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6014
MEMBERS WE-AIME
ABSTRACT
A mathematical
model was developed
to study tbe
transient behavior o/a well with a finite-conductivity
vertical
/racture in an iniinite
slab reservoir.
For
values 0/ dimensionless
time 0/ interest,
tD 210-3,
the dimensionless
wellbore
pressure,
PwlD~ can be
correlated
by the dimensionless
group, wkl/xf k ,
and
where w, kf, and x are tbe width, permeability,
half length o/ t i e /racture,
respectively,
and k
represents
the {ormation perrneabi!ity.
Results
when
plotted
as a [unction of pwfD us
10g
tD
give,
for !urge t~, a 1. 151+iope
straight
semilogaritbmic
pressure
analysis
line;
hence,
methods
can be app!ied.
When p[ottcd in terms of
log pwjD vs log tD, a family o/ Curves 0/ cbaraCter.
istic shape result, A type-curve
matching procedure
can be used to analyze early time transient presszdre
and
jracture
data
to
obtain
the
formation
characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic fracturing is an effective technique for
increasing
the productivity
of damaged wells or
wells producing from low permeability fortnations.
Much research has been conducted to determine the
effect of hydraulic fractures on well performance
and transient pressure behavior. The results have
been used to improve the design of hydraulic
fractures. Many methods 1-14 have been proposed to
determine formation properties and fracture characteristics from transient pressure and flow rate data.
These methods have been based on either analytical
or numerical solutions of the transient flow of fluids
toward fractured wells. Recently, Gringarten et al.14
made an important contribution to the analysis of
transient
pressure data of fractured wells, They
presented
a type-curve analysis and tttree basic
solutions: the infinite-fracture
conductivity solution
(zero pressure drop along a verticai fracture), the
uniform flux solutiori for vertical fractures, and the
Original manu;!cript received AnSociety of Petro:eum Ertglneem
Feb. 17, 197?.
office Aug. 15, 1976. Paper mcepted for publication
Revised
nranuscrlpt
received
April 28, 1978. paper (SpE 6014)
first preaentcd
at the SPE-AIME
5 Itt Annual Fmll Technical
Conference
and Exhibition,
held in New Orleans,
Oct. 3-6, 1976.
0037-9999/78/0008-60
14$00.2S
@ 197s Society of Petroleum Englneerc of AIME
AUGUST,1~
;>
,,;:
+4
FLOW MODEL
Boundary conditions,
aPf
q#
zE- ~o-ziqi
and
a2Pf
qffx.t)
+kf
~f~cft
kf
~=
ax2
mf
E- . X=X -O*
(2)
apf
at
O<%<%=........(l)
&
t=o)
2n+l
= Ppo~x~xf
qfD(x8T)
-/
2n-1
(xD-x )2
WELLBORE
- [ 4(kf@ct/k$fc
f ~)
dx
d~ *
z~ ~
lAtPERM\ABLE
BOUND~RIES
[
I
[
t
I
I
i
I
I
I
i
I
[
I FRACTURI
where
(3)
Wpf(w)]
I
I
I
I
I
pf#~9
D)
141.2
qwB~
&
D =
--
0.000264
t.
kt
$W pf2
and
FIG.
1 FINITE-CONDUCTIVITY
VERTICAL
FRACTURE IN AN INFINITE SLAB RESERVOIR.
2qf(x
qfD(x90
,T)
FIG. 2W
FRACTURE
FLOW MODEL,
*
(4)
=
f
CNG1NES8S JOURNAL
and
tD)
- qD(~,
qfD(x#~)
o . .
. .(8)
for
qD(%,T)
cfDf
)*+yD2
4 (tD-T)
-[
-1
dx dc . w (5)
(tD-T)
*1
1 ~
7r2rlfD n=l n
tD+
-q ~ Dn2w2tD
I
Wpi-p(x,y,t)]
=
qD(x ,T)
141.2
D =
~BIJ
29.@L.Q~f
qw
and
L.
n.
