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This
article
state of Alaska. For other
uses, see
Alaskisa about
(disamthe
biguU.S.
ation).
Alaskan redirects here. For other uses, see Alaskan
(disambiguation).
Coordinates: 64N 150W / 64N 150W[1]
Alaska
( i /lofskthe
/) isNaorth
U.S. Asme
tatericsituated
west extremity
nin
tinethe
t. northBordering
the the
stateCatonathe
Yeukof
oan
n,Braco
dnoian
ritory,
and
dthe
ianeast
provisinc
iatci
iCa
shna
CO
lum
bterito
a,
the
A
r
c
t
i
c
O
ce
an
to
north,
and
the
P
c
ce
anot
the
west
and
south,
with
Rus
s
i
a
(specically,
C
h
u
k
ka
A
ut
o
n
o
m
o
us
Okr
u
g
and
Ka
m
c
h
a
t
k
a
Kr
a
i)
further
west
across
thetatBees rby
ingarea,
Straithe
t. Alaska
the
t state
U
4th50
leasis
opulalorSges
us
theinlethe
ast
d
ennited
sely Shalf
popuoflated
of the
Ut [3]
npited
tateand
s.liveApproximately
Alaskas
731,449
residents
within
the
A
n
c
ho
r
ag
e
m
e
t
r
o
p
o
l
i
tan
a
re
a.
Alaskas
economy
is
dominated
by the ohas
il, nin
aturabundance.
al gas, and Toshuring
resources
ism industries,
is also a
signicantwhich
part ofitthe
economy.
Although
it peoples,
had beenfrom
occupied
for thousands
of yearsEuby
indigenous
the
18th
century
onward,
ropean
powers
considered
the
territory
of
Alaska
ripe
for
exploitation.
The
United
States
p
u
r
c
h
ased
Ala
sk
a
from
Rus
sia onfor
March
30, 1867,
for $7.2 million
($121per
million
adjusted
ination)
at approximately
twoadministracents
acre
($4.74/km).
Thebecoming
area went
through several
tive
changes
before
organized
as
a
t
e
rr
i
t
o
ry
on
May
11,
1912.
It
was
[5]admitted as the 49th state of the U.S. on
January 3, 1959.
The
name inAlaska
()
had itbeen
introduced
thethe
Ruspseinan
iItal was
periderived
od, when
used
to
inscolo
ula. nrefers
from was
an
A
leut toidLitirefer
om,erally,
which
guratively
to the the
mainland
Alaska.
it
means
object
to
which
action
ooff
[6][7][8]
the
sea
is
directed
.
It
is
also
known
as
A
l
yes
k
a,
the
great land, an Aleut word derived from the same root.
Geography
The
statetoisthe
bordered
by Yulfkoonf and
British C
oluPambcic
ia in
Canada,
east, the
Ala
the
Ocean
to Sthe
south,
theGu
Band
eringthe
SeAsk
a,rcatBicand
ering
traito
t, and
C
hukchiAlaskas
ea to
the
west
OceSan
the
north.
territorial
waters
touch
Russias
territorial
waters
inand
the Alaskan
Bering Strait,
asiom
the
Russian
B
ig
D
i
om
e
d
e
I
s
la
n
d
L
i
t
t
l
e
D
e
d
e
I
s
la
n
d
are
only
3
miles
(4.8
km)
apart.
With
the
extension
of
the
A
l
e
ut
i
an
I
s
la
nd
s
into
the
e
a
s
t
e
rn
he
m
i
s
pher
e,
it
is
technically
theaswesternmost
and easternmost
state in the
Unitedboth
States,
well as also being
the northernmost.
Alaska
is square
the largest
state
in the United
States
in
landthe
area
at
586,412
miles
(1,518,800
km2 ),is
over
twice
size
of
Texas,
the next
largest
state.
Alaska
larger
than
all ters,
but
18
sovereign
countries.
Counting
territorial
waAlaska
is largerTexas,
than California,
the combined
largest
states:
andarea
Moof
ntanthe
a. next
It is three
also
larger
states. than the combined area of the 22 smallest U.S.
Alaska
has a longer
thannon-co
all the
other
U.S.
[9] It coastline
states
is the
only
ntigu
ous U.S.
state
oncombined.
America;
about 500
miles
(800
km) of
Brcontinental
itish ColumNorth
bia (Canada)
separates
Alaska
from
1.1 Regions
W
ashingt
on. Alaska
is thusexclave
an excin
lavetheofworld.
the United
States,
possibly
the
largest
It
is
technically
part
of
the
c
o
n
t
i
n
e
n
t
a
l
U.S.,
but
is
often
not
included
in colloquial
use;
Alaska
isernot
part[10]ofThe
the capicontiguous
called
t
hethe
Low
48.
tal
city, U.S.,
June
aoften
u, is situated
on
mainland
ofroad
the North
no ocially
denbut
ed there
borders
American
continent,
but
is
not
connected
by
to
the There
variousare
regions
of Alaska,
aredemarcating
six widely the
acrest of the North American highway system.
cepted
regions:
1
1 GEOGRAPHY
2
1.1.1 South Central
1.1.4 Southwest
The
most
populous
containing
A
e, Rural,
the
Mamostly
tanusregion
ka-Su
sitnofa VAlaska,
allareas
ey and
the of
Kethe
nai
PAla
enncskho
inasruag
la.
unpopulated
south
Ran
g
e
and
west
of
the
W
ran
g
e
ll
M
o
u
n
tainas
s also
fall
within
the
denition
of
Southcentral,
as
well
the
P
incoeva Wand
illiam
ound area and the communities of
Crord
ValdSez.
1.1.2 Southeast
Main article: Southeast Alaska
Also
referred
toAlaska
as the Panhandle
or
Passage,
this is
the
region
closest
to most
theInside
rest
of
the
United
States.
As of
such,
this was
where
of years
the
initial
nonindigenous
settlement
occurred
in
the
following
the
Ala
skear APu
rciphease.
The
region
is dominated
by
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
r
c
h
l
ag
o
as
well
as
the
T
o
n
g
ass
N
a
t
i
othe
naItl
Fcontains
orest, the
largest
nationalJune
forest
in former
the United
States.
the
state
capital
a
u,
the
capital
S
iThe
tka,
[11]
and
K
e
t
c
h
i
k
an,
at
one
time
Alaskas
largest
city.
Ala
ska Mar
ine throughout
Highway the
provides
a vital
surface
transportation
only direct
three
communities
ailink
ncontiguous
es, Hyder and
SkAmerican
agarea,
way)asenjoy
tions to(Hthe
North
road system.connec1.1.3 Interior
Main article: Alaska Interior
The largest region of Alaska, much of the interior is unin-
some
500population
miles (800lives
km) along
inland the
from
the Bering
Sea.
M
McKinl
ey (Denali)
is the highest peak in both Alaska and in ing
Most
ofalso
the
coast.
Kod
Isallount
of North
Amer
ica.
la
nsdkoiskw
located
in Southwest.
Theriver
massive
Yiin
uakkothe
n
Ku
i
m
D
e
l
ta,
one
of
the
largest
deltas
world,
is
here.
Portions
of
the
Ala
sk
a
P
e
n
in
s
u
la
are
considered part of Southwest, with the remaining portions
habited
wilderness.
Fand
airban
ks is the
onlyvillages
large city
the included with the Aleutian Islands (see below).
region.
Small
towns
Alaska
Native
areinscattered
throughout,
mostly
along
the
highway
and
river
systems.
D
e
na
li
N
a
t
i
o
na
l
P
a
r
k
a
n
d
Pre
s
e
r
v
e
is
located
here,
home
to Denali
Mount), McK
inley (also
known
by its local
name of
the highest
pointwidely
in North
America.
1.1.5 North Slope
Main article: Alaska North Slope
The lages.
