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I. I NTRODUCTION
PACE-TIME coding techniques have been widely used
in communication networks to improve their reliability
and performance, including space-time block codes (STBC)
[1] and space-time-trellis codes (STTC) [2]. Further research
effort has been conducted to enhance the performance of
space-time codes, such as the works on space-time complementary coding (STCC) in multiple-input-multiple-output
(MIMO) systems, where pairwise complementary code (PCC)
was used [3]. By utilizing space diversity, an MIMO system
can effectively improve its transmission rate, and thus enhance
system performance.
The design of traditional space-time codes was done mostly
at symbol-level without paying much consideration to multipath interference (MI). Although these codes perform well in
a flat-fading channel, their performance will degrade severely
in the presence of inter-symbol interference. Besides, traditional space-time codes will naturally lose their advantages in
fading channels where fading coefficients vary over a symbol
block. To overcome such disadvantages, various schemes have
been proposed, including space-time error correcting codes
[4], interference cancellation [5], and adaptive equalization
(1)
where Ck (t) denotes a spreading code, which can be generated by using the method as shown in [9], and sk (t) denotes
the user data with normalized energy which is given by
sk (t) = b(k) p (t) ,
(2)
where b(k) {1, 1} denotes the original user data, and p(t)
is defined by
Eb
0tT
NT MN Tc ,
p (t) =
(3)
0,
else where
where Eb , NT , M , N , and Tc denote per bit energy,
total number of transmit antennas, total number of carriers for each antenna, code length of one subcarrier (subcode length), and
the period of each chip, respectively.
Eb
For simplicity,
NT MN Tc is denoted by for the rest
of the paper. In Eqn. (1), Ck (t) consists of the spreading
codes used by each subcarrier of every transmit antenna,
c 2014 IEEE
2162-2337/14$31.00
182
Antenna 1
sk (t )
Fig. 1.
Duplicator
ck(1),1
cos(2S f1t )
ck( M,1 )
cos(2S f M t )
ck(1),NT
cos(2S f1t )
ck( M, N)T
cos(2S f M t )
nT =1 l=1
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l + n (t)
(1)
dt
cos(2S f1t )
( n 1)Tb
Bandpass Filter
fM W d f d fM W
dt
t nTb
cos(2S f M t )
Antenna N R
dt
gk (t) =
nTb
6
( n 1)Tb
dt
Detector
rk (t )
NR
NT
M
L
Ik (t) =
nTb
nR =1 nT =1 m=1 l=2
t nTb
cos(2S f M t )
(7)
ck(1),NT
Bandpass Filter
fM W d f d fM W
nR =1 m=1
t nTb
cos(2S f1t )
(6)
nR =1 m=1
l
Summation
( n 1)Tb
Bandpass Filter
f1 W d f d f1 W
Fig. 2.
nTb
(M )
k ,1
l +Tb
NR
M
(m)
(m)
dk (t) =
ck,nR (t l ) rk,nR (t)dt.
where
l denotes estimated delay by the receiver, and we
assume that l equals 1 which is the first path.
The received signal given by Eqn. (6) consists of three parts:
signal term, multipath interference, and noise. The signal term
is
NR
M
(m)
(m)
ck(1),1
(5)
(m)
nTb
t nTb
(M)
Antenna 1
( n 1)Tb
(2)
Antenna NT
Bandpass Filter
f1 W d f d f1 W
(m)
nT ,nR ,l Ck,nT (t l ) sk (t l )
(M )
k , NT
1 +Tb
(m)
(m)
(m)
nT ,nR ,l cos nT ,nR ,l
(m)
(8)
1
(m)
(m)
nT ,nR ,l
where
denotes a uniformly distributed phase component for the m-th sub-carrier on the l-th path, where a
total of L paths exist. The complex attenuation factor for
(m)
(m)
the fading channel is nT ,nR ,l exp(jnT ,nR ,l ), which is a
(m)
complex Gaussian random variable and nT ,nR ,l follows a
Rayleigh distribution. l denotes multipath delay. The received
signal from the nR -th receive antenna after filtering out high
frequency components is given by
rk,nR (t) =
NT
L
nT =1 l=1
(m)
nT ,nR ,l mk
(t l ) cos
(m)
nT ,nR ,l
(9)
nR =1 m=1
1
NR
NT
M
L
(m)
nR =1 nT =1 m=1 l=2
l
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l
(k)
nT ,nR ,l bj1
(m)
(m)
NR
NT
M
L
nR =1 nT =1 m=1 l=2
Tb
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l
(m)
(k)
nT ,nR ,l bj
(m)
(m)
(10)
HAN et al.: A COMPLETE COMPLEMENTARY CODED MIMO SYSTEM AND ITS PERFORMANCE IN MULTIPATH CHANNELS
(m)
is given by
N1q
(m,p) (m,p+q)
ak,nT ak,nR , 0 q N 1
p=0
(nT , nR )
N1+q
(m,pq) (m,p)
Rk,m
(q) =
ak,nT ak,nR , (N 1) q 0
p=0
0,
otherwise
(11)
(m)
(k)
(m)
Ik (t) =
nT ,nR ,l bj1 cos nT ,nR ,l
n =1 n =1 l=2 m=1
T
R
(nT , nR )
(il N )
Rk,m
NR
NT
M
L
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
(m)
(k)
nT ,nR ,l bj
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l
(nT , nR )
(il ) .