-1
-nf
. . . . . . .,
-x)
. (6)
.,
...,
dx t d~
tJ)) 0 . 0
fDf
(7)
. . . . . . .,,
,,.
,.
(9)
where ~
= pD(xD}YD=O,
Dn2T2 (tD-~)
X=
(n7rxJ
l-e
where
P#~9Y~9tJ
cos
ft
= Txf @ct
and
k#c ~
..
%D = Wfc f t
PLANE SOURCE(FRACTURE)
%(x,t)
. . . . . . . .
(lo)
FIG.
A1GUW. 1978
3 -
1.
1-1/2
N
Di
%,2-I = DL
D&l
+ erf
and
112Ti2
~f DAtK,
k-l
-e
~i,j%
n
-$
6i,jEi
[
The arguments
defined a;
II
are
= j-i+l/2
2N
~i,j
~ j -j-i-l/2
B
where
= j+;y2
id
and
6~j=H#!L
9
12 H SEGMENTS
/.
# ,
)
1
123
FIG. 4-
z%
2N
1 ,.
ENGINEERS
JOURNAL
cfDf
fD
~kxf
. . ...*
(12)
fD
as
a T&
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
kf
capacity,
7fD+.=
f
= ~
.
3iJ
lo
@kf
rack
It
.,04
and
t~>s
tB=2
The first is the relative fracture permeability and
the second represents
the dimensionless
fracture
width. Large values for the product (kfD tu~D) represent
highly conductive
fractures;
conversely,
small values represent fracturea of low conductivity.
Small values of the product may be caused either by
low fracture permeability or large /racture length.
For much of the following discussion,
we refer to
t*rl~lo-4
-1
Ialo+
Ttlls STUDY
6RlM6ARTEN,~.
.2
,4
XD?*
.s
.8
found,
The wellbore pressure drop reduction caused by
a fracture is usually handled as a pseudo-skin
factor,
St, which is defined
as the difference
between the dimensionless
pressure
drop for a
fractured well and that for an unfractured well.
Although s is a function of tD, it becomes a
function o { the geometry of the system only for
]ar8e values of tD.
l%e pseudo-skin factor for a fractured well in an
infinite reservoir may be applied to fractured wells
in a finite, circular reservoir whenever the radius
of influence, ~f, of the fracture is smaller tnan the
external radius of the reservoir.
The radius of
influence of a fracture is defined as the radius
beyond which the pressure distribution created by
the fracture is similar, for practical purposes, to
that for radial flow. The radius of influence for an
infinite-conductivity
fracture is about 4 x!. This
means that values of s obtained for an infinite
/
system may be used for a finite reservoir when
re/x ~ 4, These results also are valid for a finitecon d uctivity fracture because rfi for this case is
less than r~i for an infinite-conductivity
fracture.
Fig. 8 presents SI as a ~nction of dimensionless
frac~re conductivity,
~/D k D, for a system where
re/rw = 2,000 and ~e/x, = f O. A particular case is
presented in this figure to compare solutions from
this study with those published in the literature.
Fig. 8 shows, that s is negative, indicating an
increaae in well pro i uctivity. It also shows that
there is a strong variation of s for small values of
w@ klD, and as the value of / racture conductivity
increases,
Sf approaches a stabilized value. Data
published by McGuire and Sikora21 and Pratsls
appear tc agree well with the results of this study.
A general correlation for the fracture skin factor,
St, may be obtained if S1 is expressed as a function
THIS STUDY
PRATS (Stoo4y-Stoto)
- s
z -
=(
o
t
.2
.4
.*
,0
Xos + ,
FIG. 6 STABILIZED FLUX DISTRIBUTION FOR
DIFFERENT FRACTURE CONJXICTIVITIES.