North The
Slope
ndraitspeppered
with small
vilareais ismostly
knowntufor
of
crude
oil,Alaand
the
Nmassive
aBtaioy naO
l ireserves
eFtie
rolld.
eum
[12]
Resreorw,
ve
sk
a contains
and theboth
Prudin
hoe
lPStates,
Bar
the
northernmost
city
the
United
is
located
N
orthwest Athe
rctiKc obu
are
K
otzebregarded
uehere.
and The
also
containing
k a,Rivanchored
er However,
valley, by
is
often
as
being
part
of
this
region.
the
respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the
Northwest
people. Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one
2
miles
(41,440
of land
and
1,200
square
miles
2
(3,110
kmsoutheastern
) ofkm
tidal) zone.
Thewith
BeriYukon
ng
Glaccovers
ier complex
near
the
border
2,250
2
square
miles
(5,827
km
)
alone.
With
over
100,000
glaciers, Alaska has half of all in the world.
Alaska
more
land owned by the federal government
[15]
than anyhas
other
state.public
With
its km)
myriad
islands,
Alaska hasThe
nearly
34,000
(54,720
ofwest
tidal
shoreline.
an Ala
Ismiles
land
chain
from
tipAleofutinithe
skas
P
eninand
suextends
la.inMany
active
vothe
lcaUnnsouthern
oiema
s are
found
the Aleutians
coastal
regions.
k
I
s
la
n
d,
for
example,
is
home
to
M
o
u
n
t
Sh
i
s
ha
l
d
i
n,
which
is
an
occasionally
smoldering
volcano
that rises
to 10,000
feet (3,048
m)
above
North
Pacic.
It is the
most
vol-Mcanic
cone
onthe
Earth,
even
more
symmetrical
thanperfect
Japans
opuurr,
nt
F
u
ji.
The
chain
of
volcanoes
extends
to
M
o
u
n
t
S
west
of Anchorage
on
the
mainland.
Geologists
have
identied
Alaska
as
part
of
W
ran
g
e
ll
i
a,
a
large
region
consisting
multiple
and Canadian
provinces
in the
P
c nt bNof
est, states
which
is actively
undergoing
coancitine
uoirtldhiw
ng.
One
of the worlds
largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm,
just
Anchorage
than south
35 feetof(10.7
m).[13] tidal dierences can be more
Main article: List of lakes in Alaska
Alaskawetland
has more
than
million
lakes.[14]
Marshla
nds
and
e(mostly
rm
afrosthree
t incover
188,320
square
miles
(487,747
km2 p)Glacier
northern,
southwest
atlands).
ice
covers
somewestern
16,000and
square
According
1998 nreport
by the Un65%
ited
SoftatAlaska
es Bureis
autoowned
oan
f LaOctober
nand
d Ma
nageme
t,the
approximately
managed
by
U.S. feofdenraa[16]
ltiogonav-l
efornrmen
t
as
public
lands,
including
a
multitude
ests, the
national
nanl ageme
wildlinfet remanages
fuges. Of
these,
Bu(35
reaparks,
umillion
of and
Lahectares),
nndatioMa
87
million
acres
ore 23.8%
of thebystate.
The
A
r
c
t
i
c
N
a
t
i
o
na
l
W
i
l
dl
i
f
e
R
e
f
u
g
is
managed
the
United wildlife
States Fisrefuge,
h and W
ildlife Serv16
ice.million
It is theacres
worlds
largest
comprising
(6.5
million hectares).
Of
the remaining
land area,
the stateitsofentitlement
Alaska owns
million
un-101
der
the
Alaskacres
a Sta(41
tehmillion
oodtoAcorganized
t.hectares),
A portion
of that under
acreage
is
occasionally
ceded
boroughs,
the
statutory
provisions
pertaining
to
newly
formed
boroughs.
Smaller
portions
are
set
aside
for
rural
subdivisions
and
other
homesteading-related
opportunities.
These arelocanot
very
popular
often
remote
tions.owns
The U
ndue
iversitoty the
oacreage
f Ala
ska,which
as a laitnand
d graroadless
nt un
iversity,
also
substantial
manages
independently.
Another
44 millionand
acres
(18 million
hectares)
arecorporaowned
by
12created
regional,
local,
Native
tions
under
thescores
AlaskRaeof
N
ana
tivle NCl
aivim
scoSrp
ettoleramtieonnt
A
c
t
(ANCSA)
of
1971.
g
i
o
a
t
e
D
oyon,
Limited often
promotes
itself as the largest
private
landowner
in Provisions
Alaska
in of
advertisements
and other
communications.
ANCSA
allowing
the
corporations
land
holdings
to
be
sold
on
the
open
market starting
in 1991the
were
repealed before
they
could take
eect.
Eectively,
corporations
hold title
(including
2 HISTORY
4
subsurface
title inbutmany
cases,
privilege
denied
vidual
cannot
sellasold
the
land.
ividuto
al indiNative allAlaskans)
otments can
be
and are
on theIndopen
market,
however.
Various
private
interests
remaining
ing
about
one
percent
the own
state.the
Alaska
is, byofland,
a private
largetotalmargin,
the
state
with
theof
smallest
percentage
land
ownership
when
Native
corporation
holdings
are
excluded.
1.4 Climate
Main article: Climate of Alaska
The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic
D
illingham and
[18] Bethel average around 100 in (250 cm) of
precipitation.
The
climate
of
the lowest
interior temperatures
of Alaska is subarctic.
Some of
the
highest
and
in Alaska
around
the area
near into
Fairban
s. The
summers
mayoccur
have
temperatures
reaching
the k90s
F (the
low-to-mid
30s
C), while in the winter, the temperature can fall below
60 F (51 C). Precipitation is sparse in the Interior,
often less than 10 in (25 cm) a year, but what
precipitation
falls in the winter tends to stay the entire winter.
The
highest
andInterior.
lowest recorded
temperatures
in Alaska
are
the
highest
F (38
C) in
Fcircle)
ortboth
Yuon
koinnJune
(which
is1915,
justThe
8[19][20]
mi
ormaking
13 iskm100
inside
the
27,
Alaska
tiedarctic
with
Hawaii
as
the
state
with
the
lowest
high
temperature
intemthe
[21][22]
United
States.
The
lowest
ocial
Alaska
perature is
80
F
(62
C)
in
Pr
o
s
pe
c
t
C
r
e
e
k
on
January
[19][20] one degree above the lowest temperature
23,
1971,
recorded
in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon,
Canada).[23]
The
thelong,
extreme
northwinters
of Alaska
is Arcool
ctic
(K
ppclimate
en: EEven
T ) inwith
very average
cold
and
short,
summers.
in C).
July,
low
temperature
in
[24] the
Bar
r
o
w
is
34
F
(1
Precipitation
is
light
in
this
of
Alaska,
withmostly
many places
averaging
less than
10 ground
in part
(25
cm)
per
year,
as
snow
which
stays
on
the
almost the entire year.
History
cern
limsections
ate (Kppand
en calimsubarctic
ate classioceanic
cation: Cclimate
fb) in the
south(Kppen
C
fc) isinboth
the the
northern
parts.
On an annual
basis,
east
wettest
andwinter
warmest
part
of precipitation
AlaskaSouthwith
milder
temperatures
in
the
and
high
throughout
the year.
Juneau
averages
over
50 inover
(130
cm)
of
precipitation
a
year,
and
K
e
t
c
h
i
k
an
averages
150
in
[17]
(380
cm).
This isdaytime
also thehigh
onlytemperature
region in Alaska
in
which
the
average
is
above
freezing during the winter months.
The
climate
of Astandards
nchorage due
andto south
central Alaska
is
mild
byseacoast.
Alaskan
theless
regions
proximity
to
While
the
areaand
gets
rainto than
southeastthe
Alaska,
it
gets
more
snow,
days
tend
be
clearer.
