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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (CPE554)
NURWANI BINTI HUSSIN
5A
LAB 6 : SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
24 OCTOBER 2014
EH242
MOHAMAD SUFIAN BIN SOAIB
Title

Abstract
Introduction
Objectives
Theory
Procedures/Methodology
Apparatus
Results
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendices
TOTAL

Allocated Marks (%)

5
5
5
5
10
5
10
10
20
10
5
5
5
100

Remarks:

Checked by:

Rechecked by:

Date:

Date

Marks

I.

ABSTRACT
Heat exchanger is an equipment used to reduce or heat up between liquid and liquid.
Therefore, one experiment has been conducted to find the most efficient process. from the
result, the counter current perform the most suitable process in transferring heat. Either to
cool or heat process. the LMTD value for counter current are higher means has higher
temperature drop and Reynold number decide that counter current having laminar flow
rather that turbulence.

II.

INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger has been widely used in industries in order to control the temperature of
the chemical substance in a processing. Therefore, the design of the heat exchangers is now
has been highly developed. There are many equipment that involve heating and cooling in
chemical processing but heat exchanger only perform liquid-liquid heat transfer. Other liquid
gas heat transfer may be used cooling tower.

Basically, the two hot and cold fluid enter the heat exchanger and attract to each other
indirectly by transferring heat. There is two type of flow in the heat exchanger, which is cocurrent and counter-current. Co-current mainly has the parallel flow where the hot and cold
fluid enter at one side and counter-current enter and different side. The illusion shown the
appendix part. Most of the time, counter-current flow perform better heat transfer. The
function in industries it is either to cool the hot fluid entered or to heat up the cold water
entered.

The cold water flow in the shell and hot flow in the tube, so there will be in indirect contact
of heat. Both convection and conduction occur in this scenario. Convection is occur between
water with two different temperature and conduction is between water and the tube wall.
One shell consist of many tubes. Therefore, the cold water flow in the shell and hot water
flow in the tube.

III.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the shell and tube heat exchanger is to evaluate and study the
performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions.
Therefore, the heat load, head balance, LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient U,
Reynolds number, type of flow, heat transfer coefficient in tube and shell side must
be determined.

IV.

THEORY

Heat exchanger perform a good heat transfer by conduction and convection between liquid
and liquid. The treatment presented in this report is based on the work done by Incropera
and Dewitt (1996). Heat is conducted from the hot water in the tubes through the inner wall
tube and convection occur between the hot water in tube and cold water outside tubes.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that involves motion of some fluid that either absorbs
heat from a source or gives heat to some surrounding. Conduction is a mode of heat transfer
in which the heat is moving through a stationary object or fluid.

There are two type of flow in the heat exchangers, which is parallel or co-current flow and
counter or cross-current flow. Basically, these two types of flow bring some significant result
to the cooling or heating process. The difference between these two flow can be
differentiate by calculating the log mean temperature difference (LMTD).

Graph of Counter Flow

Graph of Parallel flow

LMTD = (T1 - T2) / ln(T1/T2) where T1= T,HotIn T,ColdIn and T2= T,HotOut
T.ColdOut, for co-current and T1= T_Hot_In - T_Cold_Out and T2= T_Hot_Out - T_Cold_In
for counter current. But, the LMTD

LMTDco-current

LMTDcounter-current

The equation above shown for calculating LMTD value which means the true average
temperature drop for the system. From the figure, it is obviously shown the difference
between the parallel and counter flow and its LMTD difference.
The overall heat transfer coefficient will be using the value of LMTD and heat load. The
overall heat transfer coefficient, or U-value, refers to how well heat is conducted over a
series of mediums. Its units are the W/(m2C) [Btu/(hr-ft2F)]. Therefore, the equation is
given as;

U=

Where, h is the heat transfer coefficient.

Later, Reynolds number was determined to find the type of flow that divided into three
type. These are laminar, transitional and turbulence. The volumetric flow rate of water
determine the type of flow. As the velocity is high, the possibility of getting turbulence flow
also high and resulting to a efficient heat transfer. (Richardson)

V.

