Lib Thermal Hydraulic

Thermal-Hydraulic library
Version 4.2 September 2004
Copyright IMAGINE S.A. 1995-2004

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1
2. Getting started with the Thermal-Hydraulic Library .................................................. 2
3. The thermal properties of the liquids............................................................................. 9
3.1. Using the liquid thermal properties submodel ........................................................... 9
3.1.1. The "index of thermal hydraulic fluid" parameter............................................. 9
3.1.2. The "initial temperature" parameter ............................................................... 10
3.1.3. The "name of the fluid" parameter .................................................................. 10
3.1.4. The "filename for fluid characteristic data" parameter .................................. 11
3.2. Determining the thermal properties of the liquid..................................................... 11
3.2.1. Specific volume of a liquid............................................................................... 11
3.2.2. Absolute viscosity of a liquid ........................................................................... 12
3.2.3. Specific heat of a liquid ................................................................................... 12
3.2.4. Thermal conductivity of a liquid...................................................................... 12
3.3. Generating your own thermal liquid properties ....................................................... 13
4. Running multi-liquid simulations................................................................................. 18
5. Heat exchanger models based on effectiveness-NTU method .................................... 22
5.1. Effectiveness-NTU method ..................................................................................... 22
5.2. Liquid-liquid heat exchangers ................................................................................. 23
5.3. Liquid - gas heat exchangers ................................................................................... 27
6. Modeling a system with thermal components: important rules................................. 28
6.1. Causality in the thermal-hydraulic library ............................................................... 28
6.2. Other important rules............................................................................................... 28
7. Formulation of equations and underlying assumptions ............................................. 30
7.1. Brief review of the theory: flow calculations .......................................................... 30
7.1.1. Basic equations................................................................................................ 30
7.1.2. Further assumptions ........................................................................................ 31
7.1.3. About the Reynolds number............................................................................. 31
7.1.4. Resistive components: classification ............................................................... 32
7.1.4.1. Frictional drag category........................................................................... 33
7.1.4.2. Local resistance category ........................................................................ 35
7.1.4.3. Frictional and local resistance category................................................... 35
7.2. Brief review of the theory: thermal calculations...................................................... 36
7.2.1. Basic equations................................................................................................ 36
7.2.1.1. Capacitive Components........................................................................... 36
7.2.1.2. Resistive Components ............................................................................. 38
7.2.2. Further assumptions ........................................................................................ 39
7.2.3. About convection phenomena .......................................................................... 40
8. Advanced thermal-hydraulic properties...................................................................... 43
References........................................................................................................................... 47
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Using the
Thermal-Hydraulic Library
1. Introduction
Heat exchanges occur in most industrial processes either because they are wanted (ovens,
heat exchangers) or because they are unavoidable (thermal shocks, thermal losses,
friction). These exchanges are likely to occur through mobile fluids or between mobile
fluids and the environment as soon as temperature differences are encountered.
The thermal-hydraulic library deals with liquids. It is based on a transient heat transfer
approach and is used to model thermal phenomena in liquids (energy transport,
convection) and to study the thermal evolution in these liquids when submitted to
different kinds of heat sources. As a consequence, special thermal liquid properties are
needed.
In fact, the thermal-hydraulic library is separated in three categories, the thermalhydraulic, the thermal-hydraulic resistance and the thermal hydraulic valves categories
which are all treated in this manual as a unique library.
By using the thermal-hydraulic library it is also possible to model large thermal-hydraulic
networks and evaluate pressure drops and mass flow rates through the components of
these networks.
This library can be used alone or can be coupled with the other AMESim Thermal library
and Cooling System library. These libraries contain some components having thermal
ports. Temperature and heat flow information can be exchanged between components of
these three libraries through their thermal ports. Building systems with components
belonging to these three libraries permits the study of thermal interactions between solids
and liquids.
Before describing the thermal properties of the liquid, we will work through a small
tutorial example. Then a second example will be given followed by rules and advices.
Finally, we will detail the theory and assumptions used in this library.
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the use of AMESim. If this is not the case,
we suggest that you do the tutorial exercises of the AMESim manual before attempting
the examples below.
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2. Getting started with the Thermal-Hydraulic

Library
The thermal-hydraulic libraries comprises a set of basic components from which it is easy
to model and observe the evolution of temperatures, pressures and mass flow rates in
hydraulic systems. By modeling the system shown in Figure 1, you will find that several
questions are raised, they will be answered in this manual. Hence we recommend you do
this example as a first contact with the thermal library.
The system shown on Figure 1 is a part of a simplified injection system. It consists of a
pump which is feeding the injectors, a pressure relief valve and a tank in which the flow
rates coming from the pressure relief valve and the upstream part of the pump are mixed.
The distribution of mass flow rates is imposed as shown on the sketch.
200 L/hr
50 degC
100 L/hr
pump
injector
100 L/hr
25 L/hr
pressure
relief valve
75 L/hr
Figure 1: simplified part of an injection system
In this example, the unit chosen for the volumetric flow rates is L/hr because it is one of
the commonly used units in injection systems.
To model this system, select the thermal-hydraulic libraries category icons shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 2: Thermal-hydraulic libraries category icons

This will produce the popups shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3: components of the Thermal-hydraulic, Thermal-hydraulic Resistance and

Thermal-hydraulic Valves categories
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First look at the components available in this library. Display the titles of each component
by moving the pointer over the icons. When this is done, build the model of the system
above as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: model of a simplified injection circuit

This model comprises twenty elements from the thermal-hydraulic library and the signal
library. Each is referenced in Figure 4 by a number. Fill in the parameters of these
components as described in the table below leaving the other parameters at their default
values. Finally, run a simulation with a final time of 50 seconds.
Submodel name and type
Belongs to category
TFFD1 thermalhydraulic properties

CONS0 constant signal
2, 5
3, 6
GA00 submodel of a
gain
4, 7
TFQT0 signal into

volumetric flow rate
(L/min)
TFPC1 thermalhydraulic adiabatic pipe
Thermal-Hydraulic
TFND01 thermalhydraulic junction

TF223 thermalhydraulic restriction
TFTK0 thermalhydraulic tank
TFPS0 pressure sensor
FX00 output function of
an input
Thermal-Hydraulic
Temperature at port 1 = 50 degC

Internal diameter = 12 mm
Length = 0.4 m
No parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic
Equivalent area = 0.018 mm2
Thermal-Hydraulic
Default parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic
Signal, control and
observers
Default parameters
Expression :
max(x-1000,0)
8
9
10
11, 20
12
13
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Thermal-Hydraulic
Principal simulation
parameters
filename to be used
$AME/libthh/data/diesel.data
Constant value = 50
Signal, control and

observers
Signal, control and
observers
Signal, control and
observers
Thermal-Hydraulic
Constant value = 100

Value of gain =
0.0166667=1/60
(Convert L/hr into L/min)
Default parameters
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14
LAG1 first order lag
15
TFVR0 thermalhydraulic variable

restriction
16, 19

TFND03 thermalhydraulic node
17
18
Signal, control and

observers
Thermal-Hydraulic
Default parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic
Cross-sectional area = 0.042

mm2
Maximum flow coefficient = 1.0
Critical flow number = 100
Thermal-Hydraulic
Thermal-Hydraulic
No parameters
The thermal-hydraulic library can be represented as shown below:

Thermal-Hydraulic Library
Resistive Components
Flow calculations:
mass flow rate
dm (kg/s)
Thermal
calculations:
enthalpy flow rates
dmh (W)
Capacitive Components
Flow calculations:
pressure
p (barA)
Thermal
calculations:
temperature
T (degC)
The resistive submodels can be described as steady-state submodels. A more accurate

description is they are instantaneous submodels. By this we mean that they are assumed to
react instantaneously to the temperatures and pressures applied to them so that they are
always in an equilibrium state.
The capacitive submodels have 2 state variables: the temperature and the pressure which
are passed at ports. This means that each of these variables is defined by a differential
equation. These are very commonly used in thermal-hydraulic library systems and we will
describe them as transient submodels.
In addition some components are both resistive and capacitive.
Thermal-hydraulic library components have thermal-hydraulic, thermal and signal
ports.
Four variables are exchanged at thermal-hydraulic ports:
Temperature
T
[degC]
Enthalpy flow rate
dmh
[W]
Pressure
p
[barA]
Mass flow rate
dm
[kg/s]
Two variables are exchanged at thermal ports:
Temperature
T
[degC]
Heat flow rate
dh
[W]
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These variables are available for plotting. The symbols T, dmh, p, dm and dh will be
used in the equations that follow. Thermal ports are easily recognizable because of
their special shape given in

Figure 5 below:
Figure 5: configuration of thermal ports

The main point of interest in this example is the evolution of the liquid temperature at the
pressure relief valve outlet and at the flow junction as shown in Figure 6 (components 15
and 19). There is a huge pressure drop in the pressure relief valve which induces a
dissipation of energy by friction. This energy is transformed into heat which is transferred
to the liquid. This results in an increase in temperature at the relief valve outlet.
Figure 6: evolution of the temperature in the injection circuit

The liquid flows through the relief valve with an initial temperature of Ti = 50 degC. The
increase in temperature in the relief valve is approximately 58 degC. In Figure 6, we can
see the evolution of the mixing temperature. At this location in the circuit is a mixture of a
100 L/hr volumetric flow rate which temperature is 50 degC and a 75 L/hr volumetric
flow rate which temperature is 108 degC. This results in a 175 L/hr volumetric flow rate
in the tank with a temperature of 75 degC. The transient and steady-state behaviors of the
system are strongly related to the thermal properties of the liquid used for the simulation.
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Next, we can compare the distribution of volumetric flow rates in the injector (flow in
component 8 - flow in component 16) and in the pressure relief valve branch (flow in
component 16) as shown in Figure 7. Finally, display the pressure drop in the pressure
relief valve (component 15: input pressure - output pressure) as shown in Figure 8. This
pressure drop is computed by subtracting the pressures computed at the pressure relief
valve ports.
Figure 7: distribution of volumetric flow rates
Figure 8: pressure drop in the relief valve

In this model, the use of submodel TFFD1 associated with the icon below is very
important.
This submodel contains the thermal properties of the liquid used for the simulation. More
details on TFFD1 will be given in section 3.
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From this very basic example, the following

questions are raised:
Flow computation considerations:
How are the pressure drops computed in the thermal-hydraulic submodels?

