Yapsiehorngaa060243d10ttt PDF

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDY OF BRICK MASONRY
SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOADING
YAP SIE HORNG
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDY OF BRICK MASONRY

SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOADING
YAP SIE HORNG
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements of the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2010
iii
This report is dedicated to my beloved and supportive father and mother.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Here, I, the author, take my chances to express my gratitude to all who have
given me guidance, advices and assistances in completing this report. Without them,
it is impossible for me to complete this report with my own strength.
First of all, I want to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Jahangir Bakhteri and cosupervisor Prof. Madya Ir. Dr. Mohd. Hanim Osman for their guidance along the
way in completing this course. I also want to thank the technicians of Structure and
Material Laboratory, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai for their guidance and co-operation during my laboratory work.
I also express my appreciation to all my friends who involved indirectly to

my study. I thank them for their assistances and supports.
Finally, I want to express a thousand thanks to both of my parents for all their
support and high expectation in me. And again, thanks to all who have guided me,
assisted me and supported me.
ABSTRACT
This project report presents the effect of mortar joint thickness on the
compressive strength of brickworks. These studies included the investigation on the
properties of the materials used for the brickwork. A series of experiments based on
British Standard were done to obtain the properties of the materials. Various sets of
5-bricks prisms and stretcher bond wallete specimens were made and having
different mortar joint thickness. In this research, the mortar joint thicknesses used
were 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm. The samples were tested to obtain the
necessary information. By using simple statistically and graphical method, the
characteristic compressive strength of the brickwork along with other properties was
obtained. From the compressive testing, samples with mortar joint thickness 7.0 mm
showed higher compressive strength compared to the other two thicknesses.
Observation was made during the test to evaluate the failure occurred to the
brickwork under compression. From the observation made during the experiment, the
general failure mode occurred on the samples was vertical cracking. An attempt was
made to compare the experimental results obtained with the theoretical values
calculated from a formula based on elastic analysis. The results obtained from the
experiment testing fulfilled the theories stated by A.W. Hendry and this strengthened
the analysis done previously. The tests and the analysis result clearly show that the
increment of the mortar joint thickness will directly reduce the compressive strength
of brick masonry.
vi
ABSTRAK
Kertas kerja ini membentangken kesan ketebalan sambungan mortar ke atas

kekuatan mampatan kerja bata. Kajian ini termasuk penyelidikan sifat bahan-bahan
yang digunakan untuk kerja bata. Satu siri ujian yang merujuk kepada British
Standard dilaksanakan untuk memperolehi sifat-sifat bahan tersebut. Beberapa set
prisma 5-bata dan spesimen wallete ikatan memanjang dibuat dan mempunyai
ketebalan sambungan mortar yang berbeza. Dalam kajian ini, ketebalan sambungan
mortar yang diguna adalah 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm dan 15.0 mm. Sampel tersebut diuji
untuk mendapatkan informasi yang diperlukan. Dengan menggunakan kaedah
statistik dan graf mudah, kekuatan mampatan kerja bata dan sifat-sifat lain telah
diperolehi. Daripada ujian mampatan, sampel yang mempunyai ketebalan
sambungan mortar 7.0 mm menunjukkan kekuatan mampatan yang lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan dua ketebalan yang lain. Pemerhatian dibuat semasa ujikaji
untuk menilai kegagalan yang berlaku kepada kerja bata dalam keadaan mampatan.
Daripada pemerhatian yang dibuat semasa ujian, mod kegagalan umum yang berlaku
kepada sampel adalah retakan menegak. Percubaan dilakukan untuk membandingkan
keputusan ujikaji dengan nilai teori yang dikira daripada fomula yang berdasarkan
kepada analisa keanjalan. Hasil yang diperolehi daripada ujikaji memenuhi teoriteori yang telah dinyatakan oleh A.W. Hendry and ini menguatkan lagi analisa yang
dibuat sebelum ni. Ujikaji dan analisa yang dibuat jelas menunjukkan bahawa
peningkatan ketebalan sambungan mortar akan secara langsungnya mengurangkan
kekuatan mampatan kerja bata.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1.0
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
1.2
Statement of the Problems
1.3
Objectives of the Research
1.4
Statement of Hypothesis
viii
2.0
1.5
Scope of Research
1.6
Importance of Research
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
General
2.2
Bricks
2.2.1 Type of Bricks
2.3
2.2.1.1 Clay Bricks
2.2.1.2 Sand-lime Bricks
2.2.1.3 Concrete Bricks
10
2.2.2 Properties of Clay Bricks
12
2.2.2.1 Compressive Strength
12
2.2.2.2 Water Absorption
12
2.2.2.3 Fire Resistance
13
2.2.2.4 Chemical Resistance
13
2.2.2.5 Thermal Resistance
14
2.2.2.6 Sound Absorption and Transmission
14
2.2.2.7 Colour
14
2.2.2.8 Texture
15
Mortar
15
2.3.2 Properties of Mortar
16
2.3.2.1 Workability of Wet Mortar
16
ix
2.4
17
2.3.2.3 Bonding Strength
17
2.3.2.4 Elastic Properties
18
Properties of Brickwork
18
2.4.1 Behaviour of Brickwork in Compression
18
2.4.2 Mechanism of Failure in Brickwork under Axial