PROCEDURES/METHODOLOGY
A) GENERAL SET UP
1. Quick inspection was performed ensuring all equipment in proper working condition
2. All valves was left closed except V1 and V2
3. Hot water tank was filled up by water supply hose connected to V27. Valve was latter
closed once tank was full.
4. V28 was opened to fill up cold-water tank and the valve was leaved opened for
continuous water supply.
5. Drain hose was connected to the cold water drain point.
6. Main power, heater for hot water tank was switched on and temperature controller
was set point to 50
7. Water temperature in hot water tank was allowed to reach the set-point.
8. Experiment was latter conducted.
B) EXPERIMENT: DIFFERENTIATING FLOW IN HEAT EXCHANGER AND HOW IT EFFECTS
EFFECIENCY OF EXCHANGER.
1. Experiment was first conducted on co-current flow for shell and tube heat exchanger.
2. For co-current flow V16 and V17 was opened.
3. Consequently, FT1 for hot water was left constant at 10 L/min while FT2 for cold water
was change from 2 till 10 L/min.
4. Reading for TT1 to TT4 together with DPT1 & DPT2 was recorded every 3 minutes FT2
changing.
5. Experiment continues by adjusting the FT1 and kept FT2 constant (increasing flow rate).
6. Next, for counter current flow, V15 and V18 was opened and step 3, 4 and 5 was
repeated.
7. All the data was recorded and tabulated at results below.

VI.

APPARATUS

1) Valve
2) Rotameter
3) Monitoring panel
4) Shell and tube heat exchanger
5) Water tank

VII.

RESULTS
A. Co-current
i.

Constant FT1

FT1,cold(L/min) FT2,hot(L/min)
10
10
10
10
10

Run

2
4
6
8
10

TT1cold
out( )
41.2
37.1
34.5
33.6
33.5

TT2,cold
in( )
28.1
28.4
28.7
29.0
29.3

Cold water (tube)

Qc

Re

Nu

TT4hotin( )

DPT1( )

DPT2( )

49.4
49.2
49.5
48.9
48.7

54.0
53.0
117.0
178.0
265.0

118.0
127.0
121.0
120.0
121.0

Hot water (shell)

hi

Qh
2

(J/s)

TT3,hot
out( )
47.5
46.3
45.4
45.0
44.7

(W/m .K)

(J/s )

Re

Nu

ho

LMTD

(C)

(W/m2

(W/m .K)

.K

1.83

42136.02

191.47

18751.9

1.32

1675.81

14.56

206.34

12.10

204.09

2.43

40582.63

185.81

18197.6

2.16

3406.89

25.60

363.03

14.30

355.93

2.43

41077.50

187.62

18374.8

2.86

5010.13

34.86

494.35

15.32

481.40

2.56

41329.55

188.54

18465.0

2.72

6632.88

43.63

618.72

15.26

598.66

2.93

41584.67

189.47

18556.0

2.79

8517.22

53.29

755.71

14.93

726.14

ii.

FT1,cold(L/min
)
2
4
6
8
10

Run

Constant FT2

FT2,hot(L/min
)
10
10
10
10
10

TT1,coldout(
)
30.7
31.9
32.6
33.4
33.8

TT2,col
d in( )
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

Cold water (tube)

TT3,hotout(
)
39.2
43.5
44.1
44.5
45.0

TT4,hotin(
)
49.5
49.4
48.8
48.8
49.2

DPT1(
)
207.0
208.0
206.0
209.0
207.0

Hot water (shell)

DPT2(
)
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
61.0
125.0

LMTD
(C)

U
(W/m2
.K)

Qc

Re

Nu

hi

Qh
2

(J/ a)

(W/m .K)

Re

Nu

ho
(W/m2.K

(J/ a)

)
1

0.84

8420.89

52.81

5172.02

1.44

8534.26

53.37

756.84

13.44

660.23

1.60

16491.35

90.40

8853.46

1.64

8549.80

53.45

757.74

15.34

698.00

2.02

24950.80

125.91

12331.19

1.96

8411.90

52.76

748.19

14.98

705.39

2.51

33683.58

160.08

15677.68

2.40

7955.66

50.46

715.57

14.70

684.34

2.72

42262.97

191.94

18797.93

3.62

8457.37

52.99

751.45

14.88

722.56

B. Counter-current
i.

Constant FT1

FT1,cold(L/min) FT2,hot(L/min)
10
2
10
4
10
6
10
8
10
10
Run

TT1( )
30.2
30.4
30.0
29.8
29.9

TT2( )
37.8
36.0
36.4
33.7
33.3

Cold water (tube)

