Different Control Techniques of Dynamic Voltage

Restorer for Power Quality Problems

Abrarkhan I. Pathan
Department of Electrical Engineering
SGGSIE& T, Nanded
abrar.dec@gmail.com

Prof.S S. Vanamane

AbstractNowadays power quality is the biggest issue in power

sector. Everyone demands for reliable and good power quality.
There are different problems in power quality like harmonic
distortion, flicker, notching, transient, etc. Voltage sag and swell
are the major problems in power quality. Dynamic voltage
Restorer (DVR) is a custom power device used for mitigation of
voltage sag and swell. DVR is connected in series by using the
injection transformer to inject the appropriate voltage to mitigate
voltage sag/swell and maintain the load voltage constant. For the
generation of this compensating voltage there are two steps which
are reference voltage generation and gate pulse generation for
IGBTs of VSC. In this paper two methods are used for reference
voltage generation viz Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF)
theory and Fourier transform technique. These methods detect
the voltage sag/swell condition and give the reference voltage.
Hysteresis controller is used for gate pulse generation in both
methods. Simulations are carried out for addition of three phase
RL load, removal of load and also for three phase system fault.
KeywordsVoltage sag/swell, VSC, SRF Theory, Fourier
Transform (FT), Hysteresis controller.

I.

Dr. R.H. Chile

Department of Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering
Walchand Collage of Engineering, Sangli
SGGSIE& T, Nanded
shankar_ugar@yahoo.co.in
rhchile@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION

Contribution of voltage sag/swell to power quality is more.

Voltage sag for a short duration cost lots of money to industrial
and commercial users. Standard definition of voltage sag and
swell are given in [1]. A decrease in RMS voltage between
10% to 90% at a power frequency for duration from 0.5 cycles
to 1 minute is called voltage sag and common problems for
such situation are system faults, addition of large load, etc. And
voltage swell is defined as An increase in RMS voltage
between 110% to180% at power frequency for duration from
0.5 cycles to 1minute. Common causes for voltage swell are
switching off a large load, energization of a capacitor bank, etc
[1],[ 2].
Custom power technology takes care about reliability and
quality of power. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is one of
the injecting type of custom power device which is specially
used to mitigate the voltage sag and swell [3]. DVR is
connected in series with the system using injection transformer.
It consist of VSC which will generate the sinusoidal voltage
with required magnitude and phase angle to maintain the load
voltage constant.
There are different conventional methods for mitigation of
voltage sag like constant voltage transformer (CVT), UPS,
motor generator set but all these techniques have some
disadvantages like frequent maintenance, noise, and system

become bulky [2]. There are some modern techniques which

uses power electronic devices and different control techniques.
Paper [4] describes the different methods to mitigate voltage
sag in the system. Paper [5] shows the simulation of DVR
using PWM technique. Paper [6] uses PI controller and Fuzzy
logic control technique for voltage sag compensation. In [7],
voltage sag/swell magnitude and phase jump is detected by
Discrete Fourier transform and compensation was done for
both magnitude and phase jump. Paper [8] shows the different
topologies for DVR.
In this paper Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory
and Fourier Transform are used to detect and generate the
reference voltage. This reference voltage is compared with the
injected voltage and the error signal is given to the hysteresis
controller to generate gate pulses to the IGBTs of VSC.
Simulations are carried out for voltage sag caused by addition
of RL load and three phase fault also for voltage swell caused
by removal of load.
II.

STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF DVR

Dynamic Voltage Restorer is one of custom power device

specially used to maintain the load voltage constant in the
distribution system. DVR will be in standby mode during
normal operation and when the control circuit detects any
disturbance in the supply voltage DVR will inject the required
voltage [3]. In-phase compensation technique is used to
compensate the voltage sag/swell in which only voltage
magnitude is compensated.
DVR consist of an injection transformer, Voltage
Source Converter (VSC), harmonic filter, storage device and
control system as shown in Fig.1 [9].
A. Injection Transformer
Injection transformer is used to connect the DVR to the
distribution network via High Voltage winding and injects the
compensating voltage generated by VSC after the detection of
any disturbance in supply voltage by control circuit. Another
main task of injection transformer is that it will limit the
coupling of noise and isolate VSC and control circuit from the
system [10].
B. Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
VSC is a power electronic device used to generate the
compensating voltage [11]. Output voltage of VSC should be
a. Pure sine wave and balanced
b. Phase sequence as that of system
c. Of required magnitude

For this transformation is obtained from phase lock loop

(PLL) block.
and
contain both dc and ac component. Low pass
filter is used to filter out the ac component and only dc
component is used further.
Now sagged source voltage in d-q frame which is
subtracted from constant set reference voltage in d-q frame and
which gives the compensating voltage in d-q frame. Now by
applying inverse Parks and Clarks Transformation
respectively signal is transformed in a-b-c coordinates system
as
iii.

Fig.1 Structure of DVR

d.
e.

For required duration

Practically instantaneous

cos
sin

C. Harmonic filter
Harmonic filter is used to filter out the high frequency
component from the output voltage of inverter [10].
D. Storage device
It is basically used to supply the necessary energy to VSC to
generate the compensating voltage [10], [11]. In this paper DC
voltage source is used for this purpose.
E. Control circuit
Control circuit continuously monitors the supply voltage. The
function of control system is to detect the disturbance in the
supply voltage, compare it with the set reference value and
then generate the switching pulses to the VSC to generate the
DVR output voltages [10], [11].
SRF THEORY

III.

In this paper this theory is used to generate the reference

voltage required to compensate the voltage sag/swell. This
technique converts coordinates from a-b-c stationary
coordinate system to o-d-q rotating coordinate system. Signals
are converted in o-d-q frame because it is easy to control and
process on signals in d-q frame [12]. Then again these signals
are converted in a-b-c coordinate system. In this transformation
there are following steps[9], [12].
i.

Reverse Parks Transformation

iv.

sin
cos

Reverse Clarks Transformation

and

are the reference source voltages.

IV.

FOURIER TRANSFORM

In this method Fourier Transform is used to detect the

magnitude of voltage sag or swell. Fourier block from
MATLAB Simulink is used to obtain this magnitude which
performs Fourier analysis on input signal for fundamental
frequency and gives its magnitude and phase angle [7]. In this
simulation of DVR in-phase compensation technique is used
in which only voltage magnitude is compensated [13].
In this technique one reference voltage is set for both
voltage sag and swell condition. Fourier transformation is
applied to each phase to calculate magnitude of each phase.
These magnitudes are subtracted from set reference voltage
which gives the dip or rise of voltage in respective phase for
sag or swell condition.

It transforms sensed source voltage signal from a-b-c

stationary to - stationary coordinate system by following
equation
1

ii.

(1)

Parks Transformation

Now this signal is converted in rotating o-d-q frame by using

equation (2).
cos
sin

sin
cos

(4)

Clarks Transformation

(3)

(2)
Fig.2 Detection of Sag/swell using FT

2 is on and switch 1 is off

ff. Fig 5 shows the gate pulse
generation for one leg of inverteer [9].

Fig.3 Magnitude of Voltage Sag

Fig.5 Principle of Hysteresis

H
Controller

VI.

Fig.4 Required reference voltage

Fig.2 shows the simulation for detection of sag/swell

s
by using
Fourier transform. Fig.3 and Fig.4 shows the magnitude of
sagged supply voltage and magnitude of reference voltage
required. Fig.3 and Fig.4 are for only one phaase.
These magnitude signals are transformed in sine
s wave as
sin
(6)
sin
120
(7)
sin
120
(8)
Equation (6), (7) and (8) are for a, b and c phhase respectively.
By multiplexing these signals, three phase reeference sine wave
is obtained which is one of the input to hysteeresis controller.
Reference voltage and output voltage of VSC
V
are compared
and error is given to Hysteresis relay whichh gives proper gate
pulses to IGBTs of VSC to produce requiired compensating
voltage to mitigate sag or swell.
V.