On
average,
A
n
c
ho
r
ag
e
receives
16
in
(41
cm)
of
precipitation
athere
year,arewith
around
in (190
cm)which
of snow, although
the75south
central
far
snow. cool
Itareas
issummers.
ainsubarctic
climate
(Kppen:receive
Dfc)
due more
to its brief,
The
climate
tern the
Alask
auis
large
part
by
the
Beringof climate
SW
eaesand
lf determined
of Alaand
ska. ainItcontinental
is a subarctic
oceanic
in north.
theGsouthwest
subarctic
climate
farther
The
temperature
is
somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This
re
gion An
has area
a tremendous
amount
of variety inside
precipitation.
stretching
fromk the
of the
Seward
Peninsula
to
theSoKuobu
Rtechnically
ivenorthern
r valley a(i.dee.,
the
region
around
K
otz
e
b
ue
n
d)
is
sert,
with
portions
receiving
less
than
10
in
(25
cm)
of
precipitation
annually. On the other extreme, some locations between
2.2 Colonization
5
the
testimony
of Chukcin
hi geographer N
ikowho
lai Dhad
aurkrein,
who
had
and
ported
on visited
amen
villageAlaska
on pray
the K17641765
heuv
erenicoRiver,
populated
by
bearded
who
to
the
n
s".
Some
modern
[27]
researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.
The
of St. Pauls Harbor (present-day Kodiak
town),Russian
Kodiaksettlement
Island, 1814.
The
European
vessel
tothe
reach
Alaskaofisthe
generally
held
to
bevrst
Gabriel
undernavigator
authority
surveyor
M.
S. G
othe
zdeSt.
v and
assistant
Fyodorovcossak
on Au- gust
21,
an expedition
ofI. Siberian
F.
S(17291735).
hes1732
takov during
and[28]Belorussian
explorer
Dmitry PavlA.
utsky
the
town of
etlnaokus
atla.peoAll
three
well
as
other
indMige
of ofththese
e Pfrom
acipeoples,
the
c Nlate
ortash18th
w
e st
Coa
st, experienced
smacentury,
llppolxesoutbreaks
the
mid-19th
withand
the
most
devastating
ethrough
p
i
d
e
m
i
c
s
occurring
in
the
1830s
1860s,
resulting
in
[25]
high fatalities and social disruption.
The
Aleutian
Islands
arealthough
still home
to
thethe
Alerst
ut peoples
seafaringto
society,
they
were
Native
Alaskans
be exploited
by
Russians.
Western
and
Southwestern
Alaska
are
home
to
the
Y
u
p'
i
k,
while
their
cousins
the
A
l
ut
ii
q
~
S
u
g
p
i
a
q
lived
in
what
is
now
Southcentral
Alaska.
The
Gw
ic
h'
i
n
pe
o
p
l
e
of
the
northern
Interior
region
are Athaba
skthe
an and
primarily
known
today
for
their
dependence
on
caribou
within
the muchcontested
A
r
c
t
i
c
N
a
t
i
o
na
l
W
i
l
dl
i
f
e
R
e
f
u
g
e.
The
North
Slope and ILnuitptlieat Dpe
iom
de Island are occupied by the
widespread
opele.
2.2 Colonization
See also: Russian America
Some
researchers
believe
that
rst
Russian
in
[26] settlementing
Alaska
was
established
the the
17th
century.
to
this
hypothesis,
in in1648
several
kocAlaska
hes AccordofbySestorm
myon
D
e
zh
n
y
o
v's
expedition
came
ashore
in
and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on
Another
European
Alaska
occurred
in 1741,
when
Vithe
tus
BSt.eriPeter
ng contact
led
exwith
ped
ticrew
on forreturned
the Russian
Navy
aboard
. an
After
hisithe
to Russia
with
s
e
a
o
t
t
e
r
pelts
judged
to
be
nes
t
fur
in
the
world,
small
associations
of
fur
traders
began
to
sail
from
the
shores
of Siberia
the Aleutian
Islands.
The rst
permanent
Europeantoward
settlement
was founded
in 1784.
Between
1774
1800, its
Spaclaim
in sentover
several
expeditiNorthons to
Ala
skaInin1789
orderaand
to
assert
the
west.
Spanish
settlement
and
fonames
rtPacic
weretobuilt
in
Noot
k
a
S
o
u
n
d.
These
expeditions
gave
places
such
as Vamlde
z,can
BucCaorempa
li Snoyuncarried
d, and Cout
ordovana. expanded
Later, the
Rus
s
i
an-A
e
r
i
colonization
program during the early-to-mid-19th century.
SBara
itka,norenamed
New AA
rclhean
lanasdt in
xangdeler from
Archcapital
i1804
pelagotoof
in1867,
whatsion
is
now
of utIshe
Alathe
ska, the
became
the
Rus
an
AmeriSca.
Itto remained
capital
after
the colony
was
transferred
the
United
States.
The
Russians
never
fully
colonized
Alaska,
and
the
colony
was
never
very
profitable.
Evidence
of Russian
settlement
churches survive
throughout
southeast
Alaska.in names and
W
illiam H.the
SewAla
arsk
d,athe
iase
ted (also
Statesknown
Secretary
of State,
negotiated
Puin
rUcnh1867
as Sewards
Folly)
with the
Russians
for initially,
$7.2 million.
Alaska
was
loosely
governed
by
the
military
and
was
administered
as the
a dP
isrtreicsitdestarting
appointed by
nt of theinU1884,
nited Swith
tates.aAgovernor
federal
2 HISTORY
6
district court was headquartered in Sitka.
Miners and prospectors climb the Chilkoot Trail during the 1898
Klondike Gold Rush.
For
most
ofwas
Alaskas
rstcommunity
decade under
the United
States
ag,
Sitka
the organized
only
inhabited
bygovernAmerican
settlers.
They
arst
provisional
city
ment,
which
was
Alaskas
municipal
government,
[29]
but
not in a to
legal sense.
Legislation
allowing
Alaskan
communities
incorporate
cities
did not
come
about
1900,legally
and until
hom
estatehood
rule forastook
cities
was
extremely
limiteduntil
or unavailable
eect
in
1959.
U.S. troops navigate snow and ice during the Battle of Attu in
May 1943.
2.4 Statehood
See also: Alaska Statehood Act
Statehood
Alaska
wastenure
an important
cause of Jadelemes
W
ickerDecades
shamforearly
in the
his
as amovement
congressional
gate.
later,
statehood
gained its
rst
real
momentum
following
a
territorial
referendum
in
1946.
The Alaska
Statehood
Committee
and Statehood
Alaskas
Constitutional
Convention
would
soon
follow.
supporters
also
found
themselves
ghting
major
battles
against Alaska.
political Statehood
foes, mostlywas
in the
U.S. Congress
but also
See also: Territory of Alaska
within
approved
by Congress
on
July
7, 1958.
Alaska was ocially
proclaimed
a state on
January
3, 1959.
In
1960,
the
Census
Bureau reported Alaskas population
as
77.2%
White,
[31]3% Black, and 18.8% American Indian and
Starting
in thegol1890s
and
stretching
in some
placesYto
the
Alaska
Native.
early
1910s,
d
ru
s
he
s
in
Alaska
and
the
nearby
u
k
o
n
T
erritorywas
brought
thousands
of miners and
to Alaska.
Alaska
ocially
incorporated
as settlers
an had
organized
1964,
the and
massive
"Goodseveral
Friday villages
Earthterritory
in 1912.
Alaskas
capital,
which
in On
quakMarch
e" killed27,
133
people
destroyed
Sstruction
itka until
1906,
was
moved
northMa
tonsiJu
nebegan
au.been
Conportions
coastal
communities,
of
the
Ala
sk
a
G
o
v
e
r
no
rs
o
n
that and
resultant
tsrufunlof
ameart
ilarge
s hand
landslides.
It wasmainly
the seby
conthe
dsame
year.
European
immigrants
from
Norway
and
Swem
o
s
t-p
o
w
e
q
u
a
k
e
in
the
recorded
history
of
the
den
alsoand
settled
in southeast
with
a mome
nt powerful
magnitudethan
of the
9.2. 1989
It wasSan
overFranone
shing
logging
industries.Alaska, where they entered the world,
thousand
times
more
cyear
iscoand
eartlocation
hquake. ofThe
time
of
day
(5:36
pm),
time
of
the thousands
epicenter of
were
all particularly
cited as facDuring
World
War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign fo- Anchorage.
in potentially sparing
lives,
in
cused
on
the
[30] three outer Aleutian Islands Attu, Agattu tors
and
K
i
s
k
a
that
were
invaded
by
Japanese
troops
and
occupied
between
June
1942
and
August
1943.