TT3( )
47.3
46.8
46.2
45.7
45.3

TT4( )
49.1
49.5
49.2
49.0
48.9

DPT1( )
-5.0
-5.0
70.0
-5.0
-5.0

Hot water (shell)

DPT2( )
124.0
125.0
121.0
122.0
121.0

LMTD

(C)

(W/
m2.K

Qc

Re

Nu

(W)

hi

Qh

(W/m2.K

(W)

Re

Nu

ho
(W/m2.K)

)
1

5.29

42.21

0.73

727.68

0.25

1.69

0.06

1.18

14.000

1.18

3.90

41.43

0.72

717.71

0.75

3.41

0.10

1.96

14.762

1.95

4.46

41.33

0.71

707.75

1.25

5.11

0.13

2.55

14.247

2.54

2.72

42.11

0.73

727.68

1.84

6.74

0.17

3.33

15.549

3.31

2.37

42.16

0.76

757.59

2.51

8.44

0.20

3.93

15.500

3.91

ii.

Constant FT2

FT1,cold(L/min) FT2,hot(L/min)
2
10
4
10
6
10
8
10
10
10

un

TT1( )
29.8
29.8
29.7
29.8
29.8

Cold water (tube)

TT2( )
31.0
31.6
32.2
32.8
33.3

TT3( )
38.3
43.9
44.7
45.0
45.8

TT4( )
48.9
49.5
49.6
49.5
49.3

DPT1( )
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0

Hot water (shell)

DPT2( )
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
64.0
122.0
LMTD

(C)

(W/m2
.K

Qc

Re

Nu

hi (W/m2.K)

(W)

Qh

Re

Nu

ho
(W/m2.K)

(W)

0.17

8.47

0.20

199.36

7.38

8.44

0.20

3.93

12.622

3.85

0.51

16.95

0.35

348.89

3.90

8.47

0.20

3.93

15.925

3.89

1.05

25.45

0.48

478.47

3.41

8.50

0.20

3.93

16.170

3.90

1.67

33.89

0.61

608.06

3.14

8.49

0.20

3.93

22.014

3.90

2.44

42.10

0.73

727.68

2.44

8.50

0.20

3.93

15.698

3.91

VIII.

CALCULATION

Co-current flow
1) Constant FT1

FT1,cold(L/min) FT2,hot(L/min)
10
10
10
10
10

2
4
6
8
10

Run 1

Nominal
flow

TT1cold
out( )
41.2
37.1
34.5
33.6
33.5

TT2,cold
in( )
28.1
28.4
28.7
29.0
29.3

Run 2

TT3,hot
out( )
47.5
46.3
45.4
45.0
44.7

Run 3

TT4hotin( )

DPT1( )

DPT2( )

49.4
49.2
49.5
48.9
48.7

54.0
53.0
117.0
178.0
265.0

118.0
127.0
121.0
120.0
121.0

Run 4

Run 5

CW

HW

CW

HW

CW

HW

CW

HW

CW

HW

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

(L/min)
Flow rate

10

(L/min)
Temp
Inlet
(C)

T2: 28.1

T4: 49.4

28.4

49.4

28.7

49.5

29.0

48.9

29.3

48.7

Temp
Outlet
(C)

T1: 41.2

T3: 47.5

37.1

46.3

34.5

45.4

33.6

45.0

33.5

44.7

Pressure
Drop
(kPa)

DP :
54.0

DP :
118.0

53.0

127.0

117.0

121.0

178.0

120.0

265.0

121.0

Temp
Change,
(C)

T1 T2

T4 T3

= 13.1

= 1.9

= 8.7

= 3.1

= 5.8

= 4.1

= 4.6

= 3.9

= 4.2

= 4.0

=32.75

=47.85

=31.6

=47.45

=31.3

=46.95

=31.4

=46.7

= 34.65

=48.45
145.46

129.58

145.46

171.38

153.82

163.02

175.56

167.20

Average
Temp
(C)
Q, Head
Load,
J/min
LMTD

109.52

12.21

79.42

14.30

15.32

15.26

14.93

2) Constant FT2

FT1,cold(L/min
)
2
4
6
8
10

FT2,hot(L/min
)
10
10
10
10
10

TT1,coldout(
)
30.7
31.9
32.6
33.4
33.8

Run 1
CW

HW

TT2,col
)
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

d in(

Run 2
CW

HW

TT3,hotout(
)
39.2
43.5
44.1
44.5
45.0

TT4,hotin(
)
49.5
49.4
48.8
48.8
49.2

Run 3
CW

HW

DPT1(
)
207.0
208.0
206.0
209.0
207.0

Run 4
CW

HW

DPT2(
)
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
61.0
125.0

Run 5
CW

HW

Nominal
Flow, (L/min)

