MODULE 4

VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT WITH OSTWALD VISCOMETER

PRACTICUM REPORT

Name

Muhamad Choirul Azis

NIM

12213060

Group

2nd Shift Group 2

Practicum Date

November, 4th 2014

Due Date

November, 18th 2014

Lecturer

Zuher Syihab ST, Ph.D.

Module Assistant

Lambang Tejo Handoko (12211020)

Agung Setiaji (12211053)
Rian Edi Cahyanto (12211057)

LABORATORY OF RESERVOIR FLUID ANALYSIS

MAJOR OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2014

CONTENTS

CONTENTS...........................................................................................................

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................

ii

LIST OF FIGURE..................................................................................................

iii

BAB I

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
1.1 Purpose of experiment.............................................................

BAB II

BAB III

BASIC THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENT

2.1 Basic Theory............................................................................

2.1 Principle of experiment ...........................................................

DATA PROCESSING
3.1 Experimental Data....................................................................
3.2 Data Processing........................................................................

BAB IV

5
5

ANALYSIS
4.1 Assumption .............................................................................
4.2 Practicum Sustainability..........................................................
4.3 Tool..........................................................................................
4.4 Result Analysis........................................................................

BAB V

8
8
9
10

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion................................................................................ 13
5.2 Recomendation.......................................................................... 13

BAB VI

BAB VII

IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION

6.1 Impression................................................................................
6.2 Suggestion................................................................................

14
14

REFERENCES..............................................................................

15

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Data flowtime of water.......................................................................................... 5
Table 3.2 Data of pincometer................................................................................................ 5
Table 3.3 Data flowtime of fluid through capillary.............................................................. 5
Table 4.1 All data measured and calculated......................................................................... 10
Table 5.1 Conclusion of kinematic viscosity....................................................................... 13
Table 5.1 Conclusion of dtnamic viscosity.......................................................................... 13

ii

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Relationship of viscosity Oil with Pressure ....................................................... 2
Figure 2.2 Relationship to Pressure Gas Viscosity .............................................................. 2
Figure 4.1 The Ostwald Viscometer which in problem........................................................ 8
Figure 4.2 The large bath of Ostwald viscometer........................................................................... 9
Figure 4.3 The relation between density and temperature................................................... 10
Figure 4.4 The relation between Kinematic viscosity and temperature............................... 11
Figure 4.5 The relation between Dynamic viscosity and temperature................................. 11

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VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT WITH OSTWALD VISCOMETER

I.

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
Knowing the usage of Ostwald Viscomemter for :
1. Determining the constant of Ostwald Viscometer
2. Determining the viscosity fluid which flow in capillary pipe
3. Determining the relation between viscosity and temperature.

II.

BASIC THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENT

a. Basic Theory
Viscosity is an important parameter of the fluid flow, which is one
characteristic of the fluid. The viscosity of a fluid is a parameter to be
considered by a petroleum engineer, because it is intimately linked to the
process of fluid flow in porous media, the reservoir or fluid flow in the pipe
after the oil is produced. Viscosity is an important parameter to maximize the
production of a reservoir. High viscosity of the fluid causes the fluid to flow
difficult, therefore it is necessary that the method and special equipment
design.
Reservoir with a low viscosity, the high rate of production so as to save the
cost of equipment and production. In addition, the viscosity values can
provide information about the fluid content and the fraction of that of the
reservoir fluid. Reservoir fluid that has high viscosity, the fluid contains
heavy hydrocarbon fraction more than the fraction of light, otherwise the
fluid has a low viscosity, the hydrocarbon content of more than the light
fraction.
Viscosity is a measure of the reluctance of a fluid to flow .Base on kind there
are two types of viscosity, the kinematic viscosity is a measure of the
reluctance of the flow of a fluid to flow under the influence of gravity and
pressure loads are proportional to the fluid density, with units of cSt
(centistoke). And the dynamic viscosity is a measure of the viscosity of a
fluid move that is affected by a shear stress, with units cP (centipoise). One
In general, the size of the fluid viscosity decreases with decreasing in
temparature and pressure as the oil viscosity.
1

Figure 2.1 Relationship of viscosity Oil with Pressure

In figure 2.1 the oil viscosity decreases with decreasing pressure at a pressure
above Pb because the distance between the gas molecules dissolved in the oil
becomes more tenuous, making them easier to move while under pressure
Pb, decrease in pressure causes increased viscosity due to dissolved gas and
fluid escape loss of light oil components.
As for the influence of the gas temperature can lead to two different
conditions depend pressure zone.

