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The first word in a program sentence is the word for the sentence
number. This word is followed by words bearing geometrical and
technological information.
The words stand in the program sentence in a stipulated order show
figure (4).
of the machining plane. Program end is the final, program sentence, which
must contain the Program End Command M30.
We should point out, in anticipation of subsequent descriptions, that the
first sentences of a program have to create basic preconditions for the
workpiece machining operation required.
These preconditions are:
selection of machining plane;
activation of the workpiece zero point;
selection of the machining tool Spindle Speed 5, Tool Number T, tool
change command);
Travel to the starting point for the required workpiece machining
operation.
3 PROGRAMME WORDS
3-1 Program number
The word (N) for the program number is the name of the program.
A program is clearly identified by its program name.
The word for the program number consists of the address letter N and any
number between 9000 and 9999999. Programs (component programs) are
subdivided into main programs PM and subprograms MM. One and the
same number N may be used simultaneously for one main program PM and
for one subprogram MM, since main and subprograms are stored in separate
memories. The use of one and the same number N simultaneously for
several mains programs PM (or for several subprograms MM will not be
accepted by the CNC control system.
3-3 G - Function
The word for the G function or path condition (G word) stipulates a
condition for compliance with path commands X, Y, or Z. It informs the
CNC control system how the machining tool should travel to the target
points for the required machining of the wopkpiece. The word for the G
function consists of the address letter G and a key number show table (1).
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G1
G17
Plane selection XY
G40
G41
G42
G43
G44
G51
Remove G52
G52
G90
G91
3-4 Coordinates
The words for coordinates X, Y and Z are used to describe the tool travel
paths.
They provide the CNC control system with information on the absolute
or incremental target points in the program sentence to which the machining
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tool must travel. The word for the coordinate consists of the address letter of
the coordinate axis X, Y or Z, and a number between 0 and 999999.999.
The maximum coordinate value actually permissible within the possible
numerical range 0 ... 999999.999 depends on the machine and is stored in
the Machine Constant Memory CM of the CNC control system.
3-5 Feed
The word for feed (F word) describes the speed of execution of path
commands X, Y, and Z. It is the precondition for all travel motions which
are not to be performed in rapid traverse G0. The F word consists of the
address letter F and a number between 0 and 4000.000.
The number in the F word may have two meanings:
Feed rate in mm per minute or Rotational feed in mm per revolution .
The meaning of the number in the F word is selected by a G function.
The G function G94 stipulates for the ready condition of the CNC control
system the meaning of the number in the F word with feed rate in mm per
minute. This G function remains active until it is expressly changed.
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3-7 Tool
The word for the tool (T word) determines the machining tool used.
The T word consists of the address letter T and a numerical value between 0
and 255. The number in the T word accords with the tool number.
Tool data (tool length L and tool radius R) can be stored for a maximum
for 255 tool numbers outside of the program, in the Tool Data Memory TM
of the CNC control system. In combination with one of the tool change
commands M6 and M66, the T word causes automatic inclusion of length L
for the corresponding tool in all travel movements in the tool axis.
3-8 M -Function
The word for the M function or additional function (M word) gives the
CNC control system additional technological information which cannot be
programmed in the F, S or T word. This additional information describes a
machine function (switch function). The word for the M function consists of
the address letter M and a key number. The programming language of the
CNC control system provides a whole series of encoded M functions, which
are described in more detail at another point show table (2).
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M4
M5
Spindle : stop
M6
M8
M9
M13
M14
M30
M66
4- DIMENSIONING
4-1 Absolute Dimensions (G90)
Absolute dimension data predominate in wopkpiece drawings with
coordinate dimensioning suitable for NC machining.
In dimensioning with absolute dimensions, the coordinates of all
wopkpiece-dimensioning points are referred to the zero point of the
wopkpiece coordinate system.
For this reason, absolute dimensioning is frequently referred to as
reference dimensioning.
Travel to the absolute target point. Its distance from the zero coordinate
point of the wopkpiece is defined by the absolute coordinate value
programmed.
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5- Tools
5-1 Tool Data
The CNC control system makes it possible to program the drawing
dimensions of the finished component without it being necessary to take
into account tool dimensions.
This makes component programming considerably easier.
Tool dimensions are stored as tool data (length L and radius R) in the tool
data memory TM of the CNC control system.