U
nalaArskma/Dut
Harsboand
r became
signicant
1968 discovery
at sk
Prud
hipoeelin
Baey led
and to
thean
1977
U.S.
y Air cFhorce
Navy suabm
ariners. base for the The
completion
of revenues
the Tof
ranoil
s-Ala
a Phave
oil
boom.
from
oil
large
state
budgetsRoyalty
from
1980
onward.
That
samefunded
year,
not
coinciThe
U.S.
L
en
d-L
e
ase
program
involved
the
ying
of
dentally,
Alaska
repealed
its
state
income
tax.
American
warplanes
through
Canada
to
Fairbanks
and
thence
Nome; Soviet
pilots
possession
of these
aircraft,
ferrying
them
ght took
the German
invasion
ofconthe In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince
Soviet
The to
construction
military
tributedUnion.
to the population
growth of of
some
Alaskanbases
cities.
7
ulation of Alaska was 735,132 on July 1, 2013, a 3.5%
increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]
In
2010,
Alaska
theVe47th
byWpopulation,
ahead
ofon,Noranked
rth D
akas
ota,
rmisonthe
t,state
and
yoming
[35]
(and
W
ashistate,
ngt
D.C.)
Alaska
leastpopulated
densely
populated
and
one
of
the
most
sparsely
areas
in
the
world,
at
1.2
inhabitants
per
square
mile
2
(0.46
/kmsquare
), with
the
next
state,
2 [36]Wyoming, at 5.8 inhabitants
per
mile
(2.2
/km
).
Alaska
is
the
largest
U.S.
state
by
a
re
a,
and
the
tenth
wealthiest
(per
capita
income).
[37] As of April 2014, the states unemployment rate was
6.4%.[38]
3.2 Languages
Further information: Alaska Native languages
According to the 2011 American Community Survey,
82.4% of people over the age of ve speak only English
at home. About 3.5% speak Spanish at home. About
2.2% speak another Indo-European language at home and
about 4.3% speak an Asian language at home. About
5.3% speak other languages at home.[44][45]
Kodiak, before and after the tsunami which followed the Good
Friday earthquake, destroying much of the townsite.
The
airban
Natisveclaims
Languthat
age at
Cenleast
ter at
AlaskAla
a Fsk
20the
AlaU
sknanivenrsa-itytio
vef
langu
age
sadialects.
exist kand
[46] there are also some languages with
dierent
Most
of Alaskas
native
languages
belong
to
either
the
E
s
k
im
oA
l
e
ut
or
Na-D
e
n
e
language
families
however
somehave
languages
are thought
to (e.g.
be
iTssoilm
atsehsian
(e.g.
Haida)
not yet
been
ic).[46]
Asorofclassied
2014
nearly
allclasof sied
Alaskas
native
languages
were
as
either
threatened,
shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.
[47]
William
Sound,
spilling
over
11
million
U.S.
gallons
(42
m
egaliters)
of crude
oil
overbetween
1,100
miles
(1,800
km)
of
coastline.
Today,
the
battle
philosophies
of
development
and
conservation
seen
debate
oilproposed
drilling in
theise AM
rcitnice. inNathe
tionacontentious
l Wildlife A total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the states
Refuge over
and the
Pebbl
20 indigenous languages, known locally as native languages. As the homeland of these two major language
families of North America, Alaska has been described as
2.5 Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
the crossroads of the continent.
The
Alaska
Heritage
Resources
Survey
(AHRS)
is
a
restricted
inventhe
torystate
of all
reportedand
histisorimaintained
c and prehby
istothe
ric In October 2014, the governor of Alaska signed a bill
sites
within
of Archaeology.
Alaska
Oce
of
History
and
The surveys
inventory
of
cultural
resources
includes
objects,
structures,
buildings,
sites,
districts,
travelold.
ways,
a general
provision that
they
are overand
50 years
As with
of[32]
January
31, 2012 over 35,000 sites have been reported.
Demographics
4 ECONOMY
declaring
the states 20 indigenous languages as ocial Alaskan Muslims range from 2,000[55][56] to 5,000.[57] In
languages.[48]
2010, the local Muslim community broke ground on the
rst mosque in the state.[58] Alaskan Hindus often share
3.3 Religion
venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.[59][60][61]
Alaska
has been identied,
along
with Pacic
states
andterms
Oregon,
as being
the leastNorthwest
religious
[62][63]
states oWashington
f the USA, in
of church
membership.
Economy
According
to statistics
collected
by theabout
Association
of
Religion
Data
Archives
from 2010,
34% of
Alaska
residents
were members
of
religious
congregations.
100,960
people
identied
as
E
v
an
g
e
l
i
c
a
l
P
r
ot
e
sta
nts, 50,866[49]asRoughly
Roman 4%
Catholic,
and 32,550
as mainline
Protestants.
are Mormon,
0.5% are
Jew- ish,
1%
[50] are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu.
The
largest
in Alaska
as of 2010
were
the Creligious
atholEvangelical
ic Cdenominations
hurch with
50,866
adherents,
nondenominational
Protestants
with
38,070
herents,
T
h
e
C
h
u
r
c
h
o
f
J
e
s
us
Chr
is
t
o
f
L
a
t
t
e
r-d
aCy oSnavieadnnts
with
32,170
adherents,
and
the
S
o
ut
he
rn
B
a
pt
is
t
[51]
tion with 19,891 adherents.
In
1795, in
theKFirst
ian Orthodoxwith
ChuAlaskan
rch wasNaestablished
iak.RussIntermarriage
tives As
helped
theod[52]
Russian
immigrants
integrate
into society.
a
result,
an
increasing
number
of
Russian
Orthodox churches
gradually
became
within
Alaska.
Alaska
also
has[53]the
largest
Quaestablished
ker population
(by
percentage)
of any
state.
In 2009
there
were
6,000
Jews
in
Alaska
(for
whom
observance
of
ha
l
a
k
h
a
m
[54]
pose special problems). Estimates for the number of ay
the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was
$40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. According to a 2013
study by Phoenix Marketing International, Alaska had
the fth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the
United States, with a ratio of 6.75 percent.[64] The oil and
gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more
than 80% of the states revenues derived from petroleum
extraction. Alaskas main export product (excluding oil
and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.
Agriculture
represents
a very production
small fraction
of the
Alaskan
economy.
Agricultural
is primarily
for consumption
within
the state and
and livestock.
includes
nursery
stock,
dairyis products,
vegetables,
Manufacturing
limited,
with
most
foodstus
and
general
goods imported from elsewhere.
Employment
is resource
primarily extraction,
in government
and and
industries
such
as natural
shipping,
transportation.
Military
bases
are a signicant
component
of
the
economy
in
both
Fairbanks
and
Anchorage.
Federal
subsidies
are
also
an
important
part
of
the
economy,
allowing
the
state
to
keep
taxes
low.
Its
industrial
outputs
arezinc
crude
natural
gas, coal,
gold, precious
metals,
andpetroleum,
other mining,
seafood
processing,
timber
and
wood
products.
is also
a growing
service
and
tourism
sector.
TouristsThere
have contributed
to the economy
4.1 Energy
States.
Additionally,
substantial
coal deposits
are found
in
Alaskas
bituminous,
coal
basins.
The
U85.4
nited trillion
Stsub-bituminous,
ates Ge
ologifeet
cal and
Survelignite
y km
estimates
3
that
there
are
cubic
(2,420
)
of
undiscovered,
technically
recoverable
gas
natural
[68] from
gas
hydrates
onthe
thehighest
Alaskan
North Slope.
Alaska
also
oers
some of
hydroelectric
power
potential
in
the
country
from
its
numerous
rivers.
Large
swaths
of the
Alaskan
coastline
oer
wind
and
geothermal
energy
[69]
potential
as
well.
