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BRA
^^NIVERSITT
BAKING POWDERS
A
ETC.
BY
CHARLES
A.
CATLIN,
B. S., Ph.B.,
F.A.A. A.
PUBLISHED BY THE
I.,
U.S.A.
S.
CONTENTS.
_
Baking Powders.
Hygienic quality.
Leavening quality.
Recent improvements in phosphate j)Owders.
20
evolved.
is
Keeping quality.
29
Description.
35
43
ILLUSTRATIONS.
A
Photo-Micrographs
Baking Powder.
of
the
Absorption Ai)paratus.
Frontispiece.
...
constituents
Rumford
of
28
34
Photo-Micrographic Camera.
42
OF TTTR
UNIVBRSITT
^ALIFOBJ:^
Baking Powders,
Hygienic Quality.
Baking Powders have for their essential constituents,
sodium bicarbonate and some form of acid or acid
salt.
During the bread making process in which they
are employed, under the influence of the water or
other liquid used in mixing the dough, chemical
reaction more or less complete ensues between these
constituents,
is
eventually dissipated,
It is, therefore,
most
which
part,
may
be
1st.
in
which
known
3rd.
to the food in
which
more commonly
to the
food
in
which
Baking Powders.
may
be.
is
we
find in the
first,
the residue
left in
and sodium for the greater part; and that these phosphates are normal constituents
vegetable food.
life
of
of
animal Hfe,
if
not in
in all the
higher forms
demand
life
for a constant
supply of these phosphates and a corresponding constant waste through their utilization in the life process;
phate wastes without injury, or even the slightest disturbance of any of their functions.
exemplification of leavening agents which do not introduce, as a residuum of their action, material abnormal
to food
in
essential, salts in
form
economy.
second
saline
class,
residue,
we
find
this
salt,
while
is
the
possessing
Baking Powders.
conditions
health,
is
neither does
it
food
to
qualities
which
in
may be
it
present, nor
The
in
in
fact,
it is
the resultant,
quahties
shall
data.
claimed for
except
never
are
it,
Hygienic
when
it
dition.
claim
possible,
through
the
being present
phates
tartrate to carbonates
when
the
in
food,
the
all
sufficient
react
virtues,
is
if
it
it
When
decomposition of a
salt,
in the
phosphate
certainly
is
questionable whether
certainly an
it.
If
it
remains as Rochelle
it
salt
it is
be innoxious.
Baking Powders.
10
of
one-half to
smaller doses
one ounce
it is
is
an active cathartic,
in
seem
In fact,
trate,
recommend
salt,
it.
employment
in
food
is,
unhygienic.
residue of
Sodium
salt, like
Rochelle
salt,
is
is
when taken
But
its
in
much
smaller
in
doses
less injurious
doses
long con-
quality in
as Glauber's
an active cathartic
certainly question-
commonly known
sulphate,
bread making.
It
it
may
a most objectionable
therefore be called a
Not
so of the
Baking Powders.
aluminum constituent
from
of the residue
11
is,
especially
weak
class of
this
without doubt,
in that of
digestive powers.
phate
is
salt in
food
an insoluble,
operation
in
harmless,
aluminum phosphate.
is
and consequently
Facts
however do
extended
And
insol-
is
furthermore,
investigation
powder, which
is
employed
it
lacks
when
the
aluminum
salt
alone
true,
that
in
aluminum sulphate
be
its
hygienic quality.
It
is
fur-
in the dried
aluminum sulphate
basic
result,
Baking Powders.
12
from high
retard digestion,
into insoluble
if
it;
acts to
it
that
it
enters
food to render them unavailable, especially the albuminbeside having an irritant and
oids and" phosphates
;
mucous membrane of
some assert, that it proeffect upon the nervous system.
while
Leavening Quality.
of
first
quality of a baking
perfectly
is
understood, that
to
is
effected
by
in
its
the
value.
object
of
generally
powder
designed purpose
its
and that
this
is
to this
end
and for
their
baking process
is
necessary.
some
gave
investigations of
us in this connection.
**To inform myself
From
more
this I
exactly,
best
mine upon the conof the baking process, which will be useful to
details of
quote
I
made many
care-
biscuit
Baking Powders.
13
powder,
23
CO.
of
liquid
for
each
gram of baking
powder
employed.
The range
When
the
dough was
in
the
made
observed through a
After
''
**
**
10
12
13
15
7
''
''
**
'^
17
95 F..
130 ''
150 ''
160 ''
205 '*
205 ''
210 212 212 ''
217 -
Baking Powders.
14
become
far too
brown
to be palatable,
From
commenced.
the above
apparent then,
is
it
the
dough
is
more than
212
In the
kitchen,
if
place,
first
The quart
weight.
all
graduated at
ordinary operations
of
the
are
all,
of flour
weighed.
It
little
volume of the
much
less
while very
Very
much
is
The
available gas-
mon
^^
its
own volume.
That
is
to
is
in
This
is
indeed a
Baking Powders.