Load
3.0
23
METHODOLOGY
24
3.1
General
24
3.2
Required Materials
24
3.3
Tests on the Materials
26
3.3.1 Tests on Bricks
26
3.3.1.1 Measurement of Dimensions
26
3.3.1.2 Determination of Compressive Strength
28
3.3.2 Tests on Mortars Constituents
3.4
29
3.3.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand Grading
29
3.3.2.2 Compressive Strength Test on Mortar
31
Tests on Wallete Specimens
33
3.4.1 Construction of Wallete Specimens
33
3.4.1.1 Construction of 5-Bricks Prism Wallete

Specimens
35
x
3.4.1.2 Construction of Stretcher Bond Wallete
Specimens
3.4.2 Compressive Strength Test on Wallete Specimens
4.0
36
36
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
38
4.1
General
38
4.2
Tests on Bricks
38
4.2.1 Measurement of Dimensions of Bricks
38
4.2.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Bricks
39
Tests on Mortar
42
4.3.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand
42
4.3.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Mortar Cubes
43
Tests on Wallete Specimens
44
4.3
4.4
4.4 1 Compressive Strength Tests on 5-bricks Prism

Specimens
44
4.4.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Stretcher Bond

Wallete Specimens
48
4.5
Theoretical Analysis
50
4.6
Discussions and Comments
53
53
4.6.2 Tests on Mortar
54
4.6.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand
54
4.6.2.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Mortar

Cubes
54
xi
4.6.3 Tests on Wallete Specimens
4.6.3.1 Tests on 5-bricks Prism Specimens
55
55
4.6.3.2 Tests on Stretcher Bond Wallete

Specimens
57
4.6.4 Theoretical Compressive Strength of Wallete

Specimens
4.6.5 Computerised Analysis on Wallete Specimens
5.0
59
62
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
67
5.1
General
67
5.2
Conclusion
67
5.3
Recommendations
68
REFERENCES
70
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Sizes of Bricks, BS 3921: 1985
2.2
Classification of bricks by compressive strength and water

absorption, BS 3921: 1985
2.3
Classes of calcium silicate bricks
10
2.4
Requirements for mortar, BS 5628
16
3.1
Limits of bricks dimensions recommended by BS 3921:

1985
27
3.2
Percentage by mass passing BS sieve, BS 882: 1992.
30
3.3
Total of 18 specimens according to bonding type and

mortar thickness
34
4.1
Dimensions of 24 bricks measured
39
4.2
Compressive strength of tested clay bricks
39
4.3
Characteristic compressive strength calculation for bricks
41
4.4
Sieve analysis for sand
42
4.5
Results of compressive strength test on mortar grade III
43
4.6
Dimensions of the 5-bricks prism specimens
44
4.7
Results of the 5-bricks prism specimens compressive

strength test
45
Vertical displacement for each specimen
46
4.8
xiii
4.9
4.10
4.11
Results of the stretcher bond wallete specimens

dimensions measurement
49
Results of stretcher bond wallete specimens compressive

strength test
49
Comparison between experimental results and theoretical

values
60
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Clay bricks
2.2
Sand-lime bricks
10
2.3
Concrete bricks
11
2.4
Mean compressive strength of walls against brick strength

for 102mm thick brickwork in various mortars (Hendry,
1990)
17
Brick strength against brickwork cube strength (David