zm
l%is
can be shown by
WjD kiD
n$ x//w
cmnbining the line source solution and the definition
for fracture skin factor. Fig. 9 shows that a graph
of (s/ + k %//rw) V$ (w/L#@) ttiil give a $ingle
curve chat may be used to estimate Sf if values for
Of
.dlmcnsion
wellbore
and ~Dk{Dess ace
govidedpressure drop vs the
time for ,various values
logarithm .of dimensionless
of k D wff) is shown in Fi8. 9 and presented in
Tab {e 1. Analysis of these results shows that for
times of itjterest$ tD ~ l@3, solutions
can be
correlated using only one parameter. If practical
values of q D and CID1 are considered,
a unique
solution wi { be obtained for a constant value of
Fig. 9 indicates
that, as the fracture
fD /D
conductivity increases, the dimensionless
wellbore
pressure drop for a fixed time decreases, and for
wfDkFd greater than 300, the solution is essentially
equal to the infinite-conductivity
solution
of
Gringarten et al. All the curves on this figure do
follow, for large times, a straight line of slope
1.151, characteristic
of the semilo8arithmic methods
of pressure analysis.
Also indicated by a dashed
line is the approximate start of the semilogarithmic
The
w
I
-3
THIS SIUOY
A MCGUIRC@ndSIKORA
t~ = 0.W0254 M
1412 Qt3/A
+/Actx,z
Pwfr)
kf wl kxf = kfDwfD
.
1x
~~(/+ - Pwf)
tf)
103
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
1 x 10-2
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
Q
1 x 10-1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q
1
2
o.211
Iolr
loon
. lr
. 2f7
0.5449
0.2443
0.1733
6m6
Em
E65ii6
0.6330
0,7024
0.7520
0,7926
0,6273
0.6576
0A846
0.2090
0,W13
1.0s37
1.1661
1.2838
1.326e
1,2602
1.4266
1.4676
1.504Q
0,2681
0.2056
0.2280
0.2475
0.2632
0.2770
0,2ss3
o.3m
0.3110
0.3207
0.3630
0.4460
0.4=0
0.5297
0.8030
0,5229
o.62tB
0.6456
0.6s91
0.s453
0.!M65
1.ms
1.1442
1.2121
1.2715
1.3243
1.3719
1.4153
1.7156
O.llfxl
0.1277
0.1424
0.1553
0.1666
0.1773
0,1871
0. 1W2
0,2047
0.2720
0.3221
0,3833
0.3W8
0.4304
0,456s
0.4640
o.5mo
0,5316
0,7015
0.82CB
0.9143
0.SS18
1.0562
1.1163
1.1682
1.21m
1.2577
1.5546
0.0346
0.1120
0.1265
0.1392
O,lom
0.1610
0.1708
0.1796
0.1s81
0.2540
0.3047
0,34%
0.3502
0.4122
0.4408
0.4665
0,4905
0.5129
0.6620
o.8cm8
0;6S40
0.0712
1.0374
1.0355
1.1472
1.1s30
1.236s
1.5320
0.W14
0.0SS6
0.1130
0.1258
0,1360
0.1472
Oclm
0.1658
0.1742
0.2407
o.2scr3
0.3310
0.3662
0,3074
0.4255
0.4514
0.4753
0.4s75
0.5651
0.7545
0.6774
0.9544
1.=05
1.0754
1.1300
1.1768
1,21=
1.5152
2.0414
2.1340
2.211s
2.2164
2.3372
2.3607
2.4371
2.757$
0.31s0
0.3432
0.3633
0.28W
0,3s!3
o.4cm
0.4224
0.4341
0.6181
0.5788
0,6272
0.6682
0,7040
0.7361
0.7653
0,7s21
0,8170
1.W1O
1.1269
12282
1.3CW2
1.37s4
1.4iot
1.41m
1,5424
1.5865
1.6m
O,a?
17
GO
3.0914
3.2W?
3.28SS
3.3684
3.4312
3.48s3
3.5414
3.6883
4.0670
4.2304
4.3417
4.4327
4.5m7
4.5763
4.6351
4.8578
5sm41
6.2387
5.3505
S.4220
5.5532
mm
5.7270
5.768S
5.s353
=3
2.2144
2.3212
2.40s2
2.463!3
2.54s0
2.W5
2.6561
2.s205
3.2~
3.3430
3.4540
3.8458
3.6228
3.68s2
3.74s0
3m05
4.1486
4,34s2
4.4s2s
4.6045
4.8056
4.7736
4.68S4
4.6SS3
4.Q5m
1.5357
1 .772s
1.9263
2olr
kfwl kxf
tfj
-
FIG. 8 PSEUDO=SKIN FACTOR FOR A FINITECONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE.