15
readily seen,
it is
much
For
by volume.
leavening value
may
be
powder
tions,
reported.
almost as important to
evolution as
it is
know
to
its
know
total
the
manner
volume.
of
When
its
one
dough mixing process it is easily understood, if a baking powder be employed which gives
a too prompt reaction, much of the leavening gas will
considers the
dough be
if
and handled.
In thin batter, like
griddle cake batter, especially where considerable time
necessarily elapses between the mixing and the cook-
the
ing,
this
rolled
is
a matter of serious
importance.
It is
in character,
When
is
is
used, the
dough
itself
under the
solidified as
Baking Powders.
16
well.
the
When now
reaction
the
is
attained,
is
The
evolution
delicate
in
the
therefore,
is,
valuation of a
baking powder.
It is plain that
on
first
its
carbon
indicating
something
in
this
useful determination
direction
that of the
is
The question
of the
amount of water
be used to
to
baking process
Referring again to
is
my investiga-
In actual
between the
but certainly,
powder.
Baking Powders.
than 10
cc.
17
tate the
all.
come
on
Referring again,
for consideration.
in
my
this point, to
investigation
in
200^
F., or
at the longest.
that
when
even at a
much
believe
the
As
a matter of
temperature
reaches
However this
gas evolved beyond the limit
may
be,
it is
certain that
of no practical value.
Upon
operation
the
of
the
baking
process
as
in the context.
As
have
said,
this
between the
is
To
Baking Powders.
18
for cake one ratio, for biscuit another, for griddle cakes
another, etc.
Thus
judgment
as to
of
this
average efficiency
in
the baking
about the
is
ratio
adopted for
Recent Improvements
in
Phosphate Powders.
acid
calcium phosphates
in
by
The pecuhar
value of
Professor Horsford,
who
first
cent property
be
fatal, in
which,
it
is
readily understood,
would
Baking Powders.
account
name
of
19
in
I.,
the original
with
stability
duced.
been effected
most
unstable,
market.
stable
may accomplish
overcoming apparently insurmountable obstacles.
powder on the
The
carbon dioxide
the
Second, The conditions under which evolution
the carbon dioxide takes
Third, The keeping quahty,
the power of
First,
total
available
in
baking process.
of
place.
i.
e.,
The
first
standard
two
may be
referred
an
to
arbitrary
Weigh out
bottle
grams of sample
my
of
into
the evolving
for description of
total
Or
described.
my
reliable
method.
may be
For
this
deter-
work,
and accuracy.
Weigh into a 200 cc.
rapidity
capacity, 2
20
grammes
flask,
21
yet hot,
until
while
gaseous carbon
all
dioxide
is
it
observing
all
the well
in
by use
the flask
known precautions
of
necessary,
This gives
dioxide therein.
per
Deducting
se.
this
excess carbon
to
be
Cream
article
of Tartar Substitutes"
we have
already
discussed.
It is
because of the
difficulties
in
the
of
latter
method.
mercial volume
and from
this to
is, its
calculate
its
Of
comtotal
course.
22
one
may
the well
known methods
condition in which
it
by any of
by measurement
when opened.
For
occupied by the powder in a can
nearly arrived at
package
instance,
determined
this
the
as received,
is
space
easily
Thus we
powder
in
obtained,
baking powder
times
its
in
of
of
This
the sample
much
as
it is
readily seen,
may be
obtained
domestic use from a powder having low percentage
having
density.
is
Therefore,
the
true
measure of
efficiency
volume evolution.
Weigh
is
is
Evolved.
bottle
23
This gives
little
while those
made from
free
The
ratio
between the
ment
it
in skilled
total available,
is
manufacture
and
effort
is
made
to bring
It is readily
under-
all its
tardy in
its
excite
it,
results,
cellular condition.
Keeping Quality.
Atmospheric moisture
baking powders.
assailing
is
the
deteriorating
From
agent
this influence, of
exposure.
24
First, in
in
total
my
is
determined, preferably
then a
touching
it,
placed upon
glass,
it (all
bell glass),
At
but not
is
and kept
desired.
total
in each, in
The
my
differ-
carbon dioxide
in
the
air
exposure.
dioxide percentage
ten,
each
bell glass,
A-^,
25
And
after thirty
hours
exposure,
basis
comparison.
keeping quality
baking powders
In
this
loss
calculated
start,
gives the
manner the
relative
of
Fig. 1.
Front view.
m
1
''^ma
r
1
Mh
\
if^
%3
^M
r
,;
a
i^v^. 2.
^^
'
.
'
:.,.,::,,,:;;;.;,,
.-'-
..'
..H'
,^...u-
;
.
l^flJjJIjII^^^Pf:-
Back view.
have devised,
may
be described as follows,
accompanying
a back view
cuts. Fig. 1
of convenient capacity,
posing acid with tube running to the bottom of A, connecting through h with the catch bottle
containing
to retain
C by c, containing
pumice stone treated with cupric sulphate, as a catch
verse upright P, connecting with
29
Absorption Apparatus.