HYSTERESIS CONTROLLLER

Comparing with other PWM methods

m
hysteresis
controller is easy to implement, has simple operation
o
and very
fast response. Hysteresis controller work on
o the error signal
between an injection voltage
and a refference voltage of
DVR
and produces proper gate pulsess for inverter [7].
Based on these gate pulses, VSC produces
p
required
compensating voltage which is injecteed by injecting
transformer. This injection should satisfy the equation (5) [5]

SIMULATIION AND RESULTS

Different conditions are takken into consideration to check

the performance of DVR. A siimple distribution network with
DVR is simulated in MATL
LAB Simulink. Voltage sag is
created by temporary connecttion of load and system fault.
Whereas voltage swell is createed by temporary removal of load
by using circuit breaker. DVR is
i connected in the system using
injection transformer to injecct required voltage. First three
simulations are done using Foourier Transform Technique for
reference voltage generation and corresponding results are
shown and then results for SR
RF theory are shown. Table 1
shows the system parameters ussed in the simulation.
TABLE 1 System
S
Parameter
System Parameter

Rating

Three Phase Source 1

400V, 50Hz

Three Phase Source 2

350V, 50Hz

Three Phase Load 1

P= 10KW, Q= 100VAR

Three Phase Load 2

P= 10KW, Q= 100VAR

DC Voltage Source

700V

Switching Frequency

50s

Injection Transformer Ratio

320/400V

A. Simulation of DVR usinf FT for voltage sag

(5)
Fig. 5 shows the principle of hysteresis controoller for one leg of
VSC. Where dotted line shows the upperr and lower limit,
middle line is the reference voltagee obtained after
transformation and triangular line is the outpuut voltage of VSC.
Upper and lower hysteresis limits are 1 and -11 respectively.
When the error is going from low
wer limit to upper
limit switch 1 is on for that duration and switch 2 is off.
And when error is going from upper limit to lower limit switch

Fig. 6 Simulation of DVR

R using FT for addition of load

Fig 9 (a) Source voltage, (b) Reference voltage and (c) Load voltage
Fig.7 (a) Source voltage, (b) Reference voltage and (c) Load voltage

In this method Fourier Transformation is used to detect the

voltage sag in the system. Fig.6 shows the simple system with
DVR connected for the compensation of voltage sag caused by
addition of load with the help of circuit breaker. A three phase
load is added for some duration to create voltage sag as shown
in Fig.7(a). Each phase voltage is passed through the FT block
which will give magnitude of each phase. This magnitude is
subtracted from set reference voltage which gives the required
amount of reference voltage to compensate the voltage sag.
This voltage is compared with the output voltage of inverter
and error is given to Hysteresis controller which gives proper
gate pulses to inverter. Thus inverter generate required amount
of voltage to mitigate voltage sag which is injected through
injecting transformer. Fig. 7(b) and 7(c) shows the reference
voltage obtained after transformation and constant load voltage
after compensation respectively.
B. Simulation of DVR for three phase fault

Fig.8 Simulation of DVR for 3

fault

Same procedure is repeated only instead of addition of load

three phase fault is created for some duration and cleared with
the help of circuit breaker. Again the control circuit will
monitor the source voltage and calculate the component of
voltage to mitigate the voltage sag. Fig. 8 shows the simulation
of system containing DVR for maintaining the load voltage
constant after system fault and Fig. 9 shows the source voltage,
reference voltage and compensated load voltage respectively.
Passive filter is used to filter out the distortion in the output
voltage of inverter.
C. Simulation of DVR for voltage swell
Voltage swell is created by temporary removal of load. First
both the loads are connected in the system. Load 2 is removed
for some duration. Due to sudden removal of load, voltage
swell is occurred for that duration. For this simulation Source
2 is of 300V. Control technique will detect the voltage swell
and give appropriate signals to VSC to generate the required
voltage. The anti-phase voltage component is injected by
DVR to compensate voltage swell. Fig. 10 shows the
simulation of system with DVR and Fig. 11 shows the source
voltage, reference voltage and constant load voltage
respectively.