Here, they can be updated at any time extremely easily and quickly and
without changing the component program.
The required tool data in any case can be retrieved as required from
memory TM by the CNC control system and included automatically in the
program.
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5-7 Tool Radius Correction (G40, G41, G42, G43 and G44)
The dimension of radius R of the machining tools is left out of account
in programming. The drawing dimensions of the finished component are
programmed in the machining plane.
Programming assumes, therefore, that the tool center point moves along
the required machining path on the wopkpiece.
in the next program sentence with a travel movement on which side of the
finished contour the machining tool (viewed in the direction of travel) is
located.
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The workpiece zero point W set by the programmer (program zero point)
is the origin of the workpiece's coordinate system.The machine zero point
and workpiece zero point must be related to one another to permit workpiece
machining using the machine.
The reference point is the fixed machine zero point.
The workpiece zero point is located at a distance defined by its coordinate
values from the machine zero point in the coordinate axes X, Y and Z; this
distance is known as the shift.
When workpiece zero point (RESET AXIS) is set, this shift is
automatically transferred to the CNC control system and stored in memory
ZO for zero point shifts under G52.
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8-2 Straight-cut NC
Straight-cut control systems are capable of moving the cutting tool
parallel to one of the major axes at a controlled rate suitable for machining.
It is therefore appropriate for performing milling operations to fabricate
workpieces of rectangular configurations.
8-3 Contouring NC
Contouring is the most complex, the most flexible, and the most
expensive type of machine tool control. It is capable of performing both PTP
and straight-cut operations. In addition, the distinguishing feature of
contouring NC systems is their capacity for simultaneous control of more
than one axis movement of the machine tool. The path of the cutter is
continuously controlled to generate the desired geometry of the workpicce.
For this reason, contouring systems are also called Continuous-path NC
systems.
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9- TRAVEL INSTRUCTIONS
9-1 Travel in Rapid Traverse (GO)
The word GO in the programming language of the CNC control system
represents an instruction to the machine controlled to move the machining
tool in rapid traverse to the target point in the wopkpiece coordinate system.
After the travel instruction GO, the coordinates of the target point must be
stated in the program. The coordinates can be stated absolute or
incrementally.
The coordinate values for the three axes X, Y and Z can be written in one
sentence. The travel motions in the machining plane take place
simultaneously in travel to a target point in rapid traverse. The travel path of
the tool center point is located along the direct connecting line between the
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starting point and the target point. The positioning logic system of the CNC
control system stipulates when the movement in the tool axis should take
place:
- If the tool is to be moved in rapid traverse GO in the negative direction of
its axis, movement takes place in the tool axis after the travel movements in
the machining plane.
- If the tool is to be moved in rapid traverse GO in the positive direction of
its axis, movement in the tool axis takes place be-fore the travel movements
in the machining plane. Travel instruction GO and target point coordinates
are generally included in one and the same programmed sentence.
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9-3 Travel along a Curved Path at Feed Speed (G2 and G3)
After straight lines, arcs are the most commonly occurring contour
features in wopkpiece machining. In the programming language of the CNC
control system, the word G2 or G5 represents an instruction to the machine
controlled to move the machining tool along a curved path to a target point
in the machining plane at feed speed and to thereby mill an arc.
The travel instruction G2 causes circular motion of the machining tool
between the starting point (arc starting point) and the target point (arc end
point) in a clockwise direction, the travel instruction G3, the same motion in
a counter-clockwise direction. The direction of movement (clockwise or
counter-clockwise) is that as viewed from the machining tool onto the
machining plane in which the arc is to be milled. The travel motions in the
two linear axes of the machining plane occur simultaneously during travel to
the arc end point at feed speed. The travel path of the tool center point
describes a curved path. The term circular interpolation is used, because the
computer of the CNC control system calculates the tool center point path
running along the curved path between the arc starting point and the ace end
point by means of interpolation.
There are two methods of programming an arc:
- An arc of up to 180 can be programmed by stating the arc end point and
the arc radius.
- An arc of greater than 180 must be programmed by stating the arc end
point and the arc mid-point.
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The coordinates for the arc end point in the machining plane and the arc
radius or the coordinates of the arc mid-point must be stated in one and the
same sentence together with the G function G2 or G3 for the direction of
motion of the machining tool for milling of the arc.
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