30
is
T>
by
d.
is
the drying
d forming
weighed.
the upright N, as
by the tube
of
connecting with
is
shown
in Fig. 2,
and
the parts to be
e,
and F.
"
connects
retreat
with an aspi-
the weight
apparatus
is
in its
former position.
is
re-attached to the
is
amount
shown
in the cut.
decomposing acid
the whole apparatus
of
The
into
is
to
be
and
with
connected
tion, the
to flow
stopcock of
down
into
Absorption Apparatus.
a^ B, by C,
being
E, F,
d,
closed, heat
is
e,
The stopcock
G, g.
apphed
of
to the flask
and
its
minutes.
is
D,
c,
now
31
cock of
to completely
flask
allowed
is
fill
It
is
is
at
while,
drawn
is
off
siderable rapidity
least,
which
steaming
should be changed
a long
of boiling
of
B,
time
which
is
is
in
of
efficient
condition.
course to heat up
desirable;
for,
while
The
the
effect
contents
concentrated
it
Absorption Apparatus.
32
phuric acid in
tion
to heat
up
Allowing the
slightly, prevents
sul-
absorp-
Of course the
sulphuric
would have this property of slight absorption of carbon dioxide and introduce a source of error, were it
not, that, by allowing a current of dry carbon dioxide
to flow through these drying tubes for a few moments,
previous to using for the
through
the
time,
first
absorption tube,)
error
from
this
source avoided.
accurate
means
is
This
for
XTb
ra
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
Improved apparatus
To extend
ate in bone-char.
A, C and
same
posing bottle
in
a most important
decomposition results
ture
in
feature
when
the
connected with
and
graduated tube,
quite limited.
^
Journal of
35
tlie
is
directly determined
189.3,
page 614.
Volumetric Apparatus.
36
In
my
apparatus
have replaced
this
graduated tube
means
its
more convenient,
upon the standards, as shown in
structed of brass
tally
of the tube d.
affixed along
its
if
upper portion, a
is
may be
con-
fixed horizon-
series of stopcocks,
and
J,
described.
Before using
the
apparatus,
the
reservoir
is
bulb
E,
the
burette and
stopcocks connecting
and
filled
little
F
c
is
space.
may
in the
be entirely
During the
the
filled
filling
is
of glass
this glass
it
air
stopcock
air
the
B,
Volumetric Apparatus.
37
this
tube
is filled,
the stop-
and that
closed,
is
filled
mark
should be disconnected
When B
at
of B,
when
the stopcock
opened again.
The generating bottle A with its charge of sample and
acid in the tube, is now connected, and through the
connecting
and that
closed,
is
stopcock connecting
the
the adjustment
water
of the
level
When
at c
is
</,
opened, and
B
it.^
is
The
in
subsiding with
and D.
is
of
which
after a
and the
must
If,
however, this
be stopped
When
all
is
is
in
and a readjustment of
carbonate
is
is
is
pressure
continued.
effected in
by bringing the
acid and
The
evolution of the
into the
desirable to attach
Volumetric Apparatus.
38
reservoir D, in
volume equivalent
When
understood.
complete decomposition
upon the
in
is
exerted
B and F
are closed.
water
effected,
When
readily
is
is
is
It
F and d
in B,
d.
at"
is
of
the
exactly that of
existing
With
c,
all
temperature
and that
at
in the
contents of
may be
is
calculated
in
the usual
Volumetric Apparatus.
cubic centimeter of carbon dioxide at
39
C. 760
O*^
mgms.
by the best
authorities
calculation
in the
the
In
But
decomposing
acid,
caution.
it
little
better to
is
minations
it is
more or
may be
And
by the
taken as
less affected
far
large
my
volumes
apparatus
With
apparatus
this
mination
of
it is
possible to
carbon dioxide
in
make
from ten
a deterto
fifteen
Indeed with
with careful
weighings,
repeated
sample
will
in
results
40
Volumetric Apparatus.
from
described.
^if
gAuiPoa!^
M.
L.
HORSFORD,
I.,
U. S. A.
N. D.
Pres't.
purpose of
manufacturing
Arnold,
in
cuHnary
phosphatic
the
Treas.
Chemistry
in
Productions.
Phosphatic
Acid
Powder.
The
acid
constituent
its
dry,
Prepared
43
Productions.
44
Packed
original
of various sizes.
The
A baking
powder,
composed of our phosphatic acid powder and bicarbonate of soda put up in separate papers
these being
wrapped together to form one package.
An early
name and form of package used for the phosphate
;
baking powder.
Prepared
sizes.
retain
to
its
strength
indefinitely.
of the
phosphates,
for
liquid
medicinal
diseases
of
the
A powdered medicinal
is
indicated.
of lime
calcium
in certain
Horsford's Anti-Chlorine.
forms of dyspepsia.
powder
==
O V ERD U E.
MMI 31 1^'
APR
14=193:
NOV 19
1935
LD
21-50m-l,'3'
"^r
Pressboard
Pamphlet
Binder
Gaylord Bros., Inc.
Makers
Stockton, Calif.
PAT. JAN. 21. 1908
rx
CD
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
'H^y.
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