Fig. 10 Simulation of DVR for voltage swell

Fig.14 shows the results for voltage sag caused by three phase
fault and Fig.15 shows the results for voltage swell [9].

Fig. 11 (a) Source voltage, (b) Reference voltage and (c) Load voltage

Fig. 13 (a) Source voltage, (b) Reference voltage and (c) Load voltage

D. Simulation of DVR using SRF Theory

Fig. 12 shows the simulation of DVR for the compensation
of voltage sag caused by addition of load. In this simulation
three phase load-2 is added for the duration from 0.2s to 0.4s
and removed with the help of three phase circuit breaker. For
sudden change in the load there is voltage sag for that duration
as shown in Fig. 13(a). Control circuit converts the source
voltage in d-q frame and is subtracted from another set voltage
d-q component. Then by the inverse transformation it is
converted back in a-b-c frame. Fig. 13(b) shows the reference
voltage of required magnitude, phase and duration. This
voltage is compared with the output voltage of inverter and
error is given to hysteresis relay which will generate gate
pulses for inverter. Fig. 13(c) shows the compensated load
voltage. Passive filter is used to filter out the distortion in the
output voltage of inverter [9].
Similarly simulation of system with DVR for three phase
fault and voltage swell by removing the load for some
duration can be done.
Fig. 14 (a) Source voltage, (b) Reference voltage and (c) Load voltage

Fig.12 Simulation of DVR using FT for voltage sag

Fig. 15 (a) Source voltage, (b) Reference voltage and (c) Load voltage

VII. CONCLUSION
This paper describes the basic structure and principle of
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). SRF theory and Fourier
Transform for voltage sag/swell detection and reference
voltage generation and hysteresis controller for gate pulse
generation are discussed. Different conditions are taken for
creating voltage Sag/swell. Voltage sag is created by addition
of load and by three phase fault while voltage swell is created
by sudden removal of load from the system. Performance of
DVR for these conditions is verified in MATLAB simulink.
Fourier Transform technique add a small amount of extra
voltage at the starting and end point of voltage sag/swell
occurrence while SRF technique gives the best compensation
compared to FT method. Results show that DVR is the best
device to mitigate voltage sag/swell and thus maintains the
load voltage constant.
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[2]
[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

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Abrarkhan I. Pathan received his B.E. Degree (Electrical,

Electronics and Power Engineering) in
2010 from P.E.S. college of Engineering,
Aurangabad and M.Tech. Degree
(Electrical Power Systems) from
Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli
(MS). Presently, he is working as Asst.
Professor in SGGS Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Nanded.

Prof. S. S. Vanamane has B.Tech and M.tech in Electrical

Engineering. Presently working as a Professor in Walchand
collage of Engineering, Sangli. Has more than 25 years of
experience in teaching .
R.H. Chile received his B.E. and M.E. degrees in
Instrumentation Engineering from SGGS Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Nanded, India in 1987 and 1992
respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree from IIT, Roorkee,
India in 1999. He is a member of ISOI, ISTE and was worked
on various committees formed by AICTE, DTE and
Universities. Presently, he is working as a Professor in
Department of Instru- mentation Engineering at SGGS Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Nanded. Six students
completed the Ph.D. under his guidance and research work of
four Ph.D. students is in progress. His teaching and research
interests include process instrumentation, sliding mode control,
adaptive control as applied to electric drives, power systems
control, robotics and process industries. He has published about
60 referred journal and conference papers and has served as a
reviewer for different international conferences.