1970
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 x 101
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
0
1 x 102
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ix!@
2fl
lolr
207r
1oo17
,
1.S016
2.0371
2.1435
2.2311
2.3056
2.3705
2.4270
2.47S4
2$620s
3.0214
3.1643
32753
3@3s81
3.4430
3.50s5
3.8683
3.6208
3#668
4.16%
4.3131
4,4247
4.5156
4.5s28
4.65W
4.7185
4.7711
1.73s4
1,8730
1.07ss
2.0671
2.1414
2.2ml
2.2684
2.3147
2.6553
2.8561
2.swB
3.lfns
3.2007
3.2775
3.3440
3.4a27
3.4553
3.6013
4.0038
4.1475
42ss0
4.3502
4.4272
4.4s39
4.5528
4.6055
1.7175
1.85$~
1.9577
2.0450
2.1193
2.1830
2.2412
2.232q
2.6331
2.6338
2.0768
3.0576
3.17s4
3.2551
3.3217
3.ss04
3.4330
3.776!3
3.s815
4.1252
4.2367
4.3278
4.4049
4.4716
4.83m
4.5631
1.8W8
1.6~0
1.9308
2.0270
2.1013
2.1659
22231
2.2745
2.6150
2.6157
2.9=5
3.0805
3.1602
3.2370
3.3035
3.3623
3.4148
3.76m
3.s633
4.1070
4.2166
4.30s7
4.3657
4,4535
4.5123
4.5650
2s
81
1/
r
o
I
108
1
,0-$
,, ,+y
IOs
storage
FIG, 10 km
Vs tD FOR A WELL WITH A FINITECONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE.
fractures. Thent provided that sufficient
portion
of the pressure
data on the straight-line
curve are available before boundary effects influence
a test, the formation flow capacity may be obtained
in the usual way by conventional semilog analytical
methods. Also plotted in Fig. 9 is the uniform flux
solution
for vertical
fractures
presented
by
Gringarten et al. This solution follows the infiniteconductivity solution at small values of times. For
intermediate
times, this solution behaves as a
variable conductivity fracture solution, eventually
following a finite-conductivity
fracture solution of
about equal to 4.4.
jD~fD
Fig. 11 shows the results of Fig. 10 plotted as a
function of the logarithm of pWD vs the logarithm of
ID. At small values of dimensionless
time, the
curves have a distinct form for different values of
conductivity
lo,~!
..
,.,
,,,
,,
II***,
9919.
II
,8
.-,.
m
.
*..,*
. . . .
;.:1:;
.,
..
--T.
.
.,,
...i.
,
,
I,i,:
---!
--+--
:..
;_,
.,
--:-
+;
.-
4 ..
...; :.:,
{ .
tmFR
..:,
1.-L.LL!L
, ,
I+tlll
1..1ill!
,.. I i 11 11 ill
1
[ [1
t I ~ --l
..1..:.1---- L.-.1
F SEMILO~~ ~ ,;
.--....-.,
.-,
,1 ,I
J---.-. . .
.. r-lr
d.
I
1
.
,,
:-I .
..:
.
I
..
I I t!
io-s
* *i&i
FIG. 11
m
f%fD
*7
Vs ~D FOR
,,,
1 , , ,
40
.,,
,,,
* .. IO*
lo~
264kt
t,8 :.00;
+PQ*
FINITE-CONDUCTIVITY
VERTICAL
FRACTURE.
SOCIETY
OF PETROLEUM
ENGINEERS JOlkNAL
c,of~
*:1
% = 260 STf3/f)
Pi - Plvf
Jh&/
JE!9!L
57
68
79
0,25
0.00
1.