Lenczner, 1972)
19
Mortar strength against brickwork cube strength (David

Lenczner, 1972)
19
Stress-strain curves for full scale models (Jahangir

Bakhteri, Shamala Sambasivam)
20
Effect of mortar joint thickness on masonry compression

strength in full scale models (Jahangir Bakhteri, Shamala
Sambasivam)
21
Variation in the wet compressive strength of masonry

prism with mortar joint thickness (B. V. Venkatarama
Reddy, Richardson Lal, K. S. Nanjunda Rao)
21
Stress-strain relationships for SCB masonry prisms with

different joint thicknesses (B. V. Venkatarama Reddy,
Richardson Lal, K. S. Nanjunda Rao)
22
Typical failure patterns in a brickwork wall
23
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
xv
3.1
Bricks to be used in constructing wallete specimens
25
3.2
Ordinary Portland cement to be used in mortar mixture
25
3.3
Lime to be used in mortar mixture
25
3.4
Sand to be used in mortar mixture
26
3.5
Arrangement of bricks for measurement of (a) length, (b)

width, and (c) height
27
3.6
Testing of brick specimens
29
3.7
Sieving process for the sand
30
3.8
Hardened mortar cubes for further curing
32
3.9
Compressive strength testing for mortar cubes
33
3.10
Model of 5-bricks prism specimens
34
3.11
Model of stretcher bond wallete specimens
34
3.12
Completed 5-bricks prism specimens
35
3.13
Completed stretcher bond wallete specimens
36
3.14
Compressive strength tests on 5-bricks prism specimens
37
3.15
Compressive strength tests on stretcher bond wallete

specimens
37
Chart of percentage passing against sieve size for sand

grading sieve analysis
42
Graph of compressive strength against number of curing

daysfor mortar cubes
43
Chart of compressive strength for each specimen

according to mortar joint thickness
45
Chart of compressive load against vertical displacement

for each specimen
47
Chart of compressive strength of specimens against mortar

joint thickness for 5-bricks prism specimens
48
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
xvi
4.6
Chart of compressive strength of specimens against mortar

joint thickness for stretcher bond wallete specimens
50
4.7
Shape of the bricks after being tested
54
4.8
Shape of the 100 mm x 100 mm mortar cubes after being

tested
55
Failure of 5-bricks prism specimen with mortar joint 7.5

mm, 3rd model
56

mm, 3rd model
56

mm, 3rd model
56
Failure of stretcher bond wallete specimen with mortar

joint 7.5 mm, 1st model
58

58

58
Chart of comparison between experimental results and

theoretical values for stretcher bond wallete specimens
61
4.16
Dimensions of a typical 5-bricks prism specimen
62
4.17
Prism divided into 8-noded brick elements along with
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
applied load and boundary conditions
63
Vertical stress contour of the specimen with 7.5 mm

mortar joint
64

mortar joint
64

mortar joint
65
Horizontal strain contour of the specimen with 7.5 mm

mortar joint
66
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Length of specimen
Width of specimen
Height of specimen
Area
Maximum loading supported by specimen
Compressive strength
Specimens data
Number of specimen tested
xo
Average of specimens data
Width of the class interval
Fi
Number of observation falling in the ith class interval
Di
Deviation
Mean
Standard deviation
fk
Characteristic compressive strength of specimen
Thickness
Mb
Mass density of brick
Mm
Mass density of mortar
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
In the history of civil construction, brick masonry has always been the vital
material used in building up a structure. At the early ages of construction, brick
masonry was the most used material compared to other type of materials such as
timber, steel, concrete and others. Now in this advanced era, brick masonry still
widely used material along with other materials even in Malaysia.
The brick masonry is widely used until this second due to its undeniable
advantages. Buildings that constructed using bricks have high compressive strength
and durability against foreign disturbances. Structure components of the buildings
that built out of bricks also have multiple resistances such as resistance against heat
and sound. Due to those resistances, those components can also act as insulator
within certain part of the building. Bricks also provide aesthetic surfacing to the
brickwork. In term of workability and economy, the usage of bricks masonry makes
the whole building construction easier, faster and cheaper. For that, it is not odd that
everyone preferred usage of bricks in their construction.
Bricks are usually used in the making of structural components such as
partitions, building walls and retaining walls. These structural components are made
of two elements, which are bricks and mortar. Brick is actually a block unit made of
ceramic material such as clay, sand and others which is used in masonry construction.
Mortar is a mixture used as binder to construct structural components. The mortar
mixture usually consists of cement, sand and water.
2
The composition of bricks and mortar can make up a structural component
with high compressive strength and durability. So, the properties of each element,
bricks and mortar, can greatly affect the properties of the end product which means
the completed structural component. Some of the properties of bricks to be
considered are: types, compressive strength and water absorption. According to BS
5628: Part 3, the preferred mortar joint thickness is 10.0 mm or less. For Eurocode 6:
Part 1, it mentioned that the thickness of the mortar joint should between 8.0 mm and
15.0 mm. The variation to the mortar joint thickness will give variation to the
compressive strength of the entire structural component.
The present research included a study on compressive strength of brick
masonry subjected to axial loading with reference to the Malaysian conditions. The
study focuses on the effect of mortar joint thickness variation on the compressive
strength of the masonry components. Components with different types of bonding
are also included in this research. From this study, it is expected that a better
understanding of the effect of the mortar joint thickness on the characteristic
compressive strength of masonry structures would be obtained.
1.2 Statement of the Problems