4.1 Energy
Alaskas
economy
heavily
on increasingly
expensive
diesel
fuel
fordepends
heating,
transportation,
electric
power
and
light. and
Though
wind and
hydroelectric
power
are
abundant
underdeveloped,
proposals
for
state-wide
See also: Natural gas in Alaska and Energy law Alaska law energy
systems
(e.g.
with
special
l
o
wc
o
s
t
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
interertport,
ies) 2001)
were judged
uneconomical
(at
the
time
of
the
Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reduelow
to population.
low (less than
fuel
prices,
long
[70] 50/gal)
distances
and
The
cost
of
a
gallon
of
gas
urban average;
Alaska today
is in
usually
3060
higher
than
the in
national
prices
rural depending
areas are
generally
signicantly
higher
but
vary
widely
on
transportation
costs,
seasonal
usage
peaks,
nearby
petroleum
development
infrastructure
and many
other
factors.
Alaska
was 4th
in[71]
domestically produced United States oil
in February
2014.
by supporting local lodging.
The
Trimportant
ans-Alaska export,
Pipeline
transports
oil,Slope
Alaskas
most nancially
rinom
thecolumn
North
to Valdez.
Pertinentupwards
are theand
heatprevent
pipesfmelting
the
heat
of permamounts,
frost. which disperse
serves
have
largely
depleted.
oilpe and
gas
reserves
werebeen
found
in but
the
Alaska NMajor
orth
Slo
and
basins,
according
to the
Ene
r(ANS)
gy Inffourth
ormCook
atiplace
on AInlet
dm
i
n
i
s
tr
a
t
i
o
n,
by
2014
Alaska
had
fallen
to
in
the nation
in crude [65]
oil Prudhoe
production
Texas,
North
Dakota,
and
California.
Bayafter
on
Alaskas
North
Slope
is
still
the
second
highest-yielding
oil eld in the United States, typically
producing about
400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3 /d), although by early
2014 North Dakotas Bakken Formation was producing
over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3 /d).[66] Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil eld ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than
Canadas enormous Athabasca oil sands eld, which by
2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day
(240,000 m3 /d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds
of years of producible reserves at that rate.[67]
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to
2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3 ) of crude oil per day,
more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United
10
lawsuit
over the adistribution
scheme)
to $3,269Rebate).
in 2008
(which
included
one-time
$1,200
Resource
Every year,
legislature
out 8%
from
the
earnings,
putsthe
3%state
back
into5%theistakes
principal
for
ination
proong,
and
the
remaining
distributed
to
all qualifying
To qualify
Fund
idend, Alaskans.
one must have
lived in for
the the
statePermanent
for a minimum
ofDiv12
months,
maintain
residency
subject
to allow[73]
able
absences,
and constant
not
be subject
to court
judgments
or
criminal
convictions
which
fall under
various
disqualifying
classications
or
may
subject
the
payment
amount
to
civil garnishment.
H
alibut
is important
and
sport-caught
sh.to the states economy as both a commercial
4 ECONOMY
relatively
little
occurs
in about
Alaska.40Most
farms
are
in
either of
the nMcfarming
atarnag
usk
lley,
miles
(64
km)
northeast
e, aorVaon
the
Kenai PeThe
ninsshort
ula,
about
60
miles
(97Aseason
km)hosouthwest
of crops
Anchorage.
100day
growing
limits
the
that
can
be
grown,
but
the
long sunny
summercrops
days make
for pro- ductive
seasons.
The primary
are potatoes,
carrots, growing
lettuce,
and cabbage.
The
TananatheVaDlleelyta isJuanother
notable
agricultural
especially
nctiowith
n area,
about
100 mileslocus,
(160
km)
southeast
ofagronomic
Fairbanks,
a sizable
concentration
of
farms
growing
crops;
these
farms
mostly set
lie
north
and
east
of
F
o
rt
G
r
e
e
l
y.
This
area
was
largely
aside and developed
under
a state
program
spearheaded
by
Hammond
during
his
second
term
as
governor.
Deltaarea
crops
consist
predominately
of barley and
of
Fairbanks
lies
anothertheconcentration
of hay.
smallWest
farms
catering
to
restaurants,
hotel
and
tourist
industry,
and
community-supported agriculture.
Alaskan
has experienced
m
arket years,
gagriculture
ardene
rs, the
small
farms
and faarsurge
mincrease
ersinmgrowth
a(46%)
rkets of
in
recent
with
highest
percentage
in
the
nation
in
growth
in
farmers
markets
in
2011,
com[74]
pared
to
17%
nationwide.
The
pe
o
n
y
industry
has
also
taken
o
,
as
the
growing
season
allows
farmers
to
harvest
during
gap in
in the
supply
lling aaniche
owerelsewhere
market.[75]in the world, thereby
Alaska,
with no counties,
lacks
county
small
ofr state
and
local
fairsfairs.
(with However,
the
Alalate
skaa
Ssummer.
tate Fassortment
air The
in Pafairs
lme
the mostly
largest),
are held
mostly
in the
are
located
in
communities
with
historic or
current produce
agricultural
activity, to
and
fea-highture
local
exhibiting
in addition
more
pro
lefarmers
commercial
activities
such
asused
carnival
rides,
concerts
and
food.
Alaska
Grown
is
as
an
agricultural slogan.
Alaska has
an Bering
abundance
of the
seafood,
with
the Seafood
primary
sheries
inthethe
and
North
Pacic.
is
one
few
foodit.Sea
items
that
is
often
cheaper
within
the
stateof
than
outside
Many
Alaskans
take
advantage
of
salmon
seasons
to
harvest
portions
of
their
household
diet
while
shing
for
subsistence,
as
well
[76]as sport. This
includes sh taken by hook, net or wheel.
Hunting
primarily
caribparticularly
ou, moose,inand
D
all sBu
hesefor
is subsistence,
still common
inexample
the state,
remote
hpiscommunities.
An
of
a traditional
native
food
Akut
a
q,
the
Eskimo
ice
cream,
which
can
consist
of
reindeer
fat,
seal
oil,
dried
sh
meat
and
local
berries.
Alaskas
reindeer
herdingcaribou
is concentrated
onprevented
Seward
P
eninsumingling
la,
where
from
and wild
migrating withcan
the bedomesticated
[77]
reindeer.
Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from
Outside, and shipping costs make food in the cities
5.2 Rail
11
relatively
expensive.
In rural activity
areas, subsistence
hunting
and
gathering
is an essential
because
imported
foodvillages
is prohibitively
expensive.
Though
most small
towns
and
in Alaska
lie along
the
coastline,
the
cost
of
importing
food
to
remote
villages
can
be
high,
because
of
the terrain due
and di
varying
cult road
conditions,
which change
dramatically,
to
climate
and
precipitation
changes. The cost of transport can reach as high as
50
per pound
($1.10/kg)
or more
in some
remotecan
areas,
during
dicult
times,
if these
locations
be
reachedthe
at most
all during
inclement
weather
and
conditions.
The
cost in
ofsuch
delivering
a 1 where
US
gallon
(3.8terrain
L) inof
milk
is
about
$3.50
many
villages
per
capita
come
can
be
$20,000
or
less.
Fuel
cost
per
gallon
is
routinely
2030
higher
than
the
continental
United
[78][79] States
average, with only Hawaii having higher prices.
Transportation
The
way. Sterling Highway, near its intersection with the Seward High-
5.1 Roads
See also: List of Alaska Routes
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of
the U.S. The states road system covers a relatively small
area of the state, linking the central population centers
and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the
state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not
accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred
several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no
road system connecting the communities with the rest of
Alaska.
Railroad
tunnel
upgraded
to provide
aittipaved
roadway
withSrecently
er 50
on
P
rince(80
Wlink
ikm)
lliam
othe
undisolated
toofthe
Scommunity
eward HatigPhof
wrtaag
yWh
about
miles
southeast
Anchorage
o
e.
At 2.5
miles
(4.0
km),
the
tunnel
was
[80] the longest road tunnel in
North
America
tunnelAmerica.
is the longest
combination
roaduntil
and 2007.
rail tunnelThe
in North
5.2 Rail
One
ofrithe
Highway
system
Antonunique
Andersfeature
on Memo
al TAlaska
unnel, an
active Ala
ska is the
5 TRANSPORTATION
12
The
Passtheand
Yukon Rbo
oute
rugged terrain north of
SkagwWahite
y near
Canadian
rdertraverses
.
key
role Itinlinks
the development
of
Alaska through
throughproviding
the 20th
century.
north with
Pacic
shipping
tracks
that
run
Sewpassing
ard to
Icritical
nterior infrastructure
Ala
ska by way
ofna,
South
Centr
aal lfrom
Ala
sk
a,
through
Anchorage,
Ek
l
ut
Wasilla,
T
k
e
e
t
n
a,
DN
enoarth
li,
and
Fairbanks,
withtowns,
spurs villages,
to Whittieand
r, Pregion
almer and
P
ol
e.