Rk,m
(12)
NR
NT
L
M
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
(m)
(k)
nT ,nR ,l bj1
(n
T,
Rk,m
nR )
(il N )
NR
+ E
NT
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l
M
L
n =1 n =1 l=2 m=1
R
T
(nT , nR )
(k)
(m)
(m)
nT ,nR bj cos nT ,nR ,l Rk,m
(il ) .
(13)
Assume that the signals are received with perfect synchronization. The estimated phase and delay time are then constant.
(m)
(m)
We have E[Ik (t)] = E[Ik (t)|nT ,nR ,l , il , nT ,nR ,l ]. Then,
removing the constant items, we have the expectation in
conditional mean as
(m)
(m)
E Ik (t)|nT ,nR ,l , il , nT ,nR ,l
=
NR
NT
M
L
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
(m)
(k)
nT ,nR ,l E bj1
NR
NT
M
L
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
NR
NT
M
L
2
1 2
(m)
nT ,nR ,l
2
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
(nT , nR )
(nT , nR )
Rk,m
Qk,m
, N, l ,
(17)
where we have
(nT , nR )
(nT , nR )
Rk,m
Qk,m
, N, l
2
(nT , nR )
(nT , nR )
= E Rk,m
(il N ) + E Rk,m
(il ) .
(18)
(m)
g = E gk (t)|nT ,nR ,1
NR
M
nR =1 m=1
(m)
(m)
N nT ,nR ,1 cos nT ,nR ,1 .
(19)
It is obvious that the noise has zero mean and the variance is
given by
(20)
2 = Var [k (t)] = N0 BW .
where N0 is the power spectrum density of noise, and BW
is the bandwidth. From Eqn. (15), the expectation of MI, and
from Eqn. (17), the variance of MI is
NR
NT
M
L
2
1 2
(nT , nR )
(m)
nT ,nR ,l Qk,m
2
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
Eb /NT 2
(nT , nR )
Rk,m
, N, l =
(21)
2 I ,
2(M N )
2
MI
=
where
NR
NT
L
M
(m)
nT ,nR ,l
(nT , nR )
(nT , nR )
Qk,m
Rk,m
, N, l .
As the user data are from the set {1, 1} with equal probability, the expectation of MI becomes zero, i.e.,
E [Ik (t)] = 0.
(m)
(m)
(m)
Var Ik (t)|nT ,nR ,l = E Var Ik (t)|nT ,nR ,l , nT ,nR ,l
(22)
(m)
(k)
nT ,nR ,l E bj
(nT , nR )
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l Rk,m
(il ).
(16)
nR =1 nT =1 l=2 m=1
(nT , nR )
(m)
cos nT ,nR ,l Rk,m
(il N )
+
I2 =
183
(15)
NR
M
nR =1 m=1
(m)
(m)
N nT ,nR ,1 cos nT ,nR ,1 ,
(23)
184
10
10
10
BER
10
10
10
CCCMIMO,NT=NR=2,M=4,BPSK
10
STBC,NT=NR=2,BPSK
12
10
STTC,rate 1/2,fourstate,QPSK
Theory BER under 16th diversity order,BPSK
CCCMIMOWithTCM,NT=NR=2,M=4,QPSK
14
10
16
10
Fig. 3.
8
10
Eb/No (dB)
12
14
16
18
(m)
Pb x|nT ,nR ,l
=Q
f (x) dx =
(25)
(x)2
1
e 22 dx =
2
NR
M
2
2
(m)
(m)
+ N0 BW
(26)
cos(
),
which
denotes
the
nT ,nR ,1
nR =1
m=1 nT ,nR ,1
sum of the fading gains. Because of the perfect compensation
(m)
of nT ,nR ,1 , Eqn. (26) can be re-written as
2 2
N
t
(NT M N Tc )
Pb (x) =
Q
pt (t ) dt ,
NT
2
0
2 (NT M N Tc )
I + 1
(27)
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we have proposed a CC coded CLSTC MIMO
system, where multi-carrier architecture is utilized for transmitting code matrices in time and frequency domains. System
performance in terms of bit error rate has been investigated
and compared using analytical method and simulations. It was
shown in the paper that the proposed method clearly outperforms typical STBC and STTC systems in fading channels.
Our future work includes the analysis of diversity order, a
systematic analysis of a multi-user CC coded MIMO-CDMA
and the generation of CC codes for large scale networks.
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