Lecture 16 - Additional

Cogeneration Power Targets

Utility Systems

Cogeneration and the Site

Utility Grand Composite

Utility Systems

Power Output of a
Steam Turbine in an expansion
zone
Input
100 bar
500C superheat temperature
311C saturation temperature

Output

30MW

20 bar
212.4C saturation temperature
Heat required 30 MW

Utility Systems

Example (continued)
First, assume that steam turbine behaves isentropically
(100% efficiency)
Turbine inlet conditions:
P = 100 bar hSH = 3373 kJ/kg TSH = 500OC sSH = 6.596 kJ(kg.K)

Turbine outlet conditions:

Dryness fraction (Sf and Sfg at 20bar)
Xout =

sSH - sf
sfg

6.596 -2.447
3.893

= 1.066 (dryness fraction)

Enthalpy of steam at exhaust (function of liquid

enthalpy and dryness fraction)
h

= hf + xhfg
= 909 + (1.066*1890)

2923.7 kJ/kg

(if vapour at exhaust of turbine then h = hg = 2798 kJ/kg)

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Utility Systems

Example (continued)
Next, we need to calculate the power from the steam
turbine.
Power = mass flow of steam x (enthalpyIN enthalpyOUT)
Heat content of steam (inlet or outlet of turbine)
hsuperheat
hsat. water

Heat content (per kg) = hsuperheat hsat.water

Utility Systems

Example (continued)
But what is mass flow?
Initially estimate from amount of heat that has to be
delivered by the steam, and known steam inlet conditions.
May have to iterate later.
The useful heat content of the steam at the inlet of the
turbine (boiler outlet);
= 3373 kJ/kg 1408 kJ/kg = 1965 kJ/kg

Then;

Utility Systems

Example (continued)
Mass flow = 30000/1965

= 15.3 kg/s

W = 15.3 x (3373 2923.7) = 6874.3 kW

If based on outlet of the steam turbine, then;

= 2923.7 kJ/kg 909 kJ/kg = 2014.7 kJ/kg
Mass flow = 30000/2014.7

= 14.9 kg/s

W = 14.9 x (3373 2923.7) = 6694.6 kW

Diverting momentarily from main solution, what would be

the dryness fraction (and so steam outlet conditions) if we
expanded to lower pressures?

Utility Systems

Example (continued)
Turbine outlet conditions at 10 bar:
Dryness fraction (Sf and Sfg at 10bar)
Xout =

sSH - sf
sfg

6.596 -2.138
4.448

= 1.002 (dryness fraction)

Turbine outlet conditions at 5 bar:

Dryness fraction (Sf and Sfg at 5bar)
Xout =

sSH - sf
sfg

6.596 -1.860
4.962

= 0.954 (dryness fraction)

Utility Systems

Example (continued)
We can also calculate the temperature of the steam
exhausting the turbine (using steam tables and the enthalpy
of steam at the outlet (2923.7 kJ/kg and 20 bar).

We know that the dryness is above 1, and so the steam is

dry, and superheated. At 20 bar we have ;
hg = 2904kJ/kg (at 250OC)
hg = 3025kJ/kg (at 300OC)
So interpolating, temperature = 258.2OC.

Utility Systems

Example (continued)
Now, apply Willans line calculations to power output in the
expansion zone.
First, we assume that the turbine > 2000 kW (based on isentropic expansion)
Tsat = 311OC 212.4OC = 98.6OC
A = 4.23 x 98.6 = 417.08 kW
B = 1.155 + 0.000538 x 98.6 = 1.208
his = 3373 2923.7 = 449.3 kJ/kg

Then (given L = 0.1)

n = (L+1) / B x (
his-A / mmax)
= 0.9106 x (449.3 417.08/15.3)
= 348.3 kJ/kg
Then
Wint = L / B x (
his x mmax- A)
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Utility Systems

Example (continued)
Wint = L / B x (
his x mmax- A)
= 0.0828 x (6874.3 417.08)
= 534.66 kW
Then
W = n x m Wint
= 384.3 x 15.3 534.66
= 5345.1 kW (6694 kW if isentropic expansion)

Next we have to take into account the mechanical

efficiency of the turbine, in order to calculate the
enthalpy at the exhaust of the turbine, and the
temperature.

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Utility Systems

Example (continued)
Wtotal = W / m
= 5345.1 / 0.97
= 5510.4 kW
Then
hout = hin Wtotal / m
= 3373 (5510.4/15.3)
= 3012.8 kJ/kg at 20bar
Again, we need to use steam tables (at 20bar) to get a value for temperature
= 295OC
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine, is , can also be calculated;
is = (3373-3012.8) / (3373 2923.7) = 80%

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Utility Systems

Example (continued)
If we are looking at cogeneration power produced in an expansion
zone of the Site Utility Grand Composite, then re-calculate the
steam mass flowrate for delivery of 30MW of heat at 20bar.

Mass flow of steam = 30000 / (3012.8 909)

= 14.26 kg/s
So you would need to iterate to converge.
If you then need to calculate the cogeneration power in the expansion
level below, then the steam conditions from the outlet of the turbine
above, and so on down through the expansion zones.

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Utility Systems