Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1 Basics
Institut fr Eisenhttenkunde
der RWTH Aachen
Topic 12:
Development of Technical Surfaces
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Bleck
12.4 Rolling
Surface topography
Texturing methods
Outline
12.1 Basics
Process steps and their impact on surface
C.C.
Hot-Rolling
Temper
Rolling
Pickling
Cold Rolling
Batch
Annealing
Continuous
Annealing
Hot-Dip
Galvanizing
Electrolytic
Galvanizing
CoilCoating
12.4 Rolling
Surface topography
Texturing methods
Shipment
Outline
Manufacturing
stage
Reheating before hot
rolling
Acid pickling,
followed by oiling
Indigenous factors
(originating in the
base metal)
Diffusion to the surface
Selective Oxidation
Rolled-in scale
Redeposition of Cu, Ni
Elements left at the
interface (C, As, P)
Residual scale
(insufficient pickling)
Surface roughness
(pitting, overpickling)
Cold rolling
Annealing
(batch, or continous
after electrolytic
degreasing)
Skin-pass
Segregation of
elements
Selective oxidation
(internal and external)
Mn, Si, Al, Cr, P
Exogenous factors
(originating in the outside
medium)
Mechanical defects (scales,
slivers, roll-marks)
Residual inhibitors
Oil
Salts from the bath (Cl-, SO42-)
Ca (rinsing water)
Roughness due to skin pass
Diverse contaminations (C,
iron oxyhydroxide film)
Aging of the oil during storage
before cold rolling
Polluted oil from the rolling mill
Oil cracked in the roll-gap
Fine abraded Fe particles
Metallic soaps
Final roughness, depending
on rolls and lubricant
Silica gel, if electrolytic
degreasing
C (cracking of oils)
Ca, S, N from cold-rolling oils
and additives
Dry skin-pass: repetitive
marks, roughness of rolls
Wet skin-pass: pollutants
already present + additional
organic compound, giving a
uniform layer
No marking of the sheet
wustite
magnetite
hematite
(Fe2+)
(Fe2+, Fe3+)
(Fe3+)
Color
Melting
temperature
(C)
Density
(g/cm)
PillingBedworth
ratio
Coefficient of
(volume
thermal
of oxide /
expansion
volume of
iron)
Thermal
conductivity
(Cal/K.mole)
5.24
2.14
9.6 13.9*10-6
0.035 to 30C
25
36
Fe3O4
black
1600
5.18
2.10
8*10-6
36.3
48
178 at room
temperature
FeO
black
1371 - 1424
5.52 7.50
(depending
on vacancy
content)
1.83
1.67
11*10-6
independent of
temperature
11.5
14.2
90 to 200
volume of ironoxide
volume of iron
Pilling-Bedworth-Ratio (PBR)
Sauerstoffgehalt
Temperatur
1400
54
56
60 Atom-%
flssiges Oxid +
Sauerstoff
flss. Oxid +
Magnetit
I
G
H
N J
-Eisen +
Magnetit
flss. Oxid
B -Eisen +
flss. Oxid
58
flssiges Oxid
R` R
Y
Electrical
conductivity
(W-1.cm-1)
Room temperature
52
to
1000C
Brown/red
(in divided
form)
Black (bulk
form)
Hardness
flss. Eisen
50
1800
flssiges
C
Eisen +
flssiges
Oxid
1600
A
to
25C
`Fe2O3
Oxidation of metals
PBR =
Specific heat
(Cal/cm.s.K)
Magnetit+
Sauerstoff
Z
Vickers
kgf/mm
Mohs
Fe2O3
P 9861219
5 to 6
Fe3O4
M 500
P 690
FeO
P 388
E
Youngs
modulus
10 kgf/m
M 23
P 21.4
30.5
M 21.7 to
24.7
P 23.5
P 12.6
800C
Ultimate
tensile
strength
kg/mm
G
Shear
modulus
10
kgf/mm
Hardness
kgf/mm
M 8.6 to 9
P 9.4 to 9.6
M 8.9 to
9.9
P 9.3
GFeo=GFe/2
P 30
P 0,11
0,12
P 0.12
0.25
P 2.5
3.4
Youngs modulus
10 kg/mm
Tension
Yield strength
kg/mm
1200
Wstit
-Eisen +
Wstit
Wstit +
Magnetit
1000
L
800
Magnetit +
Hmatit
-Eisen +
Wstit
600
Q
-Eisen + Magnetit
FeO
400
0 0,2 0,4
22
24
Fe3O4
26
Fe2O Z`
28
30 Massen-%
Sauerstoffgehalt
Oxide Layer
D = Kt
Scale
Scale thickness
12.1 Basics
Process steps and their impact on surface
1310C
3
1250C
1200C
1150C
1100C
1050C
975C
925C
875C
0
0
12.4 Rolling
3
Time, h
Surface topography
Texturing methods
Outline
thickness ~ 3 mm
Scale build up in
roughing stand
thickness ~
0.25-0.75 mm
the reaction with scale which build up during the slab casting
process.