In the construction industry, many people overlook the importance of mortar
joint thickness toward the overall strength characteristic of the masonry construction.
In their eyes, they see mortar as merely a binder mix to join the bricks together and
to form a structural component. They believed that the strength and durability of the
structure mostly depend on the quality of bricks. The better the quality of the bricks
used, the higher the strength and durability of the structure. They did not realize that
the role of the mortar joint is as important as the bricks. The quality and the thickness
of the mortar joint will also contribute great effect on the compressive strength and
durability of the entire structure.
For the above mentioned reasons, present research will be carried out to
determine and understand the effect of mortar joint thickness on the compressive
3
strength of the masonry structure. Modification also made during the research to
simulate the actual brickwork in the construction industry.
1.3 Objectives of the Research

For the present research, the following objectives have been set.
1. To determine the design strength and properties of mortar.
2. To determine the compressive strength of wallete specimens (brick masonry
models) using different mortar joint thicknesses such as 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and
15.0 mm.
3. To study the compressive strength of wallete specimens with different bonding
types using mortar joint thicknesses of 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm.
1.4 Statement of Hypothesis

By referring to BS 5628: Part 3, it stated that the recommended thickness of
mortar bed joint for brickwork is 10.0 mm, unless specified by the designer. In
Eurocode 6: Part 1, it stated that bed joint should not be less than 8.0 mm or more
than 15.0 mm thick. This also implies that the thinner mortar joint is preferred. It is
believed that thinner mortar joint can produces brickwork with higher compressive
strength. In other words, by increasing the thickness of mortar joint, the compressive
strength of the brickwork will be reduced.
In this research, the joint thicknesses to be tested are 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and
15.0 mm. With the above mentioned recommendations by BS 5628: Part 3 and
Eurocode 6: Part 1, it is expected that the brickwork with mortar joint thickness 7.0
mm will have higher compressive strength compared to brickwork with joint of
thickness 10.0 mm. Brickwork with mortar joint thickness 15.0 mm will have the
lowest compressive strength among the three joint thicknesses. However, other
factors such as types and properties of materials and method of construction may also
affect the results of the research.
4
1.5 Scope of Research
This research includes the determination of the dimensions of the clay brick
units and their testing, mortar testing and compressive strength study of the wallete
specimens.
In this research, the type of clay brick units to be used is normal backed or
burnt clay bricks. The bricks will be measured to obtain the average dimensions of
the units. Each selected brick unit will be tested using a compression testing machine
to obtain the average compressive strength of the brick units.
In Malaysias construction industry, mortar grade III with cement, lime and
sand as materials is commonly used. So, mortar grade III will be used in the
construction of the models. The materials for the mortar will be tested to obtain their
properties. Based on the design guide and materials properties obtained, the required
mix design for the mortar will be established. Cubes or samples will be prepared
from the mortar and to be tested to obtain the ultimate compressive strength of the
harden mortar.
The bricks will be bonded together using mortar grade III producing walletes
with different mortar joint thicknesses of 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm. Three sets
of walletes of different bonding types (5-bricks prism and stretcher bond wallete)
will be produced. Each wallete will be tested under compression testing machine to
obtain the ultimate compressive strength of the walletes. Based on the obtained
experimental results, relationship between mortar joint thickness and compressive
strength of brickwork will be established.
1.6 Importance of Research