FC: 2

FH: 10

10

10

10

10

10

Actual Flow,
(L/min)

FC: 2

FH: 10

10

10

10

10

10

Temp, C,
Inlet

T2: 29.5

T4: 49.5 29.6

49.4

29.7

48.8

29.8

48.8

29.9

49.2

Temp, C
Outlet

T1: 30.7

T3: 39.2 31.9

43.5

32.6

44.1

33.4

44.5

33.8

44.0

Pressure
Drop, mm
H2O

DP :
207.0

DP : 5.0

(Shell)

(Tube)

Temp
Change,
(C/K)

T1 T2

T4 T3

= 1.2

=10.3

=30.1

=44.35

Average
Temp, (C/K)

Q, Head
Load, J/min

QC:

QH:

50.16

86.11

LMTD

Counter-current

13.44

208

-5.0

206.0

-5.0

= 2.3

= 5.9

=2.9

=4.7

=30.75

=46.45

=31.15

=46.45

96.14

98.65

121.22

117.88

15.34

14.98

209.0

= 3.6

61.0

207.0

125.0

=4.3

=3.9

= 5.2

=31.6

=46.65

=31.85

=46.60

150.48

143.79

163.02

217.36

14.70

14.88

1) Constant FT1
FT1cold,(L/min) FT2,hot(L/min)
10
10
10
10
10

2
4
6
8
10

TT1( )

TT2( )

T T3( )

TT4( )

DPT1( )

DPT2( )

30.2
30.4
30.0
29.8
29.9

37.8
36.0
36.4
33.7
33.3

47.3
46.8
46.2
45.7
45.3

49.1
49.5
49.2
49.0
48.9

-5.0
-5.0
70.0
-5.0
-5.0

124.0
125.0
121.0
122.0
121.0

Run 1

CW

Run 2

HW

Run 3

CW

HW

CW

Run 4

HW

CW

Run 5

HW

CW

HW

Nominal
Flow, L.min

10

10

10

10

10

10

Actual Flow,
L/min

FC: 2

FH: 10

10

10

10

10

10

Temp, C,
Inlet

T1= 30.2

T4=49.1

36.0

49.5

36.4

49.2

33.7

49.0

33.3

48.9

Temp, C
Outlet

T2= 37.8 T3=47.3 46.8

Pressure
Drop, mm
H2O
Temp
Change, T1
and T2C
for LMTD
calculation

DP :
-5.0

DP :
124.0

-5.0

30.4

46.2

30.0

45.7

125.0

70.0

121.0

-5.0

29.8

45.3

29.9

122.0

-5.0

121.0

(Tube)

T1 =T4 T2= T3
T1

T2

= 17.1

=11.3

Average
Temp, C

=16.1

=33.2
=34.0

Temp
T2-T1
Change, T
=7.6
for cold and
hot water.

2) Constant FT2

=13.5

=15.8

=12.8

=15.8

=15.3

=15.4

=15.6

=48.2

=433.2

=47.7

=31.8

=47.4

=31.6

=47.1

=48.2
T3-T4
=1.8

=5.6

=2.7

=6.4

=3.0

=3.9

=3.3

=3.4

=3.6

FT1(L/min)
2
4
6
8
10

FT2(L/min)
10
10
10
10
10

TT1( )
29.8
29.8
29.7
29.8
29.8

Run 1

CW
Nominal
Flow,

TT2( )
31.0
31.6
32.2
32.8
33.3

TT3( )
38.3
43.9
44.7
45.0
45.8

Run 2

HW

CW

TT4( )
48.9
49.5
49.6
49.5
49.3

Run 3

HW

CW

DPT1( )
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0

Run 4

HW

CW

DPT2( )
-5.0
-5.0
-5.0
64.0
122.0

Run 5

HW

CW

HW

FC: 10

FH: 2

10

10

10

10

10

FC: 10

FH: 2

10

10

10

10

10

T1: 29.4

T4:48.9 29.8

49.5

29.7

49.6

29.8

49.5

29.9

49.3

Temp, C
Outlet

T2: 31.0

T3: 38.3 31.6

43.9

32.2

44.7

32.8

45.0

33.3

45.8

Pressure
Drop, mm
H2O

DP :
-5

DP : 5.0

-5.0

-5.0

-5.0

-5.0

64.0

-5.0

122.0

Actual Flow,

Temp, C,
Inlet

Temp
Change, T1
and T2C
for LMTD
calculation

(Shell)

-5.0

(Tube)

T1 =T4 T2= T3
T1

T2

= 8.5

=17.9

Average
Temp, C/F
=30.4
Temp
T2-T1
Change, T
=1.2
for cold and
hot water.