2.s
s.
10
20
30
40
00
80
70
80
90
lW
160
108
134
188
210
238
201
200
228
311
321
334
343
384
dimensionless
pressure
drop, pu D, and the
dimension less time, tD, respectively. h e definitions
of pw~ and @ are given by Eq. 4. Once these two
parameters are known, the fracture conductivity,
klw, can be estimated from kfD wtD data match. The
definition of kf~w@ is given by Eq. 13.
EXAMPLE 1
pwfD)M
10
p = 0.85 Cp
DrawdownDsta
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION
The examples
presented
here are synthetic
pressure drawdown tests for a well crossed by a
finite-conductivity
fracture. The pressure data were
analyzed using a type-curve matching procerdun.,
This technique consists of plotting the presw re
&op, Ap, on the ordinate vs flowing time, t, on the
abscissa
of a log-log paper of the sane size as
Fig. 11. Normally, a tracing paper is placed over
the type. curve, and the major grid lines are traced
for reference. The grid of Fig. 11 is used to plot
actual data on the tracing paper. Next, the data
plot is moved vertically and horizontally over Fig.
11, keeping the grids of the type-curve and those
of the data plot parallel to each other until the
best match is obtained with a curve of Fig. 11.
From this figure, the value of klD !UfD corresponding
to the curve that fits the pressure data fs read. A
convenient match point is pieced and the values of
(Ap)M and (At)M are read from the data plot. The
corresponding values lying directly under this point
on Fig. 11 are (pW@M ~d (~D)M.
h, and the half-fracture
The formation permeability,
length, xi, may be obtained by substitution of the
match
point
data
into
the expressions
for
h=30ft
+ = 0.3
Ct = 20 x 10+ pal-*
B = 1.6s bbl/STB
rw = 0.26 ft
0.1
141. 2(250,
I0
I
10L
MATCH
POIHT
I0$
I
t :s1J
1
101
,.~
10+
Id
101
10-1
t,
10
10
,0.1
Io?
I
10
,08
IOJ
,~$
&tlhr81
This yields
k-
7.76m~.
The half-fracture
length then is calculated from
the time match, t= 100hours and tD = 1.6; that is,
(tD)M
= 1.6
=
md)(100
0.000264(7.76
0. 3(0.85
Cp) (20x10-6
P&
hrs)
(xf2
ft2)
k _ 5.05
md
Hence,
= 158.4
ft.
Xf = 83,23
(kfw
fDwfD
= 2
= (158.4
= 7.72
x 103
= 13.2
%
10= md-ft
and
red-f t)
ft)(7.76
= -5.06
rnd)
From
Fig.
15, the slope of the semi logarithmic
and P 1 h~~r =
straight line is m = -285 psi/cyck
2,732 psia; then,
and
kfw
wkf
md-f~.
162.6~
k=.
qB1.i ~ -
k=
162. 6x195x1.
-285x55
5.1
4x1.8
md
= -5.65
*
g
2
MATCH
1d
TABLE 3-
4 = 0.18
h=55ft
C, = 18x10-13w1
p = l,8cp
B = 1.4 bbl/STB
II
II
,
;02
10
lt
10
At (h~)ld
103
.
Drawlown Dsta
.
/+ - Pwf
(houm)
-i!@!J__
I&)
10-
lG
%. = 195sTB/D
t ~ =o,25ft
POIMT
AP~loo?Di,
~,o*o!4?
~t,look~, ..1.. .9.3
I1
10-2
262
ft
81
1
2
3
103
128
4
.5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
20
144
157
17C
182
192
201
207
223
2s
247
267
Pi - Pwf
24
30
_@Q2s3
307
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
200
250
3W
333
358
378
3m
411
424
439
45s
4s4
522
54s
571
00
2400 -
00%%
Pwf
(
psia)
m=-aC~C#&
\
2000 L
,m~
10-
10
102
103
r ( hm)
OF PETROLEUM
ENGINEERS
JOURNAL
= 1.1513
hour-pi
rn
[oM;r:]
+3.22751
~
-W3
2732-2600
-285
= 1*1513
.18X1.8X18X10-1X
(.25)2
Results
from both procedures are in excellent
agreement; however, additional data concerning the
fracture geometry may be ~ound from the rype-cutve
analysis.