The research will be carried out with the aims for better understanding of the
effects of different mortar joint thicknesses on the compressive strength of brickwork.
As the research involves components of brick units and mortar, better understanding
of these components will also be obtained. This research can be used as a reference
for other researchers in related field in the future.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Definition of masonry is actually building of structure from individual units
laid in and bound together by bonding mixture known as mortar. The commonly
used masonry unit in structure construction is brick. Other types of masonry units are
blocks and tiles. Mortar and bricks had long been used in building structures.
However, to mastering the art of masonry construction, the road is still far ahead. For
that reason, research and investigations are done to understand more in the field of
masonry construction.
2.2 Bricks
A brick is a walling unit whose form may be generally defined as a
rectangular prism of a size that can be handled conveniently with one hand (G.C.J.
Lynch, 1994). Bricks are widely used since in the past centuries due to its values and
advantages. Bricks also possess properties which are not commonly found in other
materials.
6
2.2.1 Type of Bricks
In the market, there are several types of bricks that can be found and being
used in the construction industry. The classification of the bricks depended on the
materials and method used in making those different types of bricks. The commonly
used bricks types are clay bricks, sand-lime bricks and concrete bricks. These types
of bricks had been standardized for its usage. In this research, the type of bricks that
to be used is clay bricks. So, attention was paid more to explore the usage of the clay
bricks.
2.2.1.1 Clay Bricks

Clay brick is most commonly used brick in todays construction. The main
material used in making this type of brick is clay. In Malaysia, the usage of clay
brick in construction has to refer to BS 3921: 1985 (Specification for Clay Brick). By
referring to BS 3921: 1985, the work size of clay brick had been set to 215 mm x
102.5 mm x 65 mm while the coordination size of clay brick had been set to 225 mm
x 112.5 mm x 75 mm. Work size means the actual size of the bricks that should
conform within specified permissible deviation while coordinating size means the
size of a coordinating space allocated to a brick including allowances for joints and
tolerances. Table 2.1 which is extracted from BS 3921: 1985 shows the size of the
clay brick. Clay brick can further classified into three categories; common bricks,
facing bricks and engineering bricks.
7
Table 2.1 Sizes of Bricks, BS 3921: 1985
Coordinating size
Work size
Length
Width
Height
Length
Width
Height
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
225
112.5
75
215
102.5
65
NOTE The work sizes are derived from the corresponding

coordinating sizes by the subtraction of a nominal thickness
of 10 mm for the mortar joint.
Figure 2.1 Clay bricks
2.2.1.1.1 Common Bricks

This category of bricks is not designed to have either aesthetic value or very
high compressive strength. These bricks are suitable for general building work which
does not involve extreme loading. These bricks are commonly used to construct
partitions separating spaces within a building. Plastering is done onto the bricks to
cover the unpleasant surfaces and to enforce the partitions.
8
2.2.1.1.2 Facing Bricks
This category of bricks is specially made or selected to give an attractive
appearance when used without rendering or plaster or other surface treatment of the
wall. These bricks can be used for exterior and interior walls of a structure. Facing
bricks are available in a wide range of colours and textures. The various colours to
the facing bricks depended on the mineral contents of the raw clay used for the bricks
production. The surfaces of the bricks have high durability as they can resist the
extreme weather condition. However, facing bricks have lower compressive strength
compared to common bricks and engineering bricks.
2.2.1.1.3 Engineering Bricks

Engineering bricks are dense and strong compared to the previous two
categories. Engineering bricks is further sub-divided into two classes, Engineering A
and Engineering B, based on their compressive strength. These semi-vitreous bricks
should possess both the required compressive strength and water absorption
properties as stated in BS 3921: 1985. Table 2.2 shows the classification of bricks by
compressive strength and water absorption. These bricks are used in construction of
bridges, sewers and retaining wall.
9
Table 2.2 Classification of bricks by compressive strength and water absorption,
BS 3921: 1985
Class
Compressive strength,
Water absorption,
N/mm2
% by mass
Engineering A
70
4.5
Engineering B
50
7.0
Damp-proof course 1
4.5
Damp-proof course 2
7.0
All others
No limit
NOTE 1 There is no direct relationship between compressive strength and water

absorption as given in this table and durability.
NOTE 2 Damp-proof course 1 bricks are recommended for use in buildings
whilst damp-proof course 2 bricks are recommended for use in external works
(see Table 13 of BS 5628-3:1985).
2.2.1.2 Sand-lime Bricks