The
cities,
served
by
ARR
tracks
are
known
statewide
as
The
Railbelt.
In
recent eclipse
years, thethe
ever-improving
paved highway
began
railroads importance
in system
Alaskas
econ-toomy.
The
railroad
played
aAlaska
vital role
in Alaskas
development,
moving
freight
into(i.e.,
while
transporting
natural
resources
coal
fromfrom
the the
Usibelli
coal mine
near
HAnchorage).
easouthward
ly to Seward
and
gravel
Matanuska
Valley
to
It
is
well
known
for
its
summertime
tour
passenger service.
The
Alaska
wasesone
of the last
railroads
in North
America
to Railroad
usegravel
caboos
in regular
service
uses
them
onasome
trains.
Itcountry.
continues
to and
oerstill
one
of
the
last
g
s
t
o
p
routes
in
the
A
stretch
of
about
60
miles
(100
km)
of
track
along
an
area
north
of
Talkeetna
remains
inaccessible
by
road;
the
railroad
provides
the Until
only transportation
rural
homes
and cabins
the area.
construction oftothe
Parks
Highway
in the in
1970s,
the along
railroad
the only land access to most of
the region
its provided
entire route.
In
northern
the the
Whistate
te Pass
and kYaugkwoany
R
oute
also Southeast
partlyCanada
runsAlaska,
through
from
northwards
into
(Britishat
Columbia
andSSummit.
Yukon
Territory),
crossing
the used
border
Whiteoften
Pass
This
line
is
now
mainly
by
tourists,
arriving by
cruise liner at Skagway. It was featured in the 1983
BBC television series Great Little Railways.
The Alaska Rail network is not connected to Outside. In
2000, the U.S. Congress authorized $6 million to study
the feasibility of a rail link between Alaska, Canada, and
the lower 48.[81][82][83]
Alaska Rail Marine provides car oat service between
Whittier and Seattle.
The
MV Tusmany
tumenfaerr(named
after Tustumena
Glacier) the
is one
of
states
ies,and
providing
service
Kenai
Pthe
eninsula,
Kodiak Island
the Aleutian
Chainbetween
.
Alaskas
ferry
system
(known
thewell-developed
Ala
skaCoast
Marinand
e Hstate-owned
ithe
ghwAlaska
ay) serves
the cities
of
sferries
outheatransport
sas
t, the
Gulf
Peninsula.
The
vehicles
as
well
as
passengers.
The
also
operates
a rincferry
service
from
Bleullminbsystem
giaham,
W
a
s
h
i
ngt
o
n
and
P
e
R
u
p
e
rt,
Br
i
t
i
s
h
C
o
in
Canada
Insriidtye also
Passag
e to as
Skaan
gwaimportant
y. The
Imarine
nter-Islalink
nthrough
d Fefor
rry the
Autho
serves
many
communities
in
the
P
r
inc
e
o
W
alethe
s IsAlaska
land region
Southeast and works in concertf
with
MarineofHighway.
In
recentmarket,
years,mainly
cruiseconnecting
lines havethe
created
summertime
tourism
Pacica Northwest
to
Southeast
Alaskacoast.
and,The
to population
a lesser degree,
towns
Alaskas
gulf
of
K
e
t
chithe
kanalong
may
rise by
over
10,000
people
on many
days
during
summer,
as
up
to
four
large
cruise
ships
at
a
time
can
dock,
debarking thousands of passengers.
13
which
mushers
andtodogs
The
ogrioa-stricken
and Balto
took muchneeded
medicine
the
dlike
iphtof
community
of
Nome when
allallother
means
transportation
had failed.
Mushers
from
overfor
thecash,
worldprizes,
come and
to Anchorage
each
March
to
compete
prestige.
The
Serum
Run
is
another
sled
dog
race
that
more
accurately
follows
the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving
from
[86]community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to
Nome.the
In
areas
not served
by
transportain
summer
is
all-troad
emachine,
rraior
n rail,
vehicprimary
las
e itand
in wintertion
by
sferred
now
mto
obin
ileAlaska.
or by
snow
is commonly
re-
The bulk
of regional
remainingcommuter
commercial
ight oerings
from
airlines
as come
Raest
vn
Ala
ska,small
PenA
ir, andmust
Frontrely
ier Flon
yingscheduled
Service.such
The
smalltowns
and
villages
or chartered
bush
ying
services
using
general
aviation
aircraft
such
as
the
CeMuch
ssna Car
an, service
the most
popular
aircraft to
in the
useAlaska
in the
state.
ofavthis
can
be attributed
bypass
mail
program
which
subsidizes
bulk
mail
delivery
to
Alaskan
rural communities.
The program
re- quires
70%
of
that tosubsidy
to go to carriers
who oer
passenger
service
the communities.
Many communities
have
taxi services.
These
operations
fromsmall
the air
demand
for customized
transport
tooriginated
remote
areas.
Perhaps
the most
quintessentially
Alaskan
plane
isisthe
bush
seaplane.
The
worlds
busiest
seaplane
base
L
a
k
e
Hood,
located
next
to
Ted
Stevens
Anchorage
International
Airport,
where
bound
for
remote
villages
without
an airstrip
carryights
passengers,
cargo,
and
many
items
from
stores
and
warehouse
clubs.
In of
2006
had
[85]the highest number of
pilots per
capita
anyAlaska
U.S. state.
Building,
Dimond
State
Courthouse,
and the Alaska State Capitol. Many of the smaller
buildings
agencies. in the foreground are also occupied by state government
14
Like
allwith
other
U.S.bra
states,
governed
public,
three
chesGAlaska
oofvegronvoerisrnom
t: sk
anaeas
xand
ecautthe
ireve
branch independently
consisting
of nelected
the
fenAla
other
constitutional
ocers;
lReegpisrleasteivnetatbivraesncand
h consisting
of
the
Ala
sk
a
H
o
use
oaf
Ala
sk
a
S
e
n
a
te;
and
a
j
ud
i
c
i
a
l
b
ra
n
c
consisting of the Alaska Supreme Court and lower courts. h
The
state of [90]
Alaska employs approximately 16,000 people statewide.
The
laturea consists
of a 40-member
Housetors
of
Rserve
epreAla
sefour-year
nsktaativLeesgisand
20-member
Smembers
enate. Senaterms
and House
two. The
out
veernno
rt goofverAla
skruns
a serves
four-year
terms.
The
lG
i
e
a
n
no
r
separately
from
the
governor
in
the
pfor
rimgovernor
aries, butand
during
the general
election,
the nominee
nominee
for lieutenant
governor
run
together
on the same ticket.
Alaskas
the superior
Alaska
Scourts
upremand
e Cocourt
urt, district
thesystem
Alask
a has
Co[91]
urtfour
of Asuperior
plevels:
peals, the
the
courts.
The
and
district
courts
are
tr
i
a
l
co
urts.
Superior
courts
are
courts
of
general
jurisdiction,
while misdemeanor
district courts
only hear
certain
types
of
cases,
including
criminal
cases
and
civil
[91]
cases valued up to $100,000.
The
Supreme
Court
and
the
Court
of
Appeals
are
ap
pellappeals
ate courts.
Court
of Appeals
is required
to
hear
from The
certain
lower-court
decisions,
including
those
regarding
criminal
[91]prosecutions, juvenile delinquency,
and
h
a
b
e
as
co
r
p
us.
The
Supreme
Court
hears
civil
appeals
and may in its discretion hear criminal
[91]
appeals.
Six
Reof
puAlaska.
blicans In
andaddition,
four Dem
ocrats haveGovernor
served asWgovernor
Republican
ally
Hickeleaving
l was
elected
to the oce
for and
a second
term
in 1990
after
the Republican
party
brieyenough
joining
Alaskan
Independence
Party
ticket
just
long
to the
be
reelected.