Tertiary scale
(during cooling, < 750C)
Scale types
Secondary scale
Primary scale
FeO
Tertiary scale
Transport mechanisms
in different scale types
12.1 Basics
Process steps and their impact on surface
12.4 Rolling
total length
thickness (hot strip)
width (hot strip)
speed (max.)
Surface topography
Texturing methods
entry section
270 m/min
pickling section
160 m/min
HCl
20-120 g HCl/l
65-75 C
3000 kVA
etchant
concentration
temperature
input power
speed (max.)
207 m
1.5-3.0 m
600-1250 mm
entry section
610 m/min
etchant
concentration
temperature
input power
pickling section
245 m/min
H2SO4
15-25 %
100-105 C
4800 kVA
Pickling lines
Outline
Potential E/SCE in mV
total length
thickness (hot strip)
width (hot strip)
-400
+300
Fe3O4
a
FeO
20 m
Metal
a
b
Scale
before
pickling
Dissoltion of FeO
beneath the magnetite
Absence of preferential
dissolution at the
scale/metal interface
Metal surface
after pickling
c
d
e
f
reddish
flakes
beak off
Time,t
Potential-time-curve
of a pickling reaction
2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O
Fe2O3 + 6 HCl
Fe2O3 + 8 HCl
FeCl2 + H2O
FeCl2+ H2
Reactions
10.04
8.03
Cu
6.02
Fe
Ni
4.02
2.01
As
0.00
0.00
0.64
1.29
1.93
2.57
3.21
3.86
12.1 Basics
12.4 Rolling
Fulcrum (1987) by Richard Serra, is a site
specific sculpture commissioned for the
west entrance to Liverpool Street station in
the Broadgate complex.
COR-TEN
Surface topography
Texturing methods
Outline
700-850C
ca. 10K/h
<150C
ca. 50K/h
10-100K/s
temperature, C
1
5
temperature, C
<720C
>10 K/s
300-400C
1000K/s
<40C
<40C
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
cleaning
annealing
cooling
temper milling
trimming, inspection, oiling
heating
soaking
1. cooling
2. cooling
time, up to 4 days
12.1 Basics
Process steps and their impact on surface
12.4 Rolling
Surface topography
Texturing methods
Quelle: www.msm.cam.ac.uk
Name
HNX
composition
N2, 2-7% H 2
function
prevent oxidation
dewpoint: -40C
prevent decarburization
20C
DX
Outline
comment
prevent oxidation
carburizing
atmospheres
100% H 2
Isotope
B
P
S
Cr
Fe
Ni
Zn
11
31
33
52
56
60
66
outdated, problems
with cleanliness of
strip surface
H2
Element
decarburization
prevent oxidation
cleaning
(thermal conductivity)
carburizing
H2O, H2, N2
mixture
solids
xylene/ethanol
/water (total)
<47-64
<0,8-4
<70-210
51-72
200-400
<3-6
50-106
<4-724
29000-74000
2-42
93-150
11-182
87-120
vacuum
air
78% NO 2, 22% O2
Annealing atmospheres
oxidation
<200C
280-400C
300-450C
10
Fe + x H2O
H2 + CO
>
CH4 + H2O
H2+H2O
-20
-10
-50 -30
-60 -40
-50
-20
-30
-40
-60
-50
-60
-40
10
10
11
H2+H2O=1
5%H2+H2O+N2=1
109
1010
Si
108
50%H2+H2O+N2=1
10
107
SiOx
pH2O/pH2
10
>620C
>
>
Fe
Mn
Mn
102
+10
0
C CO
5%H2+(N2)
10-1
x
eO
reactions:
FeOx + x H2
H2O + C
Gas-metal reactions II
50%H2+(N2)
Gas-metal reactions I
101
reaction:
CO + 3 H2
100
420-650C
Equilibrium conditions
during batch annealing of steel
12.1 Basics
Massenanteil [%]
100
90
Mastab:
80
Fe : 100%
Mn : 1%
Al : 1%
Si : 0.5%
70
Cr : 0.1%
Ni : 1%
C : 1%
P : 1%
60
50
40
30
20
Mn
C
Mn
Cr
Si
Al
10
0.2
Ni
Cr
Si
Ni
Al
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Tiefe [m]
12.4 Rolling
Surface topography
Texturing methods
Outline
3rd order
4th order
abrasion
cleaning, sliding
lubricating power
technical surface
wettability / coatability
fatigue properties
fit
corrosion properties
optical properties
ideal surface
stochastic
deterministic
pseudo-stochastic
statistic distribution of
different (geometric)
surface characteristics
defined arrangement of
identical (geometric)
surface characteristics,
separated from each other
defined arrangement of
identical (geometric) surface
characteristics, not
separated from each other
Properties of textures
12.1 Basics
stochastic
SBT
blasting shot
roll
stochastic
EDT
electrons
dielectric
12.4 Rolling
Surface topography
Texturing methods
roll
Outline
Texturing methods I
stochastic
Pretex
cathode
anode
vacuum
electron beam
roll
Cr
deterministic
EBT
6+
electrodes
roll
Precision Texturing
EBT
pseudo-stochastic
cathode
anode
vacuum
deterministic
LT
Laser
chopper wheel
electron beam
inert gas
roll
roll
Laser Texturing
Texturing methods II
10