Sand-lime bricks or also known as calcium silicate bricks are made using
mixture of lime and sand with the proportion of 1:8 added with water. Pressure and
heat are applied for the sand and lime to mix together and react chemically to form
the bricks. After that, the bricks are demoulded and cooled. They are then put into
the autoclave machine and applied with heat and pressure for further hardening. The
compressive strength of the bricks is between 7 N/mm2 to 50 N/mm2. The colour of
the sand-lime bricks is commonly light gray. BS187 included the details of the
minimum specifications for the production of sand-lime bricks.
10
Table 2.3 Classes of calcium silicate bricks
Class
Minimum mean compressive

strength (wet) of ten bricks N/mm
Minimum predicted lower limit

2
of compressive strength N/mm2
48.5
40.5
41.5
34.5
34.5
28.0
27.5
21.5
20.5
15.5
Figure 2.2 Sand-lime bricks
2.2.1.3 Concrete Bricks

Production of concrete bricks is similar to the sand-lime bricks with sand and
Ordinary Portland Cement as the mixture materials. The concrete is hardened by
conventional water curing process or special compression method. BS 1180 stated
the minimum requirements for the bricks and its classification. Similar to the clay
bricks, concrete bricks also available in three categories: common bricks,
engineering bricks and facing bricks.
11
Figure 2.3 Concrete bricks
2.2.1.3.1 Common Bricks

Common bricks are manufactured in a wide range of strengths, densities and
cementitious content to satisfy the structural and durability requirements of BS 5628:
Part 3. They can be used above or below ground level.
2.2.1.3.2 Engineering Bricks

Engineering bricks of strength 40 N/mm2 can be used in particularly
aggressive conditions where sulphate resistance and low water absorption are
paramount e.g. retaining walls, special applications below DPC (damp proof course)
and structural applications. Inspection chambers can also be constructed by using
these bricks.
12
2.2.1.3.3 Facing Bricks
Facing bricks of strength 20 N/mm2 provide attractive appearance for use in
all forms of construction, internal or external. They are available in a wide range of
colours including multi-colours, and in smooth, rustic, split, pitched or weathered
finishes.
2.2.2 Properties of Clay Bricks

The properties of the bricks depended on the materials and method used to
produce the bricks. Several properties that majorly used to distinct the quality of
bricks are compressive strength, water absorption and fire resistance.

In construction, compressive strength of clay bricks is one of the factors that
determine the properties of the end products. Clay bricks are high in compressive
strength but relatively weak in tension. Clay bricks can vary in strength from about 7
N/mm2 to well over 100 N/mm2. The strength of clay bricks also varies with the
bricks porosity. For low rise buildings, bricks of 5.2 N/mm2 should be sufficient. As
for the high rise building, engineering bricks or those with higher compressive
strength are used. Table 2.2 also shows the minimum requirement of strength needed
in each class of the bricks.
2.2.2.2 Water Absorption

The bricks contain pores that will allow passage of water. Due to capillary
action at the pores of the bricks, the pores will absorb the water content from mortar
that laid on the bricks. The absorption of water will affect the properties of the
13
mortar and thus affect the bonding of mortar between bricks. The initial rate of
absorption (IRA) by the clay bricks should fall between the range of 0.25 and 2.05
kg/min/m2 in order to form strong bond between mortar and bricks. If the IRA of the
clay bricks is less than 0.25 kg/min/m2, the bricks do not absorb much water from the
mortar and the water may tend to float on the mortar. If the IRA value is too high,
too much moisture is drawn from the mortar (Robert G Drysdale, 1994). If too much
moisture is drawn from the mortar, the mortar may dried and harden faster than the
bonds made with the bricks. The bonds between mortar and bricks may be not strong
enough although the mortar has hardened. Table 2.2 also shows the limits of total
water absorption that each of the bricks had to comply.
2.2.2.3 Fire Resistance

Clay bricks are subjected to very much higher temperature during firing than
they are likely to be exposed to in a building fire. As a result, they possess excellent
fire resistance properties (A. W. Henry, 1981). BS 1758: 1966 (Specification for
Fireclay Refractory) explained clearly on the clay bricks resistance duration
depended on the resistance of the bricks against fire.
2.2.2.4 Chemical Resistance