=14.1

=17.9

=15.0

=17.4

=15.2

=16.7

=15.4

=16.0

=30.7

=46.7

=31.0

=47.2

=31.3

=47.3

=31.2

=47.8

=43.6
T3-T4
=10.6

=1.8

=5.6

=2.5

=4.9

=3.0

=4.5

=3.5

=3.5

A. Temperature change
i.

Temperature change of cold water (CW);

T = T - T

ii.

= 13.1 C

Temperature change of hot water (HW):

T = T T

= 1.9 C

B. Average Temperature
i.

Average temperature of cold water;

:2

= 34.65C

ii.

Average temperature of hot water;

4:3

= 48.45 C

C. Amount of heat, Q
1) Find the area of the tube with diameter 100mm
Area, A =

=7.8549 X 10-5 m2

2) Mass flow rate of cold,mcold and hot water,mhot since the density is assumed to be constant
that is 1kg/m
i.

Mcold = V

= () ( 3 ) (

= 0.01 kg/min
ii.

Mhot = V
=(

) ( 3 ) (

= 0.002 kg/min
3) Amount of heat load, Q
i.
Qc = mCold CpCold (TCold_out TCold_in)

= (0.002kg/min)(4.18kJ/Kg.K)(13.1K)
= 109.52J/min
Qh = mHot CpHot (THot_in THot_out)

ii.

= (0.01kg/min)(4.18kJ/Kg.K)(1.9K)
= 79.42 J/min

D. Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)

where T1= T,HotIn T,ColdIn and T2= T,HotOut T.ColdOut ;

LMTD = (T1 - T2) / ln(T1/T2)

<

< 49 4;28 4 ; 47 5 ; 4 2

= 12.21

E. Reynolds number for tube (cold) side and shell (hot) side
a. Co-current flow (Run 1)
According

to

the

references,
and

, and = viscosity for fluid by referring at their temperature for

every run at table A.6 (Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer textbook, 7th edition).
1) For shell side(hot)
Information;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

=2

= 0.033 kg/s

T = 322.4 K,
= 553.48 x 10-6 ,
D0 = 0.039 m,
Di = 0.0063m,
Dh = 0.0453m
Re =

4
33
453 553 48

= 1675.81

;6

2) For tube side (cold)

i.
ii.
iii.

= 10

x6

= 0.167 kg/s

Di = 0.0063m,
= 801x 10-6

Re =

4
67
63 8

;6

= 42136.02

b. Counter-current flow (Run 1)

According

to

the

references,
and

, and = viscosity for fluid by referring at their temperature for

every run at table A.6 (Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer textbook, 7th edition).
1) Shell side
Information;
i.
ii.
iii.

Re =

39

63

333
5 574

= 1679.1488

2) Tube side
According to the references,
, and = viscosity for fluid by
referring their temperature at every run at table A.6 (Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer
textbook, 7th edition). (P.Incropera)

Re =

4
63

333
696

= 9672.9

F. Nusselts number
63
39

To obtain the Nusselts number by taking the

= 0.16 and referring at the table 8.2, linear

interpolation (Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer textbook, 7th edition) the Nusselts number (Nui) at
every run for counter-current and co-current flow is 9.884 and the values of Pr for fluid were referred at
the table A.6 (Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer textbook, 7th edition).
a.

Tube side in co-current flow,

Nu= 0.023Re0.8Pr0.3
Nu=0.023 (12 614)0.8 (5.4394)0.3
Nu=72.96

b.