Some submodels in the thermal-hydraulic library compute pressure drops due to
frictional drag (distributed resistance) or to local changes in geometry (local
resistance). In section 6, a brief review of the theory and the equations used to
compute the pressure drops is given.
Thermal considerations:
What are the hypotheses used concerning heat transport in the liquids, heat
transfers by convection and heat exchanges with the outside?
In section 6, a brief review of the theory and the equations concerning these
features is given.
How does the user have access to the thermal properties of the liquids and how
are these properties dealt with in the thermal-hydraulic library?
The thermal-hydraulic library uses a special submodel TFFD1 to handle the
thermal properties of the liquids. The use of this submodel will be fully described
in section 3.
Is it possible for the user to use his own liquid thermal properties?
Yes. To model the thermal properties of a liquid in the thermal-hydraulic library,
the use of submodel TFFD1 is of great importance. This submodel requires a
filename as parameter which contains all the data needed to have access to the
thermal characteristic properties of the liquid. In what follows, we explain how this
file can be generated using a special C utility delivered with the thermal-hydraulic
library.
If the user has a system to model which contains several liquids, is it possible to
run multi-liquid simulations ?
Yes. In some cases, systems comprise different liquids interacting with each other
(heat exchanges). Use of more than one instance of submodel TFFD1 enables the
handling of multi-liquid systems.
Which other libraries can be used in combination with the thermal-hydraulic

library?
It is very likely that some thermal systems will require solid materials together
with motionless or moving fluids. It is also possible that some users might like to
study thermal losses due to friction in mechanical systems. A final section in this
manual will show how this can be achieved.
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3. The thermal properties of the liquids

3.1. Using the liquid thermal properties submodel
As we saw in the first tutorial example, the thermal-hydraulic library uses a special
submodel TFFD1 associated with the icon shown in Figure 9 to handle the thermal
properties of the liquid.
Figure 9: liquid thermal properties icon associated with submodel TFFD1

To understand how this submodel works, display its parameter popup as shown in Figure
10.
Figure 10: parameters of liquid thermal properties submodel TFFD1

This submodel requires 4 parameters which are the index of thermal hydraulic fluid, the
initial temperature, the name of the fluid, and the filename for fluid characteristic
data.
3.1.1. The "index of thermal hydraulic fluid" parameter

This is an integer parameter used to reference a particular liquid. In the first tutorial
example, the liquid type index was equal to 1 and in this case referred to diesel fuel. This
index is used to make the link between the thermal properties of diesel for instance and
the submodels of the system which require the thermal properties of the diesel to compute
the enthalpy flow rates, the mass flow rates, the pressures or the temperatures. Display
now the parameter popup of submodel TF223 (representing the injector) of the first
tutorial example as shown in Figure 11.
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Figure 11: injector parameter popup

The default index of hydraulic fluid is 1. If you only have one liquid in your system, you
can leave the index of hydraulic fluid in TFFD1 and all other thermal-hydraulic
submodels at their default value.
The important rule is: an icon associated with submodel TFFD1 inserted on the sketch
of a system refers to one and only one liquid. If your system has more than one liquid,
you must add the corresponding number of icons. An example of this is given in section 4.
3.1.2. The "initial temperature" parameter

This parameter is not used when working with thermal-hydraulic systems. It is used when
inserting the icon associated with submodel TFFD1 on the sketch of a hydraulic system
built with standard hydraulic submodels or with hydraulic resistance submodels.
If this icon is inserted on the sketch of such a system, it behaves like the "Robert Bosch
Diesel Properties" icon, in that it defines properties that replace the standard hydraulic
properties of AMESim.
When using the standard hydraulic properties of AMESim, there is no influence of the
temperature on the calculation of the fluid properties. By using the icon above and
changing the initial temperature parameter, it is possible to make the thermal properties of
the liquid used vary as a function of not only pressure but also temperature. This
temperature parameter will be considered as the average temperature of the fluid in the
whole system during the overall simulation.
3.1.3. The "name of the fluid" parameter

This is only there to remind the user the nature of the liquid used. It does not influence the
calculations in any way.
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3.1.4. The "filename for fluid characteristic data" parameter

This is a very important text parameter. The file name which has to be supplied here
contains all the data needed to compute the thermal properties of the liquid used for a
simulation. Remember that these thermal properties vary with the temperature or pressure
and temperature. In what follows, it is explained how these thermal properties are
computed and how the file used can be easily generated.
3.2. Determining the thermal properties of the liquid

Thermal-hydraulic submodels need to be supplied thermal properties of the liquid to
compute the various variables exchanged at ports. The submodel TFFD1 is used to have
access to four main properties completely defining a thermal liquid. These four properties
are the density, the absolute viscosity, the specific heat and the thermal conductivity.
They are the properties which vary with temperature and/or pressure. In the thermalhydraulic library, these four quantities are defined by 2nd order polynomial functions of
the temperature and the pressure to model their variations with respect to temperature and
pressure.
3.2.1. Specific volume of a liquid

In the thermal-hydraulic library, the specific volume of a liquid referenced by an index is
calculated using a 2nd order polynomial function of the temperature and the pressure as
follows:
vs = = vs0 [1 + (a p ) p + (a p 2 ) (p)
+ (a t ) T + (a t 2 ) ( T) 2 + (a pt ) pT ]
where vs0 is the reference specific volume (given at specified reference temperature and
pressure), ap is the specific volume coefficient for the pressure, ap2 is the specific volume
coefficient for the squared pressure, at is the specific volume coefficient for the
temperature, at2 is the specific volume coefficient for the squared temperature and apt is
the specific volume coefficient for the pressure*temperature term. We also define:
T = Tw Tref
where Tw is the working temperature and Tref is the reference temperature defined in the
thermal properties of the liquid, and
p = p p
w
ref
where pw is the working pressure and pref is the reference pressure defined in the thermal
properties of the liquid.
The specific volume of the liquid is expressed in m3/kg.
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3.2.2. Absolute viscosity of a liquid

In the thermal-hydraulic library, the absolute viscosity of a liquid referenced by an index
is calculated using a 2nd order polynomial function of the temperature and the pressure as
follows:
= 10
0
and
= b p p + bt T + bt 2 (T )2
where 0 is the reference absolute viscosity (given at reference temperature and pressure),
bp is the absolute viscosity coefficient for the pressure, bt is the absolute viscosity
coefficient for the temperature and bt2 is the absolute viscosity coefficient for the squared
temperature. The absolute viscosity of the liquid is expressed in Ns/m2.
3.2.3. Specific heat of a liquid

In the thermal-hydraulic library, the specific heat of a liquid referenced by an index is
calculated using a 2nd order polynomial function of the temperature as follows:
cp = cp0 [1 + (c t ) T + (c t 2 ) (T)
+ (c p ) p + (c pt ) pT ]
where cp0 is the reference specific heat (given at a reference temperature), ct is the specific
heat coefficient for the temperature, ct2 is the specific heat coefficient for the squared
temperature, cp is the specific heat coefficient for the pressure and cpt is the specific heat
coefficient for the pressure*temperature term. The specific heat of the liquid is expressed
in J/kg/degC.
3.2.4. Thermal conductivity of a liquid

In the thermal-hydraulic library, the thermal conductivity of a solid referenced by an index
is calculated using a 2nd order polynomial function of the temperature as follows:
= 0 [1 + (d t ) T + (d t 2 ) (T ) 2 ]
where 0 is the reference thermal conductivity (given at reference pressure and
temperature), dt is the thermal conductivity coefficient for the temperature and dt2 is the
thermal conductivity coefficient for the squared temperature. The thermal conductivity of
the liquid is expressed in W/m/degC.
These four properties described by polynomial functions are needed to define completely
a thermal liquid. They give access to:
-
the bulk modulus of the liquid:
d
dp
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the volumetric expansion coefficient of the liquid:
=
-
the kinematic viscosity of the liquid:
=
-
the thermal diffusivity of the liquid:
2 =
d
dT
cp
The thermal properties of liquids are modeled in the thermal-hydraulic library from these
equations.
3.3. Generating your own thermal liquid properties

