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The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply
scheme has to be designed requires following data:
1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per
head)
2. Population to be served.
Normal Range
(lit/capita/day)
Average
1 Domestic Consumption
65-300
160
35
45-450
135
30
20-90
45
10
45-150
62
25
The per capita fire demand is very less on an average basis but the rate at
which the water is required is very large. The rate of fire demand is
sometimes traeted as a function of population and is worked out from
following empirical formulae:
Authority
American
1 Insurance
Association
Formulae (P in thousand)
Q for 1 lakh
Population)
Q (L/min)=4637 P (1-0.01 P)
41760
Kuchling's
Formula
Q (L/min)=3182 P
31800
Freeman's
Formula
Q (L/min)= 1136.5(P/5+10)
35050
Ministry of
Q (kilo liters/d)=100 P for
Urban
P>50000
4 Development
Manual
Formula
31623
a. Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
compared to that for smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.
Presence of industries.
Climatic conditions.
Habits of people and their economic status.
Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ medically safe, the
consumption will increase as people will not resort to private wells,
etc.
Pressure in the distribution system.
Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and
services; and unauthorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by
surveys.
Cost of water.
Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two
different ways: on the basis of meter reading and on the basis of
certain fixed monthly rate.
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given
below. The particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a
particular city depends largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and
the selection is left to the discrection and intelligence of the designer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lesson 3:
Introduction to Water Treatment Math
Water Demand
Introduction
The rest of this lesson will focus on water demand, the volume of water required by
users to satisfy their needs. Water demand will vary from location to location and
from day to day within a location. Demand will also depend on the time of day (as
shown below), the day of the week, the season of the year, prevailing weather
conditions, manufacturing demands, and unusual events such as fires or mains breaks.
Using the water demand for a region, we can determine the required size of the water
plant, storage tanks, and distribution system components. Below, we have listed the
factors we will use to size each component. The factors themselves will be explained
in later sections.
The map only shows general regional values. Average daily water demand can be
much less or much more than that shown on the map and will depend on the specific
situation. The best way to calculate average daily water demand is to compare the
community in question to a community of similar size and type in the region. Rural
communities, for example, tend to use water merely or primarily for residential
purposes, so the water demand is much lower than in urban areas, and can often be as
low as 100 gpcd.
The average daily water demand is sized to the community using the following
equation:
Average community daily water demand =
Average daily water demand Number of people
We will also need to calculate the maximum hourly water demand. This factor
takes into account the daily cycles of water use. At any given time, up to three times
the average daily water demand will be used, so the maximum hourly water demand is
calculated as follows:
Maximum hourly water demand =
3 (Average community daily water demand)
Example
Let's consider a situation in which a water treatment plant in the Rio Grande Region is
being planned to serve 40,000 people. At the moment, we will consider water
demand excluding fire fighting. What should the capacity of the plant and distribution
system be?
The first step is to find the average daily water demand on the map. The value for the
Rio Grande Region is 278 gpcd. Then this value is translated into average community
daily water demand in the following way:
278 gal/(person day) 40,000 people = 11.1 MGD
You will notice that we converted from gal/day to MGD to make the answer more
understandable. 11.1 MGD is the average community daily water demand for the
facility.
In order to determine the required capacity of the water plant, we must calculate the
maximum daily water demand. This value is calculated as follows:
1.8 11.1 MGD = 20.0 MGD
This value determines the the size of the water treatment plant. The water treatment
plant must have the capacity to treat 20.0 MGD in order to support peak demands.
Finally, the maximum hourly water demand is calculated as follows:
3 11.1 MGD = 33.3 MGD
While the maximum daily water demand is used to size the treatment facility, the
maximum hourly water demand should be used to size the distribution system. The
distribution system should be of an adequate size to carry 33.3 MGD.
Fire Flow
Introduction
As you will remember from the last lesson, water treatment plants are sized to deal
with the amount of water used by fire fighters, the fire flow, as well as for residential
and industrial customers. The total flow of the plant is defined as follows:
Total flow = Maximum daily water demand + Fire flow
The total flow is the total amount of water that the water plant has available. This will
include the capacity of the plant and of any storage structures. In most cases, the
treatment plant can be sized to merely deal with the maximum daily demand as long
as the storage facility is large enough to deal with fire flows.
Where "P" is the population in 1,000's of people. So, for our community with a
population of 40,000, the fire flow would be:
Duration of Flow
Unlike the residential water demand, water demand for fire fighting typically last only
short periods of time. For insurance purposes the required length of time we should
expect fire flow to last is calculated as follows:
Using the fire flow value calculated above, the duration would be:
Volume
The required storage capacity for fire flow is calculated as follows:
Capacity = Fire flow Duration
After converting the duration to minutes, we can plug our values into the equation:
Capacity = 6,043 gpm 360 minutes
Capacity = 2,175,480 gal
The storage tank must thus have a fire flow capacity of 2.2 million gallons, added to
any other required volumes (for chemical contact time, emergency use, etc.)
Review
This lesson introduces you to a variety of resources you will find helpful while
learning and using water treatment math. Then, in the second half of the lesson, we
learn to calculate average daily community water demand, maximum daily water
demand, maximum hourly water demand, and fire flow amount and duration. These
figures allow us to size various components of the water treatment system, as follows:
Fire flow:
Fire flow (gpm) =
Assignment
1. Read section A.9 on pages 642 to 643 in Volume 1 of your text.
2. Answer the following questions. Show all of your work and circle
the answer for each math problem below. If there is insufficient
information to find the answer, write "Insufficient information".
When you are done, either email, mail or fax the assignment to
your instructor.
1. 3 inches of mercury are equivalent to how many inches of
water?
2. You have a bucket containing 5 gallons of water. How
many cubic feet of water are there in the bucket?
3. How much does the water in the bucket above weigh?
4. A water plant is being built to serve a community of
500,000 people with an average daily water demand of 200
gpd. What is the average daily water demand, excluding
fire fighting, of the community?
5. Which value should be used to size the distribution system?
6. Which value should be used to size the treatment plant?
7. What is the fire flow for the treatment plant?
8. What duration of fire flow should be used for insurance
purposes?
9. What is the required storage volume for the fire flow
water?
10. What is the treatment plant's total flow?
Quiz
There is no quiz associated with this lesson.