Comparison of Fig. 14 with Fig. 15 is
interesting. Only four data points lie to the right of
the dashed line in Fig. 14, while 10 or 11 points
seem ro lie on the semilog straight line in Fig, 15.
This would include all points to the right of the
arrow in Fig. 14. This results because the analytic
solutions
approach
the semilog
straight
line
asymptotically.
This practical
application
of the
criteria for the start of the semilo~ straight line
indicates the rules may be stretched with acceptable
results.
If pressure data are not available for early times,
a uniqueness
problem arises
when type-curve
matching is applied. This means that data will
match any of the curves in Fig. 11 because they
of time. As a
are similar
for large values
consequence,
fracture geometry parameters cannot
be estimated,
and the only applicable technique
will be the semilogarithmic method.
CONCLUSIONS
all
NOMENCLATURE
6=
f3=
c=
relative
capacity
parameter
defined
Prats,ls dimensionless
formation volume factor, bbl/STB
compressibility,
psi-l
fracture storage capacity, ft3/psi
formation thickness, ft
permeability
pressure
fracture flux density, STB/D - ft
well flow rate, STB/D
%+cjt
x,y =
197s
for
9W =
t= time, hours
w. fracture. width,
Almlsr,
are
solutions
identical
to the infinitefracture solution of Gringarten
et al.
= -5.04
finite-ccmductivity
purposes
conductivity vertical
5.1
Log
+ 3.2275
300, the
practical
c,
k =
k=
p=
9/ =
space
by
ft
coordinates,
ft
w
T = hydraulic
diffusivity,
=
viscosity,
cp
P
@ = porosity, fraction
md-psi/cp
the
SUBSCRIPTS
D = dimensionless
11.
/ = fracture
i = initial
wellbore
d%
r-
references
P.,
1. Prats, M., Hazebroek,
Jl%ffectof Vertical Fracturea
and Strickler,
W. R.:
on Reservoir Behavior
- CompreaaiMe.Fluid Case, Sot. Pet. 8mg. J.
(June 1962) 87-94; Trams., ASME, Vol. 225.
2. Scott, J. o.: ~c~e Effect of Vertical Fracturea on
Tranai~nt Pressure Behavior of Wells, J. Pet. Tech.
(Dec. 1963) 1365-1369; Trans., AIME, Vol. 22S.
D. G. nd Truitt, N. E.: !Transient Pres3. Ruascll,
sure Behavior in Vertically
Fractured Reservoirs,
J. Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1%4) 11s9.1 170; Truss., AIME,
Vol. 231.
Lee, W. J., Jr.: Analysis
of Hydraulically Fractured
paper SPE
Wells With Pressure Buildup Teats,
1820 presented at the SPE-AIME 42nd Annual Fall
Meeting, Houston, Oct. 1-4, 1967.
5. Millheim,
Analyzing
J.
Pet.
L.: Testing
and
K. Kt and Cichowicz,
Low-Permeability
Fractured Gaa Wells,
(Feb. 1968) 193-19S; Trans., AIME,
Tech
Vol. 243.
Pressure
Testing of Frac6. Clark, K. K.: ~ Transient
tured Water Snjection Wells,
J. Pet. Tech
(June
1%S) 639-643; Trans., AIME, Vol. 243.
R. A. and Remey, H. J., Jr.: well
Interpretation
of Vertically
Fractured
Gas
Wella, t$ ), Pet, ?ecb. (May 1969) 625-632; Trans..
AIME, Vol. 246.
7. Wsttenbarger,
Test
8. van Everdingen,
mation
au
of
Fracturing Trcatmenta in ow
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
4.
jr.:
Fractured
1014-1020;
t = total
w=
EL J.,
to
Analyze
Non-Respondent
Vertically
communication,
Stanford
***
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