In order to get you started, the thermal-hydraulic library is provided with some predefined
thermal properties of liquids and associated parameter files which can be found in the
$AME/libthh/data directory. These files can be used directly in the submodel TFFD1.
The list of file names defining liquid properties is given in the APPENDIX section at the
end of this manual. You are not limited to this list and you can create your own thermal
liquid properties. To illustrate how you can generate files for TFFD1, we will use the data
for a coolant given in the following tables.
Special coolant
Properties at 293 K = 20 degC (Reference temperature)
3
0 (in kg/m )
0 (kg/m/s)
cp0 (in J/kg/K)
0 (in W/m/K)
1049
0.0024
4189
0.46
Range of operating temperatures

0 to 110 degC
Range of operating pressures
0 to 500 bars
Reference pressure: pref = 1 barA
Reference Bulk modulus = 13000 barA (at Tref and pref)
Table 1: reference data and properties for a special coolant
Properties at various temperatures (in degC) and at reference pressure

(in kg/m3)
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20
35
50
70
110
1060
1055
1049
1040
1031
1019
995
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(in m2/s)
499*10-08
314*10-08
230*10-08
154*10-08
114*10-08
82*10-08
47*10-08
cp (in J/kg/K)
4208
4197
4189
4181
4179
4185
4229
(in W/m/K)
0.456
0.46
0.463
0.468
0.473
0.479
0.493
Table 2: properties of the coolant at various temperatures

The pressure coefficient for specific volume is equal to:
ap =
1
1
=
= 7,7.10 10 (PaA-1)
5
(T0, p0)
13000.10
Determining the other coefficients involves a great deal of computation effort. A special
utility does this work for you. This utility requires the data in a special format.
Step1 : Supply the characteristic data of the liquid
You must supply in a file the characteristic data for the liquid. This characteristic data
consists of:
- liquid name,
- reference temperature,
- minimum operating temperature,
- maximum operating temperature,
- reference pressure,
- minimum operating pressure,
- maximum operating pressure,
- pressure coefficient for specific volume,
- pressure * temperature coefficient fro specific volume,
- squared pressure coefficient for specific volume,
- pressure coefficient for absolute viscosity,
- a set of temperatures,
- corresponding values for density,
- corresponding values for specific heat,
- corresponding values for thermal conductivity,
- corresponding values for kinematic viscosity.
Here is a file for the coolant properties given above:
# fluid name
special coolant
# reference temperature (in degC)
20.0
# minimum temperature (in degC)
0.0
# maximum temperature (in degC)
110.0
# reference pressure (in PaA)
1e5
# minimum pressure (in PaA)
0.0
# maximum pressure (in PaA)
500e5
# pressure coefficient for specific volume
-7.7e-10
# pressure * temperature coefficient for specific volume
0.0
# squared pressure coefficient for specific volume
0.0
# pressure coefficient for absolute viscosity
0.0
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#
T(degC)
0
10
20
35
50
70
110
rho(kg/m**3)
1060
1055
1049
1040
1031
1019
995
cp(J/kg/degC)
4208
4197
4189
4181
4179
4185
4229
lam(W/m/degC)
0.456
0.46
0.463
0.468
0.473
0.479
0.493
nu(m**2/s)
499e-8
314e-8
230e-8
154e-8
114e-8
82e-8
47e-8
This file contains all the information needed by submodel TFFD1. You must strictly stick
to the format of this file otherwise problems may occur when starting the simulation.
Therefore, to build your own characteristic data file, we recommend that you copy and
edit the file $AME/libthh/data/coolant.
The editable lines of the file are those in bold characters. The following rules must be
followed:
- do not edit the lines preceded by (#),
- do not add blank lines.
Here, the properties are given for 7 temperature values. The user can choose to give
more values provided there is always the same number of values for each property.
The minimum number is 3 values. It is advised to supply a great number of values so
as to be very accurate. Generating this type of file requires a special attention.
Therefore an erroneous value supplied for the density for example will affect the
computation of the bulk modulus and the volumetric expansion coefficient. In
addition, the range of working temperatures and pressures for the fluid is specified
in this file. You must ensure that the fluids used in the system work in the defined
range of temperature and pressure.
NOTA:
The pressure coefficient for density should NEVER be equal to zero. This
coefficient is calculated using the formula below:
ap =
(p , T0 )
0
Step2 : Generate the ASCII file for submodel TFFD1

When all the data are ready, give a name to the file, say coolant and run the utility called
liquidgen which is in the directory where coolant file is stored. The liquidgen utility can
be found in the directory $AME/libthh/data. It is advised to copy it in your local
directory.
1- Type :
$AME/libthh/data/liquidgen
This will result in the following prompt:
"Enter the name of the file containing the data: "
2- Type the name of the file you have just generated:
coolant
This will result in a second prompt:
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"Enter the name of the file to be generated: "

3- Type now the name of the file which will be automatically generated and used in
submodel TFFD1:
coolant.data
Check that the coolant.data file has been correctly generated, it should be look like this :
Detail of the generated file coolant.data
2
1.000e+05
2.000e+01
1.049e+03
2.413e-03
4.189e+03
4.630e-01
0.000e+00
5.000e+07
0.000e+00
1.100e+02
5.573e-04
4.930e-07
-7.700e-10
0.000e+00
0.000e+00
-1.307e-02
5.585e-05
0.000e+00
-1.701e-04
3.074e-06
-2.244e-13
-6.578e-11
7.096e-04
9.664e-08
Reference pressure
[PaA]
Reference temperature
[degC]
Reference density
[kg/m**3]
Reference absolute viscosity
[kg/m/s]
Reference specific heat
[J/kg/K]
Reference thermal conductivity
[W/m/K]
Minimum pressure allowed
[PaA]
Maximum pressure allowed
[PaA]
Minimum temperature allowed
[degC]
Maximum temperature allowed
[degC]
Temperature coefficient for specific volume
Temperature squared coefficient for specific volume
Pressure coefficient for specific volume
Pressure * temperature coefficient for specific volume
Squared pressure coefficient for specific volume
Temperature coefficient for absolute viscosity
Temperature squared coefficient for absolute viscosity
Pressure coefficient for absolute viscosity
Temperature coefficient for specific heat
Temperature squared coefficient for specific heat
Pressure * temperature coefficient for specific heat
Pressure coefficient for specific heat
Temperature coefficient for thermal conductivity
Temperature squared coefficient for thermal conductivity
When all the data is ready, it is to wise to check that these properties are correct. This can
be achieved by constructing the small system shown in Figure 12:
Figure 12: checking liquid thermal properties

Fill in the parameters as shown in the table below and run a simulation for 20 seconds:
When the simulation is over, click on the icon associated with submodel TFFPR and plot
the density, the absolute viscosity, the specific heat and the thermal conductivity of the
coolant with respect to temperature as shown in Figure 13. You can then check if the file
you generated is correct.
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Finally, rerun the first tutorial example using this time the coolant thermal properties. Plot
the evolution of the temperature at the pressure relief valve outlet and compare the results
with those obtained using the diesel thermal properties as shown in Figure 14.
TFFD1 liquid thermal
0
properties
UD00 piecewise signal
1
UD00 piecewise signal
Signal, control and

observers
TFPT0 conversion of a
signal into a temperature
and a pressure
TFFPR calculation of
thermal liquid properties
Thermal-hydraulic
Principal simulation parameters

Filename :
coolant.data generated previously
Stage1
From 0 to 110 for 5 sec
Stage2
Stage3
Stage4
Stage1
Constant value = 1 for 5 sec
Stage2
for 5 sec
Stage3
for 5 sec
Stage4
for 5 sec
No parameters
Thermal-hydraulic
Default parameters
Belongs to category
Thermal-hydraulic
Signal, control and
observers
Figure 13: coolant thermal properties with respect to temperature and pressure
As you can see in Figure 13, the density and the specific heat are influenced by
temperature and pressure. This is due to the pressure coefficient for the density. The
September 2004
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absolute viscosity could also behave like this, but with this data, it only varies with
temperature .
For the thermal conductivity of the liquids, it normally depends only on the temperature.
Figure 14: comparison between diesel and coolant properties

Note that the temperature at the pressure relief valve outlet reaches a higher level with
diesel because it has a specific heat and a density which are smaller than those for the
coolant.
4. Running multi-liquid simulations

The purpose of this section is to describe the facility available in the thermal-hydraulic
library to handle multi-liquid simulations. In some cases, several liquids are involved in
thermal-hydraulic systems. This can occur when modeling heat exchangers. The rule that
must be followed so as to run multi-liquid simulations is:
The user must put on the sketch one liquid thermal properties icon for each liquid
involved in the system and set a different index for each icon. Finally, the index of
hydraulic fluids in each other submodels of the system must be updated. This rule is
applied in the following tutorial example.
Tutorial example:
In this new example, the following topics will be illustrated:
- multi-liquid simulations
- transient heat transfer approach
- coupling thermal-hydraulic and thermal components
September 2004
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A very simple heat exchanger diesel-coolant is shown in Figure 15. It is constituted of an

internal tube in which the coolant is flowing and an external tube. Diesel fuel is flowing
between the internal and the external tube in the opposite direction. The tubes are made of
aluminum. The wall of the external cylinder is considered to be insulated, there is no heat
exchange with the environment.
Diameter = 25 mm
Length = 1m
Diesel, Td input= 100 degC, Q = 20 L/min