Figure 2.2 Relationship to Pressure Gas Viscosity

In figure 2.2 for a low-pressure zone, temparature rise causes an increase in
gas viscosity.
This happens due to the low pressure zone molecules within a very tenuous
inter-molecular forces of attraction are more dominant than the style of
departure so that tends to unite and lead to an increase in the viscosity of the
gas.
For the high-pressure zone, the increase in viscosity causes a decrease in the
gas temparature.

This occurs because the high-pressure zone within the molecules close
enough repulsive force between molecules is more dominant than its style so
that the molecules tend to move freely and cause a decrease in the viscosity
of the gas.
In addition, there are several factors that can affect the viscosity of such size,
the presence of other substances that can increase the viscosity, molecular
shape where the viscosity increases with increasing double bond, the bonds
between the molecules in which the higher viscosity due to the strong bonds
between the molecules, eg in the presence of ties hydrogen, and the
magnitude of london style is influenced by the size and number of particles.

b. Pricnciple of Experiment
General equation of Poiseulle for capillary pipe
v=

= Kinematic Viscosity (cSt)

= Capillary pipe diameter (cm)

= Capillary pipe length (cm)

= Vertikal distance of miniskus (cm)

= Liquid volume which flow in capillary (cm3)

= Correction if kinetic energy (CSt/sec2)

= Flow time (sec)

And the simpler equation is v = Cx t.

Correction of kinetic energy negligible with time if the flow time more than
200 sec with exception on general maeurement for viscosity measurement

Meanwhile for the Dynamic Viscosity can be found from the the relation
with kinematic viscosity
=
= Density at the same temperature with the maesurement' s temperature

III.

DATA PROCESSING

Experimental Data
1. Observation data
a. Determining the C constant of Viscometer
T(oC)

Flowtime water (s)

35

248

40

207

Table 3.1 Data flowtime of water

b. Determining Fluid Density
Vpicnometer = 25 mL
Mpicnometer = 20.16 gram
T(oC)

mpicnometer+oil

moil

35

42.82

22.66

40

42.69

22.53

Table 3.2 Data of pincometer

c. Determining fluid viscosity
T(oC)

Flowtime (s)

35

888

40

781

Table 3.3 Data flowtime of fluid through capillary

2. Data Calculation

a. Determining the C constant of viscometer

To determine the C constant we could use :
=
Where

= ()
= (

= ()
We can use water as reference fluid to calculate the C constant. We already known the
kinematic viscosity of water at certain temperature. At 35 oC the kinematic viscosity of
water is 0.658 x 10-6 m2/s

For the obtained flowtime 207 s:

=
=

(0,65810

207

= 3,17874396110 /

b. Determining the oil density

At 35oC
Moil

= 22.66 gram
=

22.66
= 0,9064 /
25

At 40oC
Moil

= 22.53 gram
=

22.53
= 0,9012 /
25

c. Determining the kinematic viscosity of oil sample

As we already known that the C = 3,17874396110 / we can easily
calculate the kinematic viscosity of fluid. In this experiment we only tested one oil
sample.
At 35 oC
t = 888 second
=
=

3,17874396110
888 = 0.02822724 = 2.822724

At 40 oC
t = 781 second
=
=

3,17874396110
781 = 0,024825990 = 2.4825990

d. Determining the dynamic viscosity of oil.

We can see the relationship between kinematic viscosity dan dynamic viscosity as

=
Where :
: dynamic viscosity (cP)
: density (g/cm3)
v

: kinematic viscosity (cSt)

for oil sample :

At 35 oC
Density

= 0.9064

Kinematic viscosity

= 2.822724 cSt
=

= 0.9064 /3 2.822724
= 2.5585170

At 40 oC
Density

= 0,9012

Kinematic viscosity

= 2.4825990 cSt
=

= 0.9012 /3 2.4825990
= 2.237318219

IV.

ANALYSIS

Assumption
The assumptions used in experimental is

1. There is no impurities in the tool.

2. Ostwald viscometer and Picnometer dry and clean.
3. No parallax error.
4. The oil temperature measured at the temperature of bath.
5. The temperature of oil in accordance with the desired temperature.
6. No change in the current system temperature viscosity measurements.
7. No change in temperature when the transfer of oil to picnometer.
8. Ostwald viscometer is seated at the right position.
9. The kinetic energy correction is neglected.
10. The water flow in Ostwald viscometer is laminar.

Practicum Sustainability
Practicum hampered because of the water that goes into the narrow slit of
Ostwald viscometer, causing the flow of oil to be hampered .It is resolved
by cleaning with diesel and then with soap.
So we did not obtain data flowtime of oil in capillary pipe.

