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Applications:
Antireflective coatings
Dielectric mirrors, Chirped mirrors
Laser output couplers
Beam-splitters
Beam-splitting mirrors
Interference filters
k0
n0
TE polarization
+
k0
E
0
Ei0
Er0
Et1
Es1
E01
(tangential) n
1
1
H
(tangential)
Ei1
k1
0 H 01 = (Et1 Es1 )
x
z
k1
Er1
E12
n2
= n1 cos 1
2
= d1k z1 =
n1d1 cos 1
Ei1 = Et1e i
Es1 = Er1e i
m12 cos j
=
m22
i j sin j
i sin j
j
cos j
= M 1M 2 ! M N
H
0 01
E N , N +1
= M tot
H
0 N , N +1
E N , N +1
0 N , N +1
=
= M tot
(
)
H
E
E
0
r0
0 01 i 0
Et
= M tot
E
t t
E N , N +1
0 N , N +1
r=
t=
2 0
0 m11 + 0 t m12 + m21 + t m22
polarisation TE:
= n j cos
j = n j d j cos j / c
polarisation TM :
= n j cos
j = n j d j cos j / c
norm al incidence:
= nj
j = n j d j / c
Generalization
The formalism is also valid for
absorbing layers; j-th layer absorbs: Nj = nj ij
cos j =
N 2j n02 sin 2 0
Nj
n0 sin 2 0 n 2j
nj
ch j
Mj =
i j sh j
sh j
j
ch j
Applications
Optical elements and coatings are designed for given incidence angle
Specific layer thicknesses are frequently used in stacks:
quarter-wave (/4) layer
=
n1d1 cos 1 =
%"$"# 2
4
0 i
M =
i 0
1 0
M =
0 1
i
1
i 2
0
i 2 2 1
=
0 0
1 2
M =
0
i
1
n0 = 1
/4
MgF2
BK7 glass
n1 = 1.38
ns = 1.51
0 s 12 ns n12
=
r=
2
0 s + 1 ns + n12
6
ns = 1.51
Broadband
Less efficient (no degree
of freedom for n1)
4
Antireflective coating
(for 550 nm)
/4
R (%)
n1 = ns
0
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
800
Antireflective bilayer
quarter-wave (/4-/4) bilayer
0
2 1
M =
0
1 2
/4
CeF3
/4
ZrO2
BK7 glass
22 0 s 12 n22 ns n12
= 2
r= 2
2
2 0 + s 1 n2 + ns n12
ns = 1.51
glass (not treated)
R (%)
ns = 1.51
n2
= ns
n1
n1 = 1.65
n2 = 2.1
Antireflective coating
(for 550 nm)
/4
/4-/4
0
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
800
Broadband AR coating
trilayer structure (/4-/4-/4)
0
M =
1 3
i
2
r=
22 0 s
22 0 s
12 32
+ 12 32
1 3
n22 ns
n22 ns
n1n3
= ns
n2
n12 n32
+ n12 n32
/4
n1 = 1.38
/4
n2 = 2.0
/4
n3 = 1.8
BK7 glass
ns = 1.51
Broadband AR coating
trilayer structure (/4-/2-/4): similar to a quarter-wave bilayer at
the resonant wavelength
half-wave layer helps to extend the antireflective range
3 1
=
M
0
1 3
32 0 + s 12 ns n12 n32
= 2
r= 2
2
3 0 + s 1
n3 + ns n12
n3
= ns
n1
/4
n1 = 1.38
/2
n2 = 2.2
/4
n3 = 1.7
BK7 glass
ns = 1.51
R (%)
ns = 1.51
0
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
700
800
Dielectric mirrors
1 bilayer (nL << nH):
nL n H
M =
0
0
nH
nL
nH
/4
nL
nH
N bilayers:
( nL nH )N
M =
0
/4
nL
( nH
N
nL )
nH
Reflectivity:
(1 ns )(nL nH )2 N 1
R =
2N
(1 ns )(nL nH ) + 1
nL
2
ns
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.2
-0.2
-0.6
-1
0.9104
1.1104
1.3104
1.5104
Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.4
0.2
0
400
600
800
1000
1200
Wavelength (nm)
1400
1600
0.3
Mirrors for 800 nm (12500 cm-1 )
(20 bilayers)
Standard dielectric mirror
Chirped mirror (10 nm step)
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
1.1104
1.2104
1.3104
Wavenumber (cm-1)
1.4104
Rx < 1
Rx
Reflective (~ 90%) coating
AR coating
Beamsplitter
n R, d R
20%
45
n 1, d 1
ns
n2, d2
80%
Beamsplitting mirror
Separation of harmonic frequencies (e.g. Nd:YAG fundamental beam at 1064 nm
and its second harmonic at 532 nm)
Long-pass or cut-off filters
Example of solution:
1) Stack of /4 bilayers forming a dielectric mirror for 1064 nm
These layers are /2 for the second harmonics so it passes through unchanged
2) We add below an AR coating for 532 nm
1064 nm component does not penetrate down to these layers
Result: 1064 nm is reflected, 532 nm is transmitted
Sometimes a detuning of a resonant wavelength is used in several layers of the
HR coating: it can smooth the unwanted interference maxima and minima.
Antireflective coatings
Fabry-Prot cavities
Detuning of the resonant wavelength is also often used for
smoothing of the interferences