Coolant, Tc input = 20 degC, Q = 20 L/min
Figure 15: simple heat exchanger coolant-diesel

It is interesting to study the evolution of the outlet temperature of each liquid.
We will first consider that the convective heat flow rate propagating is directly transmitted
from the diesel to the coolant. We will not take into account the influence of the
aluminum wall in the first part of this example.
To model this system, build the circuit shown in Figure 16:
Figure 16: heat exchanger model

This model comprises 13 components belonging to the thermal-hydraulic and to the signal
libraries. Fill in the parameters of this model as shown in the following table leaving the
other parameters at their default values and run a simulation for 20 seconds.
0

TFFD1 thermal-hydraulic
properties
September 2004
Belongs to category
Thermal-Hydraulic

filename generated previously
coolant.data
19/47
2, 12
TFQT0 signal into

(L/min)
TFPC5 thermal-hydraulic
pipe with heat exchange
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
TF223 thermal- hydraulic

restriction
TFTK1 thermal-hydraulic
tank
TFTK1 thermal-hydraulic
tank
TF223 thermal- hydraulic
restriction
TFC00 Thermal-hydraulic
capacity
TFQT0 signal into
(L/min)
TFFD1 thermal-hydraulic
properties
Signal, control and

observers
Signal, control and
observers
Thermal-Hydraulic
Thermal-Hydraulic
Constant value = 20
Constant value = 20
Default parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic

Length = 1 m
Convective exchange coefficient =
10000 W/m2/degC
Default parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic
Default parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic
#tank temperature = 100 degC

index of hydraulic fluid = 2
Index of hydraulic fluid = 2
Thermal-Hydraulic
Thermal-Hydraulic
Thermal-Hydraulic
Signal, control and
observers
Thermal-Hydraulic

Total volume = 0.5 L
filename used previously
diesel.data
When this is done, plot graphs of the temperatures in components TFPC5 and TFC00
against time as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17: evolution of diesel and coolant temperatures in the exchanger

September 2004
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Diesel is cooled from 100 degC to 62 degC, which is the equilibrium temperature, after a
transient behavior of approximately 3 seconds. The transient phenomenon is very fast
because the convective heat flow rate is directly transmitted from one liquid to another.
To be more accurate, we should model the aluminum wall between diesel and coolant
through which the heat is propagating. Modify the previous system as shown on Figure
18, you will find how thermal and thermal-hydraulic components can be coupled.
Figure 18: simple heat exchanger model with aluminum wall

There are additive components in this model. Fill in the parameters of these new
components as shown in the table below and run a simulation for 20 seconds.
THSD0 thermal solid
properties
THHF0 Zero heat flow
15, 17
source
THC00 thermal capacity
16
TFPC5 thermal-hydraulic
18
pipe with heat exchange
14
Belongs to category
Thermal
Thermal
Thermal
Thermal-Hydraulic

filename picked in $AME/dataTH/
aluminum.data
No parameters
Default parameters
Length = 1 m
Convective exchange coefficient =
10000 W/m2/degC
When this is done, display the evolutions of the temperatures in components 4, 16 and 18
against time as shown in Figure 19.
September 2004
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Figure 19: evolution of diesel, coolant and aluminum wall temperature

This time the diesel is cooled from 100 degC to 72 degC. This is because part of the
convective heat exchanged between both liquids is stored as energy in the aluminum wall.
This last example is a very simple model of a heat exchanger. It is constructed from basic
components from the thermal and thermal-hydraulic library. This example shows how to
couple components from both libraries and gives a good outlook of what can be done with
all these basic components. To be more accurate, we could have taken into account
conduction in the aluminum, heat exchanges with the environment for example.
5. Heat exchanger models based on effectivenessNTU method

5.1. Effectiveness-NTU method
The effectiveness-NTU (Number of Transfer Units) method is widely considered for heat
exchanger analysis. It is used when only the inlet temperatures are known.
The heat exchanger is modeled considering three elements:
the separated cold and hot fluids that exchange one another represented with two
similar parts,
the link between both parts with another intermediate element.
Thus, gas-gas heat exchanger models with various flow arrangements can be built. In the
same way, gas-liquid heat exchangers can also be modeled coupling submodels TPEX01
or TPEX02 from the Thermal-pneumatic library to submodels TFEX01 or TFEX02 from
the Thermal-hydraulic library. In every case, submodels TFPHI01, TFPHI02 , TPPHI01
and TPPHI02 are used to connect both parts.
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The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as:
q
q max
where q is the actual heat transfer rate and qmax is the maximum heat transfer
rate.
The number of transfer units NTU is a dimensionless parameter and is defined as:
NTU =
U*A
C min
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A is the total area and Cmin is the
minimum heat capacity rate.
There are many relations given for the heat exchanger effectiveness as a function of the
NTU and Cr=Cmin/Cmax numbers. These are based on analytical calculations available
for various types of heat exchangers. Examples of functions commonly used are
summarized in the APPENDIX 1 section of this manual.
5.2. Liquid-liquid heat exchangers

The purpose of this section is to describe the way of modeling liquid-liquid heat
exchangers considering various flow arrangements with:
! the effectiveness directly fixed by a signal source,
" some cross flow considerations,
# some parallel flow considerations,
$ some counter flow considerations.
For the last three cases, the flow arrangement expressions are set in the submodels
TPPHI01 and are used to compute the heat flow rate through the heat exchangers as well
as their effectiveness.
The interesting point here is to compare the difference in the heat exchanger performances
due to the flow arrangements.
September 2004
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Figure 20: heat exchangers based on the NTU-effectiveness method

The interesting point here is to compare the difference in the heat exchanger performances
due to flow arrangement.
This is highlighted with the proposed model in Figure 20. It consists in a 1.889 kg/s 300
degC hot coolant fluid flow which is refreshed with a 1 Kg/s 35 degC fresh coolant fluid
flow. We consider a cross flow heat exchanger, a parallel flow heat exchanger and a
counter flow heat exchanger.
Fill in the parameters of these components as described in the table below leaving the
others at their default values. Finally, run a simulation with a final time of 10 seconds with
a communication interval of 0.01 second.
1
2
3
TFFD1
thermal-hydraulic
properties
TFFD1
thermal-hydraulic
properties
TFMTS
signal into thermalhydraulic mass flow
rate
TFMTS
signal into thermalhydraulic mass flow
rate
September 2004
Belongs to
category
Main simulation parameters
Thermal-Hydraulic
file name: coolant
Thermal-Hydraulic
file name: coolant

index of thermal hydraulic fluid = 2
Thermal-Hydraulic
# mass flow rate port 1 = 1 Kg/s

source temperature = 35 degC
Thermal-Hydraulic
# mass flow rate port 1 = 1 Kg/s

source temperature = 300 degC
24/47
5
5 bis
6
6 bis
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
TFPC1
thermal-hydraulic
adiabatic pipe
TFPC1
thermal-hydraulic
adiabatic pipe
TFEX01
thermal-hydraulic
half heat exchanger
TFEX01
thermal-hydraulic
half heat exchanger
Thermal-Hydraulic
# temperature at port 1 = 35 degC
Thermal-Hydraulic
# temperature at port 1 = 300 degC

Thermal-Hydraulic
# heat exchanger outlet temperature =

35 degC
Thermal-Hydraulic
## heat exchanger outlet temperature =

300 degC
TF223
thermal-hydraulic
restriction
TFTK0
thermal-hydraulic
tank
CONS0
constant signal
CONS0
constant signal
TFPHI01
thermal-pneumatic
heat flow rate
calculation
TFPHI01
thermal-pneumatic
heat flow rate
calculation
Thermal-Hydraulic
Thermal-Hydraulic
Signal, control and

observers
Signal, control and
observers
constant value = 0.5
Thermal-Hydraulic
filename or expression for

epsilon=f(x,cr): x
Thermal-Hydraulic

epsilon=f(x,cr):
1-exp((1/(cr+1e-6))*(x^0.22)
*(exp(-cr*(x^0.78))-1))
Thermal-Hydraulic

epsilon=f(x,cr):
(1-exp(-x*(1+cr)))/(1+cr)
Thermal-Hydraulic

epsilon=f(x,cr):
(1-exp(-x*(1+cr)))/(1-cr*exp(-x*(1cr)))
TFPHI01
thermal-pneumatic
heat flow rate
calculation
TFPHI01
thermal-pneumatic
heat flow rate
calculation
constant value = 2.1
When this is done, plot a graph of the outlet temperatures in components TFEX01 against
time as shown in Figure 21, Figure 22 and Figure 23.
September 2004
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Figure 21: Outlet liquid temperatures (cold and hot side)- effectiveness at port
For the model with effectiveness directly fixed on the signal port, the hot liquid is cooled
from 300 degC to 180 degC while the fresh liquid is warmed from 30 degC to 165 degC.
The interesting point is to observe the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold liquids with
the three proposed flow arrangements of cross, parallel and counter flows.
Figure 22: outlet liquid temperatures (cold liquid) 1. cross flow; 2. parallel flow;
3. counter flow
September 2004
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Figure 23: outlet liquid temperatures (hot liquid). 1. cross flow; 2. parallel flow;
3. counter flow
One can easily see that every arrangement leads to different outlet temperatures for hot
and cold liquids. The most efficient arrangement is the counter flow heat exchanger since
the hot liquid temperature is the lowest and the cold liquid temperature the highest.
5.3. Liquid - gas heat exchangers

