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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacology

study of the manner in which the function of living system is affected by chemical
agents/drugs

Pharmacology

Science concerned with history, sources, physical & chemical properties of drugs &
the way in which drug affects living system

Pharmacology
Drug
WHO def: (drug)

pharmacotherapy
Drug therapy
Medications
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Toxicology

penicillin from penicillium

Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacovigilance
Receptor

Administering
drugs
Assessing drug
effects
Intervening to
make drug
regimen more
tolerable
Provide patient
teachings about
drugs & drug
regimen

is the study of drugs (chemicals) that alter functions of living organisms

chemical introduced into the body to cause some changes
any product/subs used to modify/explore physiologic system/pathologic states for
the benefit of the patient
Drug therapy is also called
the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes.
Drugs given for therapeutic purposes
Subdivisions of Pharmacology:
* study of the biochemical & physiological effects of drugs & mechanisms of action
* what the drug does to the body
*deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation & excretion of drugs
*what the body does to the drug
*study of drugs used in the diagnosis, prevention, suppression, & treatment of diseases
*deals with beneficial effects of the drugs (medicines)
* study of drugs in their original unaltered state; origin of drugs
*source of drugs
* study of biologic toxins: study of poison & its effects deals with deleterious effects of
physical & chemical agents (including drugs) in human

Example of medication for pharmacognosy

*study of relationship of drugs & economics
science of collecting, researching, analyzing, & evaluating set of information about adverse
drug effects
*a component of the cell that interacts with drug, initiating a chain of biochemical events
leading to drugs observed effects
Nursing responsibilities regarding drug therapy:

DRUGS

"a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or
used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."

BIOLOGICS

include a wide range of medicinal products such as vaccines, blood and blood components,
allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapy, tissues, and recombinant therapeutic proteins
created by biological processes (as opposed to chemically).

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BIOLOGICS
human, animal, or
microorganism
alternative medicine
alternative medicine

alternative medicine
naturopathy,
chiropractic, herbalism,
traditional Chinese
medicine, Unani,
Ayurveda, meditation,
yoga, biofeedback,
hypnosis, homeopathy,
acupuncture, and dietbased therapies
complementary medicine
Traditional Chinese
Medicine
*Akapulko (Cassia alata)
*Ampalaya (Momordica
charantia)
*Bawang (Allium
sativum)
*Bayabas (Psidium
guajava)
*Lagundi (Vitex negundo)
*Niyog-niyogan
(Quisqualis indica L.)
*Sambong (Blumea
balsamifera)*Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia
microphylla Lam.)
*Ulasimang Bato |
Pansit-Pansitan
(Peperomia pellucida)
*Yerba Buena
(Clinopodium douglasii)

composed of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids or complex combinations of these

substances, or may be living entities such as cells and tissues
Biologics are isolated from a variety of natural sources
healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine",or "that
which has not been shown consistently to be effective
often based on the belief that a particular health regimen has efficacious effects even while
there exists various bodies of evidence to contradict such a belief under the rigorous
standards of evidence based medicine
encompasses therapies with a historical or cultural, rather than a scientific, basis
Examples of alternative medicines

refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques
under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM
Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou
Ten (10) Herbal Medicines in the Philippines:
1. Known as "bayabas-bayabasan" and "ringworm bush" in English, treat ringworms and
skin fungal infections.
2. Known as "bitter gourd" or "bitter melon" in English, treatment of diabetes (diabetes
mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients.
3. Known as "garlic", reduces cholesterol in the blood and hence, helps control blood
pressure.
4. "Guava" in English; used as an antiseptic, to disinfect wounds; used as a mouth wash to
treat tooth decay and gum infection.
5. The "5-leaved chaste tree"; main use is for the relief of coughs and asthma
6. Vine known as "Chinese honey suckle; effective in the elimination of intestinal worms,
particularly the Ascaris and Trichina.
7. English name: Blumea camphora. A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones.
It can also be used as an edema.
8. Prepared like tea; effective in treating intestinal motility and also used as a mouth wash
since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content.
9. Effective in fighting arthritis and gout; Leaves can be eaten fresh (about a cupful) as salad
or like tea. For the decoction, boil a cup of clean chopped leaves in 2 cups of water. Boil for
15 to 20 minutes. Strain, let cool and drink a cup after meals (3 times day).
10. Known as Peppermint; used as an analgesic to relive body aches and pain; can be taken
internally as a decoction or externally by pounding the leaves and applied directly on the
afflicted area.

Prescription/legend drug

can be dispensed if with prescription order; with specific name of drug & dosage regimen to
be used by patient

Non-prescription drug

can be dispensed over the-counter/without prescription order

Non-prescription drug

for self treatment of variety of complaints

Non-prescription drug

vitamin supplements, cold/cough remedies, analgesics, antacids, herbal products

Category A
Category B

FDA Pregnancy Categories:

*No risk in pregnant women and fetus
*No risk in pregnant women and fetus

Category C

Category D
Category X

Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V

*Animal studies have shown adverse effect.

*Animal studies have shown risk for fetus
*No adequate studies in human
*Benefits from the use of drugs accepted
*Evidence of human fetal risk
*Benefits from the use of drugs accepted
*Animal and human studies demonstrate fetal abnormalities or adverse reactions. The risk
for pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit.
CATEGORIES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES:
*Drugs that are not approved for medical use and have high abuse potentials
*Drugs that are used medically and have high abuse potentials
*Drugs with less potential for abuse than those in Schedules I and II, but abuse may lead to
psychological or physical dependence
*Drugs with some potential for abuse
*Products containing moderate amounts of controlled substances; They may be dispensed
by the pharmacist without a physiciansprescription but with some restrictions regarding
amount, record keeping, and other safeguards

Orphan Drugs

Drugs that have been discovered but are not financially viable and therefore have not been
adopted by any drug company.

Generic Drugs
1. Animal sources
2. Vegetable/Plant
sources
3. Mineral sources
4. Synthetic sources
Preclinical Trials

chemicals that are produced by companies that just manufactures drugs

4 MAJOR SOURCES (ORIGINS) OF DRUGS:

PHASE I Studies

PHASE II Studies

PHASE III Studies

PHASE IV Studies

1. Trade/
brand/propriety name
2. Generic name/nonproperty name

3. Chemical name

chemical name
generic name
trade name
Generic name
Brand name

Chemicals are tested on laboratory animals

PHASES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT:
*Drugs are tested on human volunteers
*a few doses are given to a few healthy volunteers to determine safe dosages, routes of
administration, absorption, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
*Drugs are tested on patients with the disease that the drug is meant to treat.
* a few doses are given to a few subjects with the disease or symptom for which the drug
is being studied, and responses are compared with those of healthy subjects.
*Using the drug in a vast clinical market
*The drug is given to a larger and more representative group of subjects.
*the FDA evaluates the data from the first three phases for drug safety and effectiveness,
allows the drug to be marketed for general use, and requires manufacturers to continue
monitoring the drugs effects.
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
*name given by the drug company that developed it; followed by the symbol R or TM, 1st
letter is capitalized
*original designation given to the drug when the drug company applies for approval process
*universally accepted & not capitalized; before drug becomes official, used in all countries
protected by law; not capitalized
*atomic/molecular structure of drug
acetylsalicylic acid
aspirin
Aspilet
minoxidil
Rogaine