He
subsequently
ocially
rejoined
the
Republican party in 1994.
6.3 Taxes
To nanceonstate
government
operations,
Alaska subsidies.
depends
primarily
revenues
and federal
This
allows States.
it petroleum
to have
[95] the lowest individual tax burden in
the
Itstates
is one
ofdove
states
with
no state
sinalceosUnited
tax,
one
of
seven
that
not
levy
an
individual
me tax, of
andRevenue
one of the
two
states [96]
thatreports
has neither.
The
Department
Tax
Division
regularly
on
the
states
revenue
sources.
The
Department
also
issues
an annual
summary
its tax
operations,
state laws
that directly
aectofthe
division.includ- ing new
While
Alaska
has notax,
state
sales
tax, 89typically
municipalities
collect
a local
from
1.07.5%,
35%.
Other
local
taxessales
levied include
sh staxes,
hotel,
tel, and
bed-and-breakfast
'bed' raw
taxes,
everanc
e tamoxtire
es,
liquor
and
tobacco
taxes,
gaming
(pull
tabs)
taxes,
taxes
and
fuel
transfer
taxes.
A
part
of
the
revenue
lected
fromaviation
certain motor
state taxes
and
licensecooperative)
fees (suchcolas
petroleum,
fuel,
telephone
is
shared with municipalities in Alaska.
F
airban
one orof income
the highest
taxes in
in the
state
askkssnoNhas
taxesproperty
areA assessed
the
F
airban
osales
rth Svoted
tar Boro
umany
gh (FNSB).
sales
tax
for
the
FNSB
has
been
on
times,
but
has
yet
todrabe
approved,
leading
law
makers
to
increase
taxes
matically on goods such as liquor and tobacco.
In
2014most
the business
Tax Foundation ranked
Alaska
havingonly
the
fourth
tax[97]
policy,asbehind
Wyoming,
South Dakota,friendly
and Nevada.
15
37.83%.
McCains
running
was on
Saraahmajor
Palin,party
the
states
governor
theagain
rst mate
Alaskan
Anchorage, Alaskas largest city.
ticket. Obama
lost and
Alaska
in 2012, but
he captured
40%
of
the
states
vote
in
that
election,
making
him
the
rst Democrat to do so since 1968.
The
Alaska Bush,the
central
Juneau,
midtown U
and
Anchorage,
areas
surrounding
nhave
ivdowntown
ersitybeen
of
Ala
ska Faiand
rban
ks Democratic
campus
and the
Ester
strongholds
of
the
Party.
The MatanuskaSusitna
Borough,
the
majority
of
Fairbanks
(including
North
Pole
and
the
military
base),
and
South
Anchorage
typically
strongest
Republican
showing.
As of
2004,
wellhave
overthehalf
all registered
voters
have
chosen
Non-Partisan
or of
Undeclared
as their
aliation,
[98]
despite
recent
attempts
to
close
primaries
to
unaliated voters.
Because
of only
its population
relative
U.S. states,
Alaska
member
in Republican
the to
U.S.other
House
epre
senwas
tatihas
vere-elected
s. This one
seat
ishisheld
by
DoninoYf2012.
oRung,
who
to
21st
consecutive
term
Alaskas
At-large cconstituencies
ongressional dinistrthe
ictworld.
is one of the
largest
parliamentary
In
2008,
Governor
Sar
alin became
thewhen
rst she
Republican
toarun
onahaPnational
ticket
be-a
came
Jwoman
ohn national
McC
in'sgure
running
mate. She
continued
to be
prominent
even
[99] after resigning from the
governors job in July 2009.
Ala
skas
ited
StaDemocrat
tes SenatorsMabelong
2 anofd
Class
3. UInndefeated
2008,
rk Begtoich,Class
mayor
Anchorage,
long-time
Republican
senator
Ted
Scounts
tevens.of failing
Stevens tohad
been
convicted
on
seven
felony
report
giftsthe
onelection.
Senate nancial
discloser
forms
one week
before
Theofconviction
was
set
aside
in
April
2009
after
evidence
prosecutorial misconduct emerged.
Republican
FrankAfter
Murkbeing
owskielected
held the
statesinother
senatorial
position.
governor
2002,
he
resigned
from the
Senate
and
appointed
his daughter,
State
Representative
L
i
sa
Mu
r
k
o
w
s
ki
as
his
successor.
She
won
full six-year terms in 2004 and 2010.
Fgin
airthe
banks,
Alaskas
city
largest
city in Asecond-largest
laskas interior
. and by a signicant mar Alaskas current statewide elected ocials
Sean Parnell, Governor
Mead Treadwell, Lieutenant Governor
Lisa Murkowski, senior United States Senator
Mark Begich, junior United States Senator
Don Young, at-large United States Representative
16
C
ordova, built
in
the early
century
to support the Kennecott
Mines
Copper
River20th
and
orthwestern
severedand
as a the
shing
community
sinceNtheir
closure.Railway, has per-
divided
the
into
11 cen
suspresenareas
solely
theUnorganized
purposes
of Borough
analysis
tation.offor
Atherecor
district
isstatistical
a mechanism
for and
administration
pubding
lic rdistricts
ecord in
Alaska.
The
state
is adminisdivided
into
34
recording
which
are
centrally
tered
under a State Re
corder. fee
All recording districts
use the
same
criteria,
ceptingacceptance
documents into
the publicschedule,
record. etc., for acHomer, and
showing
(from
bottom to top) the edge of downtown, its Whereas many U.S. states use a three-tiered sys- tem
airport
the Spit
.
of
decentralizationstate/county/townshipmost
of
Alaska
uses onlydensity,
two tiersstate/borough.
Owing to
the
low
population
most
of the
landimplies,
is located
in the
U
no
r
g
an
i
zed
B
oro
u
g
h.
As
the
name
it
has
no
intermediate
borough
government but
is administered
directly byarea
the
In 2000,
57.71%
of
Alaskas
hasstate
this government.
status, with 13.05%
of the
population.
Anchorage
merged
the city
government
with the
Greater
Anchorage
Area
Borough
in 1975
to form
Municipality
of Anchorage,
containing
the city
propertheCreek,
and
the Girdcommunities
of
Eagle
River,
Chugiak,
Peters
wood,
Bird,
and
Indian.
Fairbanks
has
a municipality
separate borough
(the
F
a
i
r
ban
k
s
N
o
rth
S
tar
B
o
r
o
u
g
h)
and
(the
City of Fairbanks).
Bar
row shown),
(Browerville
Ebenyears
Hopson
Middle
School
knownneighborhood
colloquially fnear
or many
by the
nickname
States. Top of the World, is the northernmost city in the United
The
Unorganized
hascooperation
no government
of its
own,
but the
U.S. CensusBorough
Bureau in
with the
state
17
The states most populous city is Anchorage, home to
278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area. The richest location in Alaska by per capita
income is Halibut Cove ($89,895). Yakutat City, Sitka,
Juneau, and Anchorage are the four largest cities in the
U.S. by area.
Education
The
Kachemak
Bay Campus
of the University of Alaska Anchorage, located
in downtown
Homer.
The
Ala
a Departme
nt ofscEhdouoca
atsndinEaAlaska.
rly DeveIn
lopme
nt sk
administers
many
l dtiisontricschool,
Mt. Efunddgecaddition,
umfor
be other
Hithe
gh state
Schoooperates
l inschools,
Sitkaa,boarding
and
provides
partial
ing
boarding
including
N
e
n
a
n
a
S
tu
d
e
n
Ling
iving
CenterininGN
a and The Galena Interior Learn-t
Academy
aleennaa.n[100]
There
are more than universities
a dozen collin
egeAlaska
s and uninclude
iversitiesthe
in
Ala
U
nisk
irvban
ea.rsiktys,Accredited
o
fniAla
sk
a oAfncAla
horsk
agae, SoUut
nhe
ivearsst,ityand
of Ala
Alasskkaa
F
a
U
v
e
r
s
i
ty
[101]
P
acic Unithat
versiare
ty. part Alaska
is the only
no
institutions
of the NCAA
Divisstate
ion Ithat
pro-has
gram.