By using elements from the thermal-hydraulic and the thermal-pneumatic a liquid gas
heat exchanger can be modeled as shown below:
Figure 24: liquid - gas heat exchanger
September 2004
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6. Modeling a system with thermal components:

important rules
This section will detail the important rules that should be followed to model correctly a
system with the thermal-hydraulic library components.
6.1. Causality in the thermal-hydraulic library

As previously stated, , it is necessary to distinguish two types of components in the
thermal-hydraulic library.
- The capacitive components are the volumes in which the temperature and the
pressure are computed. These temperature and pressure are computed from the
enthalpy and mass flow rates inputs at ports of these components.
- The resistive components are the components in which the enthalpy and mass flow
rates are evaluated from the temperatures and pressures inputs at ports of these
components.
This implies that a thermal-hydraulic model is always built with resistive components
connected by capacitive components as shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25: connection rule
6.2. Other important rules

The thermal-hydraulic library deals with liquids.
It is better if the user builds the system slowly and run a simulation after each portion of
circuit is added. This normally leads to a better understanding of the system and the
results. It is also less likely that the setting of parameters will be forgotten. The user will
have to be very careful when running multi-liquid simulations: the liquid type indices
must be adjusted in the corresponding submodels.
Files of thermal liquid properties are available in the $AME/libthh/data directory. Full
list of these files is given in the APPENDIX section. This list contains filenames of some
September 2004
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common liquids used in engineering. However, it is not exhaustive and the user has the
possibility to generate his own liquid thermal properties.
This version of the thermal-hydraulic library includes about 65 submodels. Full
documentation of these submodel is available in HTML format or, more briefly, directly
in AMESim, in the description of each submodel.
The AMESim thermal-hydraulic library can be coupled with the thermal library to
study thermal interactions between liquids and solids as shown in the previous example.
Really in the thermal-hydraulic library, thermal ports have been added to hydraulic
components (Figure 26).
Figure 26: coupling thermal and thermal-hydraulic components

As previously seen, bend submodels as well as the diffuser submodel do not take into
account the frictional drag pressure drop. Normally the local resistance factor is much
more important. If you want to include the frictional drag pressure drop, remember that, in
a network, a bend is connected at both ports to connection line submodels. Ensure that
TFPC0 (or TFPC2, TFPC3, TFPC4) is used and take into account the frictional drag
effects in the bend by increasing the length of TFPC0 (or others) connection line
preceding the bend with the value of the bend length.
September 2004
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7. Formulation of equations and underlying

assumptions
7.1. Brief review of the theory: flow calculations
7.1.1. Basic equations

The evaluation of pressure drops and friction factors in every resistive component of the
thermal-hydraulic library is based on Idel'cik's [5] formulation and assumptions.
In a network, part of the total energy is expended overcoming the resistance forces created
by real viscous fluids. Therefore, the term fluid resistance or hydraulic loss represents the
irreversible loss of total energy over a given system length. The fundamental relation used
to evaluate the total pressure drop p in a resistive component is based on Bernoulli's
well known equation (1):
p tot = p tot 1 p tot 2 =

with
2
wmax
= loc + fr
(1)
(2)
where
ptot
loc
fr
wmax
total pressure drop;

total friction factor;
local friction factor (local change in geometry);
frictional drag factor (pressure drops due to equivalent straight pipe
segments of length l, diameter D);
density of the fluid computed at mean pressure and upstream temperature;
maximum stream velocity.
From equation (1) we can express the total pressure drop as a function of the volumetric
flow rate:
p =
Q 2
2
2 Amin
(3)
where
Q
volumetric flow rate;
Amin smallest cross-sectional area of the element considered.
Every resistive component in the thermal-hydraulic library uses equation (3). This
equation is manipulated so as to compute the volumetric flow rate from the pressure drop.
September 2004
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7.1.2. Further assumptions

In each resistive component, the following assumptions are made:
the flow is one-dimensional,
the gravitational effects are significant in the hydraulic pipe submodels only,
the pressures displayed are total pressures,
cavitation phenomena are not dealt with,
All submodels use the following units :
Bar Absolute (barA)
Liter per minute(L/min)
Kilogram per second (kg/s)
Dimensionless (null)
Millimeter (mm)
Degree (degree)
Total pressure
Volumetric flow rate
Mass flow rate
Friction factor
Reynolds number
Geometrical dimensions
Relative roughness
Angles
7.1.3. About the Reynolds number

The flow regimes can either be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow is stable, the stream
layers move without mixing with each other. The turbulent regime is characterized by a
random displacement of finite masses mixing strongly with each other. In classic fluid
power hydraulic applications flow is predominately laminar or transitional. In applications
using the thermal-hydraulic library, turbulent flow is also common.
It is known that the flow regime depends on the relationship between the inertia and
viscosity forces (internal friction) in the stream, which can be expressed by a
dimensionless number, the Reynolds number given by:
Re =
wmax .Dh
Q.Dh
Ah min .
(4)
where
wmax
Dh
Ahmin
maximum stream velocity;

hydraulic diameter;
kinematic viscosity of the fluid used computed at working pressure and
temperature;
hydraulic cross-sectional area.
In the rest of this document the Reynolds number at which the transition between laminar
and turbulent flow occurs will be called the critical Reynolds number. This is not an
absolute constant but its value in a component can vary considerably with the geometry.
In thermal-hydraulic submodels where friction is modeled, laminar and turbulent regimes
are taken into account and the following assumptions are used:
-
when the flow is laminar, the total pressure drop is proportional to the flow velocity.
when the flow is turbulent, the total pressure drop is proportional to the square of the
velocity.
September 2004
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Figure 27 shows the way laminar and turbulent regime are taken into account in resistive
submodels.
There are two types of submodels which differ in the way they deal with the critical
Reynolds number:
-
Type 1: Submodels using Idel'cik [5] friction factors tables so that the critical
Reynolds number is not used explicitly because it is already taken into account in the
tables.
Type 2: Submodels with fixed friction factors supplied by the user and using the
critical Reynolds number. A suitable value must be given to the critical Reynolds
number depending on the nature of the fitting.
Total pressure drop
p = k.Q 2
p = k.Q
Volumetric flow rate
Laminar
Turbulent
Figure 27: laminar to turbulent flow transition
7.1.4. Resistive components: classification

A more detailed classification of resistive submodels in the thermal-hydraulic library is
given below:
Resistive Components
Components which
compute frictional drag
Components which
compute local
resistance
Components which
compute frictional drag
+ local resistance
The following paragraphs describe these submodel categories.
September 2004
32/47
7.1.4.1. Frictional drag category

Submodels belonging to this category are used to model resistance to flow in straight
tubes and conduits. The pressure losses along a straight tube of constant cross-sectional
area are calculated from the Darcy-Weisbach equation (5):
p =
where
Dh
l
l Q 2
. 2
D h 2 Amin
(5)
friction coefficient of the segment of relative unit length l/Dh =1;

hydraulic or equivalent diameter;
length of flow segment.
For this type of submodel, in order to make an analogy with equation (2), the total friction
factor is given by:
l
Dh
(6)
In straight tubes, the resistance to the motion of a liquid or a gas under conditions of
laminar flow is due to the force of internal friction. This happens when one layer of the
liquid (or gas) has a relative motion compared to the others. These viscosity forces are
proportional to the flow velocity. We then have:
(Re)
(7)
As the Reynolds number increases, the inertia forces, which are proportional to the
velocity squared, begin to dominate. As flow becomes turbulent, there is a significant
increase in the resistance to the motion. Part of this increase is due to the roughness of the
wall surface. Therefore we have:
( Re, rr )
(8)
where rr is the relative roughness.
The relative roughness is calculated as the ratio of the average height of asperities to the
tube diameter. See details in Figure 28:
Dh
Figure 28: relative roughness definition
September 2004
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The relative roughness of a pipe is given by:
rr =
Dh
(9)
where
Dh
=
=
equivalent uniform roughness of wall;

hydraulic diameter of the pipe.
A sampling of absolute pipe roughness for new clean pipes is proposed by Binder [9]:
Pipe material
Drawn brass
Drawn copper
Commercial steel
Wrought iron
Asphalted cast iron
Galvanized iron
Cast iron
Wood stave
Concrete
Riveted steel
Absolute roughness
1.5 m
1.5 m
45 m
45 m
120 m
150 m
260 m
0.2 to 0.9 mm
0.3 to 3.0 mm
0.9 to 9.0 mm
Figure 29: absolute roughness for various pipe materials

The dependence of the friction coefficient on the Reynolds number and the relative
roughness as shown in Figure 30 is often known as the harp of Nikuradse.
rr = 0.033
= 64
Re
rr = 0.016
rr = 0.008
rr = 0.004
rr = 0.002
rr = 0.001
rr = 0.0
Figure 30: evolution of the frictional drag factor with the Reynolds number
and the relative roughness
September 2004
34/47
The submodels in the thermal-hydraulic library found in this category are:

TFPC0, TFPC2, TFPC3
TFPC4
TF234
Thermal-hydraulic pipes with

Compressibility + frictional effects
Thermal-Hydraulic annular pipe (relative roughness
does not have any influence because in this submodel, the
flow is supposed to be always laminar).
7.1.4.2. Local resistance category

Submodels belonging to this category do not have a friction factor which takes into
account a special length. These components evaluate the local total pressure drop due to
their local geometry. This local geometry induces a sudden change in the stream velocity
or direction and the total pressure drop is given as:
p = loc
2
wmax
(10)
The submodels in the hydraulic resistance library found in this category are:
TF220
TF221
TF222
TF223
TF230
TF208
TF22B
To
TF22D
TF22E
To
TF22I
TF206
TF20B
TF20C
Thermal-hydraulic restrictions (local change of crosssectional area).