Figure 4.1 The Ostwald Viscometer which in problem

Tools
1. Ostwald Viscometer
Principle
Using flowtime as the function of viscosity fluid.
How it work
Mengalirkan fluida didalam ostwald dengan terlebih dahulu mengangkat
fluida sampai batas atas kemudian mencatat beda waktu antar dua batas
dan dapat diukut nilai viskositas fluida.
The advantage of Ostwald viscometer.
1. Viskometer Ostwald dapat digunakan untuk semua jenis cairan, baik cairan yang
kental maupun cairan yang tidakkental.
2. Water bath yang besar memungkinkan untuk panas tetap terjaga dalam waktu yang
cukup lama.

Figure 4.2 The large bath of Ostwald viscometer

3. Metode viskometer Ostwald lebih praktis dan efisien dalam penentuan nilai
viskositas cairan dibandingkan dengan viscometer Redwood karena
fluida yang mengalir dapat ditarik kembali dengan bola karet.

2. Picnometer
Principle
Measure the wight of fluid on certain volume.
How it work
Measure the weight of empty pincometer and the fluid using picnometer.
And then calculate the density of fluid.

Result Analysis
From pengolahan data ,obtained :
T(O C)

Oil density (g/mL)

Kinematic viscosity

Dynamic Viscosity

(cSt)

(cP)

35

0.9064

2.822724

2.5585170

40

0.9012

2.482599

2.2373182

Table 4.1 All data measured and calculated

Density vs Temperature
0.907
0.906
0.905
0.904
Density

0.903
0.902
0.901
0.9
34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

Figure 4.3 The relation between density and temperature

Based on data experiment and the calculation didapatkan density at 35 o C
adalah 0.9064 dan at 40 o C adalah 0.9012. Dan dapat kesimpulan bahwa
density menurun dengan penambahan temperature yang disebabkan oleh
pemuaian fluida.

10

Kinematic Viscosity vs
Temperature
2.9
2.8
2.7
Kinematic Viscosity

2.6
2.5
2.4
34

36

38

40

42

Figure 4.4 The relation between Kinematic viscosity and temperature

To calculate the kinematic viscosity in this module we need constants of
Ostwald viscometer. In the experiment of measuring the viscometer constant
we use water as reference liquid because we already know the water viscosity
in several temperature so once we obtain the flowtime of water in ostwald
viscometer we can easily calculate the viscometer constant C.
Based on the experiment we obtain that the kinematic viscosity if oil sample
at 35 o C is 2.822724 cSt and at 40 o C is 2,482599 cSt. This tendency of this
data is same to the theory that the higher the temperature lower the viscosity.
This happen because in larger temperature rhe molecule can move easily and
have larger kinetic energy than in lower temperature as mentioned in the
basic theory.

Dynamic Viscosity vs Temperature

2.6
2.55
2.5
2.45
2.4
2.35
2.3
2.25
2.2

Dynamic Viscosity
Dynamic Viscosity

34

36

38

40

42

Figure 4.5 The relation between Dynamic viscosity and temperature

11

The value of dynamic viscosity can obtained from the relation between
density of fluid and kinenatic viscosity as mentioned in principle of
experiment. The value that we obtained is 2.5585170 cP at 35 o C and
2.2373182 cP at 40 o C ,the tendency of data is the same with kinemaric
viscosity and has the same reason

12

V.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

Conclusion :
1. The viscometer contant (C) is 3,17874396110 /
2. Viscosity and temperature is inversely proporsional.
3. The kinematic viscosity of oil sample is

Temperature

Oil sample

35 oC

40 oC

2.822724 cSt

2.482599 cSt

Table 5.1 Conclusion of kinematic viscosity

4. The dynamic viscosity of oil sample is
Temperature
o

35 C

Oil sample

2.5585170 cP

40 oC
2.2373182 cP

Table 5.1 Conclusion of dtnamic viscosity

Recomendation :
Assistant must check and ensure the competence of every student more detailed
again. We failed to obtain the data because we have one treat Ostwald by
washing them with soap.
And the laboratory must renew the equipment especially the wateh bath for
ostwald viscometer for better measurement of fluid viscosity calculation.

13

VI.

IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION

Impression :
This is the easiest one practicum of all that I have taken and the assistants are
also very relaxed so I do not worry.
Suggestion:
Keep your goodness assistant!!

14

VII.

REFERENCES
McCain, William D.Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition,
PennWell Publishing Co., 1990, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
W.R. Siagian, Utjok. Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir. Departemen Teknik
Pertambangan dan Perminyakan. 2002. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

15