The Alaska[102]operates
Department
of Labor
and Institute
Workforce
Development
AVTEC,
Alaskas
of
Technology.
Campuses
in Seward
and in
Anchorage
offer
1 week
to 11-month
training
programs
areas as and
diverse
as
Information
Technology,
Welding,
Nursing,
Mechanics.
Alaska
has
had a including
problem with
rainhighest
drain".acaMany
of
its
young
people,
mostahigh
of"bthe
demic
achievers,
leave
theAsstate
after
school
graduation
and
do
not
return.
of
2013,
Alaska
did
not
have
a
l
a
w
[103]
sattempted
chool or medical
school.
Univerparsity otial
f Ala
ska has
to to
combat
this 10%
byThe
oering
four-year
scholarships
the
top
of
Alaska
[104] high school
graduates, via the Alaska Scholars Program.
10 CULTURE
18
of
sexually
assaulted
victims iswere
16 years
old. In
four out
ocial sintate
songitofcelebrates
Alaska isthe
"Ala
Flasg",
of
ve cases,
the suspects
relatives,
friends
or The
was adopted
1955;
askg as
of Ala
ka. which
[108]
acquaintances.
10
Culture
A
dogpopular
team in
theevent
IditarinodAlask
Traila. Sled Dog Race, arguably the
most
winter
Trail
Dog Ice
RaceArtthat
starts in Anchorage
and endsthe
in
Nome,Sled
World
Championships
in Fairbanks,
Blueberry
Alaska
Festival
in
K
etchikFest
an, Festival
the
Sitran
kand
a gW
ha
lThe
e FesHummingbird
t,tikand
the
Stikine
River
Garnet
in
W
e
ll.
S
in
e
R
i
v
e
r
attracts
the
largest
springtime concentration of American bald eagles in
the world.
The
Alask
Native H11
eritcultural
age Cengroups.
ter celebrates
the rich
heritage
ofa Alaskas
Their all
purpose
is
to
encourage
cross-cultural
exchanges
among
people
and
enhance
enhance
self-esteem
among
Native
people.
The
Ala
sk
a
N
a
t
i
v
e
Arts
F
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
promotes
and
markets
art from
[109] all regions and cultures in the State,
usingNative
the internet.
10.1 Music
Main article: Music of Alaska
Inuences
on music
in as
Alaska
the
traditional
music
ofimmigrants
Alaska
Natives
well include
as
folk
music
brought
by
later
from
Russia
and
Europe.
Prominent
musicians
from
Alaska
include
singer
J
e
w
e
l,
traditional
Aleut
autist
Mary
Y
o
un
g
b
l
ood,
folk
singer-songwriter
L
iib
Ro
Christian music band
singer/songwriter
L
ncbthe
oylngroups
Brede
wsric
tPeak,
r,mmetal/post
and
yua and Porthardcore
ugal. The Man.36 Crazysts
There
are many
established
music festivals
in Alaska,
including
a FAonlkcho
Fes
s Summer Arts Fthe
estivAla
al,skthe
ragtieval,Fothe
lk FFesaitrivban
al, kthe
A
t
h
a
bas
c
an
O
l
d-T
im
e
F
i
d
dl
i
ng
F
es
t
i
v
a
l,
the
Sitka
Jazz
Festival,
and
the
S
i
t
k
a
Sum
me
r
Mu
s
i
c
F
es
t
i
v
a
l.
The
prominent
orchestra
in Alaska
is
theks ASym
nchpohmost
roangey
Sym
pho
n
y
O
r
c
hes
tra,
though
the
F
a
i
r
ban
O
Juera
neauisSymcurrently
phony are also states
notable. only
The
A
nrcches
hortra
age andOp
professional
opera
company, thoughthethere
are several
volunteer
as
well. and semi-professional organizations in the state
Films
featur
Alaskan
wolf-dog
hybing
rids to
stand inwolves
for wildusually
wolves. employ domesticated
Alaska
was
, produced
Alaskan
nessman
AReleased
usThe
tin E.Chechahcos
Lath1924
rop and
lmed
inby
and
around busiAnchorage.
by the
Moving
Corporation,
it was in
the only lm
theAlaska
company
made. Picture
One
of the
mostMprominent
lmed
in Alaska
is
MGM's
Eskimo/
ala
The Mmovies
agnexpedition
icent
, starring
Alaska
Native
Rastudios
y Mala.in
In 1932
an
set out
from
MGM's
Hollywood
to
Alaska
to
lm
what
was
thenriving
billedin as
Thethey
Biggestup
Picture
Ever Made. Upon
arAlaska,
Camp
in
Northwest Alaska,
where set
they lived
duringHollywood
the duration of
the
19
lming.
Louis B.going
Mayersospared
expense
in
spite
of the
the
remote
location,
far astono
to
hire the
chef
from
Hotel Roos
evelt in Hollywood
prepare
meals.
When
Eskimo
premiered
at the Alargest
stor Tamount
heatre of
in feedNew
York
City,
the
studio
back
in
its
history
to received
that point.theEskimo
wasMala
critically
acclaimed
and
released
worldwide;
as
a
result,
became
an
international
movie
star.
EskimoAwards,
won the
rst
Oscar
for
B
es
t
F
i
lm
Ed
i
t
i
ng
at
the
Academy
and
showcased
and preserved aspects of Inupiat culture on lm.
The
1983 in
Disney
movie
ever Clm
ry W
lf was
at, least
parTheN
1991
Wohite
based
on
Jtially
acand
k Lshot
ondo
n'sAlaska.
novel
H1994
awFkang
e, On
was
lmed
in
around
HaM
inic
eand
s.haeSstarring
teC
veaninSe,Eetahwas
gan
al's
Dead
ly
G
r
ound
,
starring
l
lmed
in
part
at
the Worthington Glacier near Valdez.[110] The
1999
JoElhn
ylesMa
lm
, starring
id isSttr
atehrs
aiorn,
Mary
izainbSeaJuneau.
th
straLimbo
ntonio,
and KrDisavKr
o
n,
was lmed
The psychological thriller Insomnia, starring Al Pacino
The
orget-me-not
the states
blue fand
gold as theis state
ag. ocial ower and bears the same
cational
town
of 2007
Cicely,
Alaska,
lmed
Ro
yn,
W
s
h
i
ngt
o
n.
The
horror
feature
30
D
a
ys
o
f
Night
is
set in Barrow, but was lmed in New Zealand.
Many reality television shows are lmed in Alaska. In
2011 the Anchorage Daily News found ten set in the
state.[111]
11
State symbols
State
willowinptarm
igan,
the Territorial bird:
Legislature
1955.
It isadopted
a smallby
(1517
in or
380430
mm)
Arctictundra
grouse
that
lives among
willows
and
on
open
and
muskeg.
Plumage
is
brown
in
summer,
changing
to
white
in
winter.
willow ptarmigan is common in much of Alaska. The
State sh: king salmon, adopted 1962.
12
See also
13 REFERENCES
20
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14
External links
Alaska at DMOZ
Alaska Community Database System
Alaskas Digital Archives
vancy
Alaska, project area of the American Land Conser Alaska Inter-Tribal Council
download
The shortatlm
kat A(1967)
for free
the IAntlas
erne
rchive is
[moavailable
re]
Geographic
data related to Alaska
at
OpenStreetMap
US federal government
Alaska State Guide from the Library of Congress
Energy & Environmental Data for Alaska
l-timse,
sUoSGS
urces re
ofaAla
ka geographic, and other scientic reUS Census Bureau
Alaska State Facts
hAla
ject Guide from the Eisenowsk
eraPrSetsaidteehnood
tial LSiubbrary
hAla
cuments, Dwight D. Eisenowsk
eraPreSstiadteenhtood
ial Lidborary
Alaska state government
State of Alaska website
able
Alaskadatabases
State Datproduced
abases Annotated
of searchby Alaskalist Documents
state
agencies
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by the Government
Roundtable
of the American
Library Association.
Re
Alacorde
ska rs
DeOpart
Natural Resources,
cement of
24
15
15.1 Text
Bryan
AlaskaDerksen,
Source: The
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