Sudden expansion/contraction (abrupt local change of
cross-sectional area).
Thermal-hydraulic intersecting holes(local change of
stream direction).
Thermal-hydraulic volumes connected to pipes (local
geometry variation of the connection fitting).
Thermal-hydraulic T-junctions(local change of stream
direction).
The friction factors computed for these components can depend on the Reynolds number,
on a parameter related to the change in geometry, but not on the length (as it is local) or
on the relative roughness.
7.1.4.3. Frictional and local resistance category

This is the last category and it concerns components which create a progressive resistance
to flow. This is due to a variation of their geometry and the length in which this change in
geometry occurs. Good examples are diffusers and bends.
For this type of submodels, the total pressure drop is computed as follows :
p = ( fr + loc )
2
wmax
(11)
The submodels found in this category are:

September 2004
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TF232
TF23B
To
TF23E
Thermal-hydraulic bends (progressive variation of

stream direction).
Thermal-hydraulic diffuser for progressive

expansion/contraction (progressive variation of
stream velocity).
In these submodels it is necessary to compute a local friction factor and a frictional drag
factor.
TF236
7.2. Brief review of the theory: thermal calculations

As previously said, there are two types of components in the thermal-hydraulic library:
-
Resistive components,
Capacitive components.
7.2.1. Basic equations
7.2.1.1. Capacitive Components

In these components, the pressure and the temperature are computed from their
derivatives with respect to time. These components can be considered as control volumes.
The pressure is a state variable and is computed from the mass conservation assumption.
In addition, we must consider the following assumption: in the control volume, the liquid
properties are homogeneous.
The mass of liquid in the volume is given by:
m = V
(12)
The continuity equation for the one-dimensional flow gives:
dm
= dmi dmo
dt
(13)
where dmi is the incoming mass flow rate in the volume and dmo is the outgoing mass
flow rate.
dmi
Control volume
dmo
It is possible, from equations (12) and (13), to formulate the continuity equation in terms
of the density derivative as follows:
dm
dV
d
dt
= dt
dt
V
September 2004
(14)
36/47
The density being a thermodynamic property of the liquid, it is a function of pressure and
temperature:
= ( p ,T )
(15)
By differentiating with respect to temperature and pressure, equation (15) leads to:
d =
dp +
dT
p
T
(16)
From this equation, it is now possible to write the continuity equation in terms of the
pressure derivative as follows:
dp =
d T dT
(17)
Using the definition of the liquid properties and more particularly the bulk modulus and
the volumetric expansion coefficient, the pressure derivative with respect to time is given
by:
1 d
dp
dT
= .
+
dt
dt
dt
where:
( p ,T ) =
(18)
is the isothermal fluid bulk modulus,
p
1
( p ,T ) =
T
is the volumetric expansion coefficient.
The temperature is a state variable and is computed from the energy conservation
assumption. The first equation describes the relationship between the specific internal
energy and the specific enthalpy of the liquid:
u = h
(19)
where u is the specific internal energy, h is the specific enthalpy, p is the pressure and
is the density of the liquid. The energy in the control volume is given by:
mV 2
E = mu +
+ mgz
2
(20)
The three terms in equation (20) represent respectively the internal energy, the kinetic
energy and the potential energy.
September 2004
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We modify equation (20) introducing the second assumption: the kinetic and potential
energies in the control volume are neglected. This leads to:
E = mu
(21)
The derivative of the specific enthalpy can be written as follows:
dh
dT (1 T ) dp
= cp
+
dt
dt
dt
(22)
Differentiating and combining equations (19), (21) and (22) leads to the following
relation:
m.c p .
dT
m. .T dp
= dmhi dmho + Q& +
dm h
dt
dt
(23)
where m is the mass of liquid in the volume, cp is the specific heat of the liquid at constant
pressure, dmhi is the incoming enthalpy flow rate, dmho is the outgoing enthalpy flow rate,
Q& is the heat flow rate exchanged with the outside, V is the volume, dm is the mass flow
rate through the volume, is the volumetric expansion coefficient, is the fluid density
and h is the specific enthalpy.
Finally, the temperature derivative with respect to time is given by:
dT dmhi dmho dm h + Q&

T dp
=
+
.
dt
m.c p
.c p dt
(24)
Equation (24) is the complete energy equation represented by the temperature derivative
with respect to time. The pressure derivative term in this equation shows the crosscoupling effect with the continuity equation (18) represented by the pressure derivative
with respect to time.
7.2.1.2. Resistive Components

In these components, the mass flow rate and the enthalpy flow rates are computed.
The mass flow rate is calculated from Bernoulli's equation written in the previous section
of this manual. It is computed as follows:
dm = .cq .A
2.p
(25)
The enthalpy flow rate is computed as follows:
dmh = dm h
(26)
where dm is the mass flow rate through the resistive component and h is the specific
enthalpy of the fluid.
September 2004
38/47
7.2.2. Further assumptions

Concerning the thermal aspects in the components of the thermal-hydraulic library, the
following assumptions are made :
the flow is one dimensional,

the properties of the liquid are homogeneous in the volumes,
aeration and cavitation phenomena are not taken into account,
in the liquids, heat transfers by radiation or conduction are neglected with respect to
convection phenomena,
the displayed temperatures are total temperatures.
Heat transfer by convection

The key feature of this kind of heat exchange is the movement of a fluid. This
phenomenon can be seen in Figure 31 below:
Moving fluid (Tfluid)
Tsolid > Tfluid
Tsolid
solid
convection
Figure 31: convection phenomenon between a solid and a fluid
the thermal properties of the liquids are functions of pressure and temperature only
(see next section).
All submodels use the following units :

Temperature
Heat and enthalpy flow rate
Geometrical dimensions
Exchange area
Exchange coefficients
Radiation exchange coefficient
Density
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
Prandtl number
Reynolds number
Nusselt number
Grashof number
September 2004
Degree Celsius (degC)

Watt (W)
Millimeter (mm)
Millimeter squared (mm2)
Watt per degree Celsius (W/degC)
Watt per Kelvin^4 (W/K4)
Kilogram per meter cube (kg/m3)
Watt per meter per degree Celsius (W/m/degC)
Joule per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg/degC)
39/47
7.2.3. About convection phenomena

As previously stated, convection takes place as soon as a fluid is moving along the wall of
a solid. Convection phenomenon is the combination of two heat transfer modes:
- conduction in the thickness of the laminar film of fluid in contact with the wall. In
this film, it is considered that there is no mixing.
- outside this laminar layer, heat is transferred due to a mixing of the fluid particles in a
flow supposed to be turbulent. We then talk about a mixing temperature Tm.
The general form of the equation expressing the convection heat flow rate is given by:
convection = h A ( T m T w )
(27)
where h is the convective exchange coefficient, A is the exchange area, Tm is the mixing
temperature of the fluid and Tw is the wall temperature.
There are two kinds of convective exchange and we now give a brief review of the
assumptions and equations governing these phenomena.
Forced convection
We talk about forced convection as soon as a fluid moves under the action of a
mechanical external source and flows along a solid wall. Basically, the forced convection
heat flow rate is computed using the following equation:
forced = h forced A ( T m T w )
(28)
where hforced is the forced convective exchange coefficient, A is the exchange area, Tm and
Tw are respectively the mixing temperature of the fluid and the temperature of the solid
wall.
The major problem is to determine hforced. We express it as:
h forced =
Nu (Re , Pr )
c dim
(29)
where Nu is a dimensionless number called the Nusselt number, is the thermal

conductivity of the fluid and cdim is a characteristic geometrical dimension of the
exchange.
The Nusselt number can be interpreted as a dimensionless temperature gradient at the
surface. It characterizes the thermal exchange between the fluid and the solid wall. It is
usually taken to be a function of two dimensionless numbers which are the Prandtl
number and the Reynolds number.
The Prandtl number is given by the following relation:
Pr =
September 2004
cp
(30)
40/47
where is the absolute viscosity of the fluid, cp is the specific heat of the fluid and is the
thermal conductivity of the fluid. These thermal properties depend on pressure and
temperature. The Prandtl number characterizes the thermal properties of the fluid.
The Reynolds number is given as follows:
Re =
V D
(31)
where V is the velocity of the fluid, D is the hydraulic diameter of the flow and is the
kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The Reynolds number can be interpreted as the ratio of
the inertia and viscous forces. It characterizes the flow regime of the fluid.
There are a lot of relations available for the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl
and the Reynolds number. These are based on experiment available either for external
flow or internal flow conditions. Examples of functions commonly used are summarized
in the APPENDIX section of this manual.
Free convection
Free convection occurs when the movement of the fluid is due to variations of its density
induced by heat exchanges between the fluid and the solid wall. The free convection heat
flow rate is computed using the following equation:
free = h free A ( T m T w )
(32)
where hfree is the free convective exchange coefficient, A is the exchange area, Tm and Tw
are respectively the mixing temperature of the fluid and the temperature of the solid wall.
The major problem is to determine hfree. We express it as:
h free =
Nu (Gr , Pr )
c dim
(33)
where Nu is a dimensionless number called the Nusselt number, is the thermal

