Law on Natural Resources

A. Constitutional Provisions
Article I
National Territory
The national territory comprises the Philippine
archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and all other territories over
which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and
aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the
seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form
part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
Article II, Section 15
The State shall protect and promote the right to
health of the people and instill health
consciousness among them.
Article II, Section 16
The State shall protect and advance the right of the
people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
Article XII, Section 2
All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals,
coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces
of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber,
wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural
resources are owned by the State. With the
exception of agricultural lands, all other natural
resources shall not be alienated. The exploration,
development, and utilization of natural resources
shall be under the full control and supervision of
the State. The State may directly undertake such
activities, or it may enter into co-production, joint
venture, or production-sharing agreements with
Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations at
least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by
such citizens. Such agreements may be for a period
not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not
more than twenty-five years, and under such terms
and conditions as may be provided by law. In cases
of water rights for irrigation, water supply fisheries,
or industrial uses other than the development of
water power, beneficial use may be the measure
and limit of the grant.

The State shall protect the nations marine wealth

in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and
exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and
enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale
utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens,
as well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to
subsistence fishermen and fishworkers in rivers,
lakes, bays, and lagoons.
The President may enter into agreements with
foreign-owned corporations involving either
technical or financial assistance for large-scale
exploration, development, and utilization of
minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils
according to the general terms and conditions
provided by law, based on real contributions to the
economic growth and general welfare of the
country. In such agreements, the State shall
promote the development and use of local
scientific and technical resources.
The President shall notify the Congress of every
contract entered into in accordance with this
provision, within thirty days from its execution.
Article XII, Section 5
The State, subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and national development policies
and programs, shall protect the rights of
indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral
lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural
well-being.
Article XIII, Section 7
The State shall protect the rights of subsistence
fishermen, especially of local communities, to the
preferential use of the communal marine and
fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall
provide support to such fishermen through
appropriate technology and research, adequate
financial, production, and marketing assistance,
and other services. The State shall also protect,
develop, and conserve such resources. The
protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds
of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion.

Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their

labor in the utilization of marine and fishing
resources.
Laws and Administrative issuances
Philippine Environmental Policy
formulation of an intensive, integrate program on
environmental protection
Philippine Environment Code
Development of standards and management
framework for the following areas of concern: air
quality management, water quality management
and land use management
B. Rules on Kalikasan (Rules of Procedure for
Environmental Cases)
Objectives
(a) To protect and advance the constitutional right
of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology;
(b) To provide a simplified, speedy and inexpensive
procedure for the enforcement of environmental
rights and duties recognized under the
Constitution, existing laws, rules and regulations,
and international agreements;
(c) To introduce and adopt innovations and best
practices ensuring the effective enforcement of
remedies and redress for violation of
environmental laws; and
(d) To enable the courts to monitor and exact
compliance with orders and judgments in
environmental cases.
Salient Features
-Citizens suits are encouraged but with safeguards
against nuisance suits (SLAPP)
-issuance of TRO against government agencies
action to enforce environmental laws
-Writ of Kalikasan. Authorizes the court, where the
violation or threatened violation results in
destruction or damage of such magnitude as to
impair and deprive the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology, to direct the
respondent to immediately desist from
undertaking the activities complained of and to
take steps to preserve, rehabilitate, or restore the
environment.
-Discovery measures. Inspection order and
production order

-citizens arrest
-seizure of items
-judge shall be guided by precautionary principle
where full scientific certainty shall not be required
of the party alleging environmental damage
Opposa vs Factoran
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority vs.
Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay
C. Public Land Act
-in consonance with Art. 12, Sec.2, 1987
Constitution (Regalian Doctrine)
-primary responsible: DENR
Regalian Doctrine
All lands of the public domain belong to the State
-public lands not shown to have been reclassified
as alienable agricultural land or alienated to private
person by the State remain part of inalienable
public domain