capped with a 30
x 30 x 2.5 cm. MS plate to hold the mould assembly in position during compaction. Mould
holder is provided consisting of spring tension device designed to hold compaction mould
in place on the compaction pedestal.
v. Breaking head. - The breaking head consist of upper and lower cylindical segments or
test heads having an inside radius Curvature of 5 cm. The lower segment is mounted on
a base having two perpendicular guide rods which facilitate insertion in the holes of upper
test segment.
vi. Loading Machine.- Loading machine is provided with a gear system to lift the upward
direction. Precalibrated proving ring of 5 tonne capacity is fixed on the upper end of the
machine, specimen contained in the test head is placed in between the base and the
proving ring. The loading jack produces a uniform vertical movement of 5 cm. per minute.
Machine is capable of reversing its movement downward also. This facilitates adequate
space for placing test head system after one specimen has been tested.
vii. Flow meter- The flow meter consists of guide sieve and a gauge. The activating pin of
the gauge slides inside the guide sleeve with a slight amount of frictional resistance.
Least count of 0.025 mm is adequate. The flow value refers to the total vertical upward
movement frOm the initial position at zero load to value at maximum load. The dial gauge
at the flow meter should be able to measure accurately the total vertical movement
upward.
In addition to the above the following general equipments are also required:
i.Ovens or hot plates
ii.Mixing apparatus
iii. Water bath
iv. Thermometers of range upto 200C with sensitivity of 2.5 C and
76
v.Miscellaneous equipment like containers, mixing and handling tools etc.
4. Preparation of Test Specimen

i.
Measure out 1200 g. of aggregates blended in the desired proportions. Heat the
aggregates in the oven to the mixing temperature.

ii.
Add bitumen at the mixing temperature to produce viscosity of 170 centistokes
at various percentage both above and below the expected optimum content.
iii.
Mix the materials in a heated pan with heated mixing tools.
iv.
Return the mixture to the oven and reheat it to the compacting temperature (to
produce viscosity of 280 30 centistokes)

v.
Place the mixture in a heated Marshall mould with a collar and base. Spade the
mixture around the sides of the mould. Place filter papers under the sample and on top
of the sample,
vi.
Place the mould in the Marshall compaction pedestal.
vii.
Compact the material with 50 blows of the hammer (or as specified), invert the
sample, and compact the other face with the same number of blows.
viii.
After compaction, invert the mould. With the collar on the bottom, remove the
base and extract the sample by pushing it out the extractor.
ix.
Allow the sample to stand for a few hours to cool.
x.
Obtain the sample's mass in air and submerged, to measure density of

specimen, so as to allow, calculation of the voids properties.
77
Computation Results
Sr.
Calculations
No.
Sample 1
Sample 2
Density of compacted mix'd' = g/cm3

Specific gravity of mix
1.
100
= -------------------------------------------------------% Bitumen
--------------------Sp. Gr, of Bitumen
% Aggregate
--------------------------Sp. Gr. of Aggregate
= g/cm3
Volume of Bitumen
2.
VB
Bitumen content x Density (d)

= ----------------------------------------- = %
Sp. gravity of Aggregate
Volume of Aggregates
(100 - Bitumen content) x Density (d)
3.
V B = -------------------------------------------------Sp. gravity of Aggregate
4.
Voids in Mineral Aggregates V.M. A . = ( 1 0 0 - V A )
5.
Voids in mix = VM = 100 - (VB + VA)
Voids filled with Bitumen = V. F. B. = 100 x VB / VMA
Measured stability = N
Flow value = mm
78
Notes:
i. At least three specimens for each combination of aggregates and bitumen should
be prepared.
ii. For surface courses with 12 mm. aggregate, the expected optimum bitumen,
content may be about 6.5%. Therefore specimen should be made at 5.5%, 6.0%,
6.5%, 7.0% and 7.5% bitumen content.
Test Procedures
a. Specimens are heated to 60 1 (37.8 1 C for specimens in which tar has
been used in place of bitumen), either in a water bath for 30-40 minutes or in an
oven for a minimum of two hours. *
b. Remove the specimen from the water bath (or oven) and place in the lower
segment of the breaking head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking
head on the specimen and place the complete assembly in position on the testing
machine.
c. Place the flow meter over one of the post and adjust it to read zero.
d. Apply a load at a rate of 50 mm per minute until the maximum load reading is
obtained.
e. Record the maximum load reading in Newtons (N). At the same instant obtain the
flow as recorded on the flow meter in units of mm.
Record of Observation
Mass of aggregates in mixing pan =
Mass of bitumen added
Bitumen content
Mixing temperature - aggregates
- bitumen
Compacting temperature
Number of blows with hammer per face
Mass of specimen in air "Wa'
79
Mass submerged 'Ww'
Volume of specimen 'V'
Assignment
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80

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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

IMPACT VALUE TEST

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

Reference: - IS: 2386, Part IV-1963

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

Total weight of dry sample taken=

Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm.

Aggregate impact value

7. Calculation & Results:

Aggregate Impact Value

Satisfactory for road surfacing

Weak for road surfacing

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

State the IRC/IS references for the A.I.V test?

LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE TEST

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

Reference: - IS: 2386, PART IV -1963

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

DETERMINATION OF LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

(vi) Miscellaneous like tray etc.

(v) Drying oven

Table 2. Selection of Abrasive Charge

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

5. Rotate the machine at a uniform speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute.

Original weight of the sample

Loss of weight = (W1 - W2)

= ((W1 - W2) / W1 )x100

Los Angeles abrasion value = ..

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

7. Calculation & Results:

Type of pavement layer

Water Bound Macadam, sub case course

Bituminous penetration Macadam

Bituminous concrete surface course

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

State the IRC/IS references for Los Angeles Abrasion Test?

AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

DETERMINATION OF CRUSHING VALUE TEST

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

Test with non-standard sizes of aggregates

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

Total weight of dry sample taken W1gm

not more than %

APPLICATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

DETERMINATION OF SHAPE TEST

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

4. Records & Observations:-

5.Calculations and Results

percent = 100 x (w / W) percent

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT-K.B.P.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & POLY., SATARA