conductivity of the fluid and cdim is a characteristic geometrical dimension of the
exchange. The Nusselt number can be interpreted as a dimensionless temperature gradient
at the surface. It characterizes the thermal exchange between the fluid and the solid wall.
It is usually taken to be a function of two dimensionless numbers which are the Grashof
number and the Prandtl number.
The Grashof number is given by the following relation:
3
c dim
Gr =
g (T f T w )
(34)
where is the absolute viscosity of the fluid, cdim is a characteristic geometrical dimension
of the exchange, is the density of the fluid, g is the gravity acceleration, is the
volumetric expansion coefficient of the fluid, Tf is the fluid temperature and Tw is the solid
wall temperature.
September 2004
41/47
The Prandtl number is given by the following relation:
Pr =
cp
(35)
where is the absolute viscosity of the fluid, cp is the specific heat of the fluid and is the
thermal conductivity of the fluid. These thermal properties depend on pressure and
temperature. The Prandtl number characterizes the thermal properties of the fluid.
There are a lot of relations available for the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl
and the Grashof number. These are based on experiment available either for external flow
or internal flow conditions. Examples of functions commonly used are summarized in the
APPENDIX section of this manual.
September 2004
42/47
8. Advanced thermal-hydraulic properties

For most industrial applications where both pressure and temperature variations are
important, we recommend that you use TFFD2 submodel. This submodel uses polynomial
functions to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic properties of the liquid used for the
simulation. The fluid properties concerned are the density, the viscosity, the specific heat
at constant pressure, the thermal conductivity, the bulk modulus, the volumetric expansion
coefficient and the specific enthalpy. In this submodel, the order of the polynomial forms
has been increased so that it enables to reproduce very accurately the evolution of the
fluid properties as a function of pressure and temperature. In addition, this submodel
accounts for cavitation phenomena.
To test this advanced properties submodel, build the system shown in Figure 26. It
comprises 5 elements from the Thermal-Hydraulic and the Signal libraries. Each element
is referenced in Figure 26 by a number. Fill in the parameters of these components as
described in the table below, leaving the other parameters at their default values.
Figure 26: Checking advanced thermal-hydraulic properties

0
TFFD2
thermal-hydraulic
advanced properties
with cavitation
1
UD00
piecewise linear
signal
2
Thermal-hydraulic

filename :
$AME/libthh/data_advanced/
diesel80_rme20.data
stage1
Signal, control and
observers
output at start of stage 1 : 20

output at end of stage 1 : 20
duration of stage 1 : 1 sec
stage1
UD00
piecewise linear
signal
3
Belongs to category
TFPT0
conversion of a
signal into a
temperature and a
pressure
TFFPR
calculation of thermal
liquid properties
September 2004
Signal, control and

observers
output at start of stage 1 : 1

output at end of stage 1 : 2000
duration of stage 1 : 1 sec
Thermal-hydraulic
no parameters
Thermal-hydraulic
default parameters
43/47
Use the batch facility (in Tools menu, Batch setup option) to define four temperature
values at which the fluid properties will be calculated (20, 37, 80 and 120 [degC]) and
perform a simulation over 1 second with a communication interval equal to 0.01 second.
When this is done, plot the density and the bulk modulus of the fluid versus pressure for
these four temperatures as shown in figure 10.
Figure 27: Thermal properties of the liquid

From these results, it is easy to understand that variations in pressure and in temperature
in a thermal-hydraulic system have a great importance on the thermal-hydraulic properties
of a fluid. Indeed, if we consider a temperature variation from 20 to 120 degC at constant
pressure (say 1000 barA), the density variation is almost equal to 60 kg/m3 (that is to say a
7% decrease of the value of the density).
Similarly, if we consider a pressure variation from 1 to 2000 barA at constant temperature
(say 20 degC), the density variation is almost equal to 70 kg/m3 (that is to say an increase
of 8% of the value of the density).
It follows that the cross-coupling effects between temperature and pressure have a strong
impact on the properties of the fluid. To observe this, display the evolution of all the
properties available for plotting in submodel TFFPR as shown in figure 28. To do this, use
the batch facility to define five pressure values at which the fluid properties will be
calculated (1, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 [barA]) and for each run, vary the temperature
from 0 to 120 degC.
September 2004
44/47
Figure 28: Thermal-hydraulic properties of a special diesel fuel with respect to

pressure and temperature
In addition, the submodel TFFD2 takes into account cavitation phenomena. To show this,
change the parameters of component number 2 so as to vary the pressure from 0 to 1
barA. Run the simulation using the same final time and communication interval as
previously and display the density and the bulk modulus of the fluid as a function of
pressure for the four temperatures defined above as shown in figure 29.
Figure 29: Density and bulk modulus evolution in aeration and cavitation conditions
September 2004
45/47
To interpret these results, it is important to know that the saturation pressure is equal to
2000 barA. This means that below this pressure, dissolved air and gas are coexisting in the
fluid. Before pressure decreases to 0.5 barA, the dissolved air turns into gas into the
liquid. Therefore, the fluid density and the bulk modulus are decreasing. At the beginning
of the sudden decrease of the bulk modulus and the density, the air dissolved is totally
transformed into gas and this is the beginning of the liquid vaporization. At this stage, it is
necessary to do a zoom on the interesting region of the graphs which is lying between 0
and 0.5 barA as shown in Figure 30.
pvaph
pvapl
Figure 30: Influence of liquid vaporization on the fluid density and bulk modulus
When the pressure reaches pvaph = 0.5 barA, the liquid starts to vaporize and it is totally
vaporized when the pressure has reached pvapl = 0.4 barA. These two pressures
correspond respectively to the high saturated vapor pressure and the low saturated vapor
pressure of the liquid. These two pressures are parameters of submodel TFFD2 and can be
changed.
Finally, when the pressure value is in the range 0 to 0.4 barA, it is considered that almost
all the liquid has turned into vapor and as a result, a polytropic law is used to describe the
properties of the gas.
Please refer to Technical Bulletin N117 AMESim Standard Fluid Properties for full
details on the cavitation model used in submodel TFFD2
CAUTION:
The fluid properties file parameter for use in submodel TFFD2 has a special format and
contains a number of coefficients which is different from the number of coefficient found
in the files for use in TFFD1. It follows that you can not use the file parameter used with
TFFD1 in submodel TFFD2 and reciprocally.
The thermal-hydraulic properties files suitable for TFFD2 will be found in the following
directory: $AME/libthh/data_advanced.
September 2004
46/47
References
[Ref. 1]
Franck P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass

Transfer, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
[Ref. 2]
Franck P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Fundamentos de Transferencia

de Calor e de Massa, Terceira ediao, Guanabara Koogan, 1992.
[Ref. 3]
J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, S I Metric Edition, McGraw-Hill Book

Company, 1989.
[Ref. 4]
Bernard Eyglunent, Thermique thorique et pratique l'usage de

l'ingnieur, Editions Herms, 1994.
[Ref. 5]
I.E. Idel'cik, Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 3rd Edition, Begell

House Inc., 1996.
[Ref. 6]
D.S. Miller, Internal Flow systems, 2nd Edition, Amazon Technology,

1989.
[Ref. 7]
Jacques Faisandier, Mcanismes olo-hydrauliques, Editions Dunod,

1987.
September 2004
47/47
APPENDIX
Values for friction factors given in the literature for special fitting configuration
All these values are extracted from data provided by J. Faisandier [7].
1 Sudden expansion/contraction:
d2
d1
exp
d2/d1
cont
0.81
0.1
0.4
0.64
0.2
0.38
0.49
0.3
0.34
0.36
0.4
0.30
0.25
0.5
0.24
0.16
0.6
0.18
0.09
0.7
0.1
0.04
0.8
0.05
0.01
0.9
0.015
Ljdflsdflsdjfljsdlkfjsdlfjlsqflksdflsdjflsdjfmlksdjfmklsdjflksjdfljsdlfjsldkjfsdjflksdlfjsdlfjs
2 Volumes connected to pipes:
60
90
Sharp entry
Extended entry
= 0.5 to 1.0
= 0.68 to 2.5
Conical entry
90 degrees
= 0.25
Conical entry
60 degrees
= 0.1 to 0.18
Rounded entry
= 0.04 to 0.1
3 Junctions:
T-junction
90 degrees
T-junction
90 degrees
T-junction
45 degrees
T-junction
45 degrees
T-junction
45 degrees
T-junction
45 degrees
= 1.2
= 0.1
= 0.5
= 2.5 to 3
= 0.06
= 0.15
September 2004
Appendix
1/4
4 Intersecting holes:
= 0.15
= 0.6 to 0.9
= 0.6
= 1.1
= 0.5
All the following values are extracted from data provided by Incropera and DeWitt [1].
Summary of most common Nusselt correlation for external flow forced convection heat
transfer:
Correlation
Geometry
Conditions
Nu = 0.332Re0.5Pr0.33
Nu = 0.664Re0.5Pr0.33
Flat plate
Flat plate
Nu = 0.0296Re0.8Pr0.33
Flat plate
Nu = C.RemPr0.33
Cylinder
Average, 0.4<Re<4*105
Sphere
Average, 3.5<Re<7.6*104
0.7<Pr<380
Re
0.4-4
0.989
0.33
4-40
0.911
0.385
40-4000
0.683
0.466
4000-40000
0.193
0.618
40000-400000
0.027
0.805
0.5
Nu = 2 +(0.4Re
+ 0.06Re0.66)Pr0.4
Laminar, local, 0.6 <Pr< 50