Tube side in counter-current flow,

8

As Re obtained at the previous was 9672.9

8

= 65.46

G. Heat transfer coefficient, h

a. Co-current flow (Run 1)
1) shell side,
Nui =
h0 =

2)

9 884 642 4
453

= 140.16 W/m2.K

tube side,
hi = Nu (k/D)
hi = 72.96 x 617 x 10-3/0.0063
hi = 7145 W/m2.K

b. Counter-current flow (Run 1)

1) shell/annulus side,
Nui =
From the previous Nui was 9.884, Dh = Do Di = 0.039m 0.0063m = 0.0327m

327

9.884 =

to obtain k by referring table A.6 (Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer textbook, 7 th edition) at
recorded temperature for every run; k at run 1 is 6.42 x 10-4
9.884 =

327
6 42

ho = 503.4374 W/m2.K

2) tube side,
hi =
hi =

65 46 628
63

= 6577 W/m2.K

H. Overall heat transfer coefficient,U

a. Co-current flow (Run 1)
U=

= 137.46 W/m2.K

b. Counter-current flow (Run 1)

= 467.6417 W/m2.K

U=

I. Pressure drop, P
a. Co-current flow

1) For shell side,

P =

64
64
8 25

= 0.0787 Pa

2) For tube side,

P =

4
2

f = [ 1.58 In (12614) 3.28]2

= 7.28 x10-3
A = (0.0063)2
4
= 3.117 x10-5 m2
3

V = 2LPM 60s

= 33.33 m3/s
P = 4 (7.38 x10-3) x (1.07 x106)
0.0063

( 2(9.81))

= 1.393 x1010 Pa

b. Counter-current flow
1) For shell side,
P =

64
64
9672 9

= 6.6164 x 10-3 Pa
2) For tube side,
P =

4
2

f = [ 1.58 In (12614) 3.28]2 = 7.794 x10-3

A = (0.0063)2
4
= 3.117 x10-5 m2
V = 2LPM 60s

= 33.33 m3/s
P = 4 (7.794 x10-3) x (1.07 x106)
0.0063

( 2(9.81))

= 3.09 x106 Pa

IX.

DISCUSSION
Based on the data tabulated in result section, both co-current and counter current has change in
term of temperature difference. Hot water flow in reduce its temperature transfer its heat to the cold
water in. therefore, the cold water in increase its temperature during flow out of the tube. Some
equation has been used to calculate and differentiate these two type flow. The calculated value has
been analize and it has been found that the heat load for counter-current is more preferable for cooling
or heating process. Heat value shown by counter current mostly convenience for the process.
Other than that, the Reynolds value has been calculated and shows that co-current using the
turbulence flow whereas the counter-current just using the laminar flow. The range of Reynolds number
can decide the type of flow of the fluid such as laminar, transitional or turbulence. It has been prove that
the turbulence flow has the most efficient cooling or heating rate. But, the counter current can perform
better with laminar flow. Based on the theory, the amount of the loss of the heat from hot water should
equally to the heat gain by cold water. However, this can be achieved in real life. This is because of the
heat loss to the surrounding.
LMTD is calculated to find the average temperature drop of the system and counter-current
found to has the better value compare to co-current. Based on the theory, the amount of the loss of the
heat from hot water should equally to the heat gain by cold water. However, this can be achieved in real
life. This is because of the heat loss to the surrounding. But, there is some mistake in the calculation, the
overall heat loss doesnt match with the statement. The experiment went well and no mistake was done
unless in the calculation part. There is error in getting the value of Pr and k value.

X.

CONCLUSION
Overall, counter-current has the most efficient heat transfer. It perform better even with laminar flow,
unlike co-current. Heat load in the counter current higher that parallel flow. The convection and
conduction is more preferable in this flow. The LMTD value easily proving the difference. Basically,
higher flow rate perform better heat transfer.

XI.

RECOMMENDATIONS
i.

Before starting the experiment, one must do the start up to stabilize the equipment.

ii.

It is also recommended that during the process of data collection that the user adjusts the flow rate
of only one stream per setup. If this is not done the graphs of the data becomes very difficult to
read and understand.

iii.

In an effort to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings, it is recommended that the heat exchanger
be well insulated. (Vaughn & Ware, September 19, 2000)

iv.

The temperature reading was taken in certain time intervals to make the data more accurate and
standardize.

XII.

REFERENCES

1. P.Incropera, F. (n.d.). Principle of heat and mass transfer 7th edition.

2. Richardson, J. C. (n.d.). Chemical Engineering Volume 1. Elsivier.
3. Vaughn, D., & Ware, T. (September 19, 2000). Heat Exchanger Analysis. Cunningham.

XIII.

APPENDICES