Laminar, average,
0.6 <Pr< 50
Turbulent, local, Re<108
0.6<Pr<50
Summary of most common Nusselt correlation for forced convection heat transfer, flow
in circular tubes:
Correlation
Nu = 3.66
Nu = 1.86(Re.Pr.D/L)0.33*(/s)0.14
Nu = 0.027Re0.8Pr0.33*(/s)0.14
Conditions
Laminar, fully developed, uniform T,
Pr>=0.6
Laminar, combined entry length, L = length of the
cylinder, D = diameter of the cylinder
Turbulent, fully developed, 0.7<Pr<16700
Re > 10000, L/D > 10
Summary of most common Nusselt correlation for free convection heat transfer:
A general form of the Nusselt number for free convection is given as follows:
Nu = C( Gr Pr)n
September 2004
Appendix
2/4
where Gr is the Grashof number and Pr is the Prandtl number. It is explained in the theoretical
section of this manual how to compute these 2 numbers. Here are the values of C and n
constant for different geometrical configuration of the free convection heat transfer:
For laminar flow, n = 0.25
For turbulent flow, n = 0.33
Geometry and
orientation of the wall
Vertical plate or cylinder
Characteristic
dimension of the
exchange
Height
Horizontal cylinder
External diameter
Horizontal plate heating

upwards
Horizontal plate heating
downwards
Width
Width
C coefficient
Laminar convection Turbulent convection
n = 0.25
n = 0.33
0.59
0.13
(104<Gr.Pr<109)
(109<Gr.Pr<1013)
0.10
0.53
(109<Gr.Pr<1013)
(103<Gr.Pr<109)
0.14
0.54
(2*107<Gr.Pr<3*1010)
(105<Gr.Pr<2*107)
0.27
0.07
(3*105<Gr.Pr<3*1010)
(3*1010<Gr.Pr<1013)
List of filenames of liquid thermal characteristic data available for use directly in
submodel TFFD1 :
There are several predefined liquid thermal properties files in the directory $AME/libthh/data.
Type of liquid
OIL 15W40
Special Coolant
Special diesel fuel
Properties filename
15W40
coolant
diesel
Usable file in TFFD1 submodel

15W40.data
coolant.data
diesel.data
These files can be copied in your working directory, they can be renamed and even modified
for your own applications. Some more fluid properties file are being generated. They will be
sent to the customers as soon as they are ready. Note that you have the possibility to generate
your own fluid properties data files.
All the following values are extracted from data provided by Incropera and DeWitt [1].
Summary of most common Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relations:
Flow arrangement
Relation
Concentric tube
Parallel flow
1 exp[ NTU (1 + C r )]
1 + Cr
1 exp[ NTU (1 C r )]
1 C r exp[ NTU (1 C r )]
NTU
=
1 + NTU
Counter flow
(C r < 1)
(Cr = 1)
Shell and tube
September 2004
Appendix
3/4
One shell pass

(2, 4,tube passes)
n shell pass
(2n, 4n,tube passes)
2 2
1
exp
NTU
(
1
C
)
+
2 2
1 = 2 1 + C r + (1 + C r )
1
1 exp NTU (1 + C r ) 2
1 C
1 r
=
1 1
n
1 C
1 r
1
1 1
C r
Cross flow (single pass)

Both fluids unmixed
1
C r
= 1 exp
Cmax (mixed),
Cmin (unmixed)
Cmin (mixed),
Cmax (unmixed)
All exchangers (Cr=0)
{ [
] }
(NTU )0.22 exp C r (NTU )0.78 1
= (1 exp{ C r [1 exp( NTU )]})

Cr
= 1 exp C r 1 {1 exp[ C r ( NTU )]}

= 1 exp( NTU )
NTU number of transfer units [null],
Cr=Cmin/Cmax heat capacity ratio [null]
September 2004
Appendix
4/4
Reporting Bugs and using the Hotline

Service
AMESim is a large piece of software containing many hundreds of thousands of lines of
code. With software of this size it is inevitable that it contains some bugs. Naturally we
hope you do not encounter any of these but if you use AMESim extensively at some
stage, sooner or later, you may find a problem.
Bugs may occur in the pre- and post-processing facilities of AMESim, AMESet or in one
of the interfaces with other software. Usually it is quite clear when you have encountered
a bug of this type.
Bugs can also occur when running a simulation of a model. Unfortunately it is not
possible to say that, for any model, it is always possible to run a simulation. The
integrators used in AMESim are robust but no integrator can claim to be perfectly
reliable. From the view point of an integrator, models vary enormously in their difficulty.
Usually when there is a problem it is because the equations being solved are badly
conditioned. This means that the solution is ill-defined. It is possible to write down sets of
equations that have no solution. It such circumstances it is not surprising that the
integrator is unsuccessful. Other sets of equations have very clearly defined solutions.
Between these extremes there is a whole spectrum of problems. Some of these will be the
marginal problems for the integrator.
If computers were able to do exact arithmetic with real numbers, these marginal problems
would not create any difficulties. Unfortunately computers do real arithmetic to a limited
accuracy and hence there will be times when the integrator will be forced to give up.
Simulation is a skill which has to be learnt slowly. An experienced person will be aware
that certain situations can create difficulties. Thus very small hydraulic volumes and very
small masses subject to large forces can cause problems. The State count facility can be
useful in identifying the cause of a slow simulation. An eigenvalue analysis can also be
useful.
The author remembers spending many hours trying to understand why a simulation failed.
Eventually he discovered that he had mistyped a parameter. A hydraulic motor size had
been entered making the unit about as big as an ocean liner! When this parameter was
corrected, the simulation ran fine.
In follows that you must spend some time investigating why a simulation runs slowly or
fails completely. However, it is possible that you have discovered a bug in an AMESim
submodel or utility. If this is the case, we would like to know about it. By reporting
problems you can help us make the product better.
On the next page is a form. When you wish to report a bug please photocopy this form
and fill the copy. Even if you telephone us, having the filled form in front of you means
you have the information we need.
To report the bug you have three options:
fax the form
reproduce the same information as an email
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Use the fax number, telephone number or email address of your local distributor.
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Thermal-Hydraulic library

Version 4.2 September 2004

Copyright IMAGINE S.A. 1995-2004

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

2. Getting started with the Thermal-Hydraulic

Figure 2: Thermal-hydraulic libraries category icons

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

Figure 3: components of the Thermal-hydraulic, Thermal-hydraulic Resistance and

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

Figure 4: model of a simplified injection circuit

TFFD1 thermalhydraulic properties

CONS0 constant signal

TFQT0 signal into

TFND01 thermalhydraulic junction

Temperature at port 1 = 50 degC

Equivalent area = 0.018 mm2

Signal, control and

Constant value = 100

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

LAG1 first order lag

TFVR0 thermalhydraulic variable

TFPC3 thermalhydraulic adiabatic pipe

Signal, control and

Cross-sectional area = 0.042

Temperature at port 2 = 50 degC

The thermal-hydraulic library can be represented as shown below:

The resistive submodels can be described as steady-state submodels. A more accurate

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

their special shape given in

Figure 5: configuration of thermal ports

Figure 6: evolution of the temperature in the injection circuit

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

Figure 7: distribution of volumetric flow rates

Figure 8: pressure drop in the relief valve

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

From this very basic example, the following

Flow computation considerations:

How are the pressure drops computed in the thermal-hydraulic submodels?

Which other libraries can be used in combination with the thermal-hydraulic

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

3. The thermal properties of the liquids

Figure 9: liquid thermal properties icon associated with submodel TFFD1

Figure 10: parameters of liquid thermal properties submodel TFFD1

3.1.1. The "index of thermal hydraulic fluid" parameter

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

Figure 11: injector parameter popup

3.1.2. The "initial temperature" parameter

3.1.3. The "name of the fluid" parameter

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

3.1.4. The "filename for fluid characteristic data" parameter

3.2. Determining the thermal properties of the liquid

3.2.1. Specific volume of a liquid

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

3.2.2. Absolute viscosity of a liquid

3.2.3. Specific heat of a liquid

3.2.4. Thermal conductivity of a liquid

the bulk modulus of the liquid:

Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Library

the volumetric expansion coefficient of the liquid:

the kinematic viscosity of the liquid:

the thermal diffusivity of the liquid:

3.3. Generating your own thermal liquid properties

cp0 (in J/kg/K)

Range of operating temperatures