Most of the brickworks are finished with protection layer such as paint or
coating if plastering is not desired. This is to increase the durability of the bricks
against weather exposure and chemical reaction. Chemical reaction occurred to the
brick mostly due to the industrial activities, atmospheric pollution, soil content or
surface water. Without coating, clay bricks themselves have high durability against
chemical substances especially acid and alkaline. In BS 3679: 1963, bricks
durability against acid is categorised into four conditions according to the size,
composition and the texture of the bricks.
14
2.2.2.5 Thermal Resistance
In tropical zone such as in Malaysia, the ideal construction materials are the
materials that exhibit the ability to release the heat within the building and to resist
heat from outside sources such as the sun. This is due to the factor that the climate in
Malaysia is around 30C to 37C during daytime. Bricks with higher density cannot
fulfil that requirement, so with the hollowed bricks. However there is a solution to
this problem which is not to fill up the hollow of the bricks during brick laying work.
2.2.2.6 Sound Absorption and Transmission

Brick may not be ideal for sound insulation as they contain pores that enable
sound transmission, unless one of the faces is plastered or painted to cover the pores
of the brick. Sound transmission problems can be worsened if the brick wall is drilled
for the purpose of electrical socket installation or outlets for wires or pipes. The
bricks production quality is important to produce bricks with low sound transmission
rate and high sound absorption rate. This also means proper production method is
required to produce bricks with higher density and lesser pores. In sound
transmission rate problem, clay brick is found to have more ideal absorption rate than
other kind of brick. This is due to its high density, 2800 kg/m3 (Jackson, 1983).
2.2.2.7 Colour
The colour of a burned brick depends on its chemical composition, the heat of
the kiln, and the method used to control the burning. All clay containing iron will
burn red if exposed to an oxidizing fire. If it is burned in a reducing atmosphere, the
same clay will take on a purple tint, due to the ferrous silicate content. If the same
clay is under-burned, salmon colour are produced. Over-burning produces dark red
brick. Buff clays produce the buff and brown bricks, depending on the temperature of
burning. Colour of the bricks can sometime be used to identify the quality of the
bricks at first sight.
15
2.2.2.8 Texture
Texture is produced by the treatment that the bricks are given as it leaves the
extruding die or mould. A smooth texture is produced by the pressure of clay against
the sides of the steel die. But in the stiff-mud process rough textures may be added to
the brick as it leaves the die, and these include scored finishes, in which the brick
surface is grooved; combed finishes, produced by placing parallel scratches on the
brick; and rough-texture finishes, produced by wire-cutting or wire-brushing the
brick as it emerges from the die.
2.3 Mortar
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind bricks or blocks together and fill the
gaps between them. The main function of mortar is to bond individual masonry units
into a composite assemblage that will withstand the imposed conditions load and
weather (Robert G Drysdale, 1994). By referring to BS 5628, there are three types of
mortar that are commonly used in civil constructions today. The three types of
mortar are
1. Cement : Lime : Sand
2. Masonry cement : Sand
3. Cement : Sand with plasticizer
Table 2.4 shows the different grades and requirement for each type of the mortar.
16
Table 2.4 Requirements for mortar, BS 5628
2.3.2 Properties of Mortar

Deciding which type of mortar to be used in construction is very important
because it will determine the properties of the end product. The decision on the
mortar is based on the properties of the mortar itself. By evaluating the suitability of
different mortar types for construction, a proper design can be made for the mortar.
Proper mortar will produce structures which are high in strength and durability.
2.3.2.1 Workability of Wet Mortar

Workability of wet mortar can be defined as the ability to work and spread
the wet mortar easily, the ability to cling to vertical surfaces and resistance to flow
during the placing of bricks or other building units (David Lenczner, 1972). The
workability of the wet mortar depends on the water content of the mortar.
Workability can also be increase by adding admixture such as plasticizer or lime into
the mortar. However, precautions need to be taken in designing the mortar. Mortar
with very high workability may reduce the strength and durability of the structure.
17
Mortar compression strength is important as it will have an influence on the
masonry brickwork. The major factor that influences the strength of the mortar is the
type of the mortar itself. Mortar grade I will yield higher compressive strength
compared to mortar grade IV. Admixture which added to the mortar also affects the
final strength of the mortar. Admixture such as air-entraining agent will increase the
porosity of the mortar and thus reduce the strength of the mortar. Factors such as
water retention also have influence to the mortar. Most of the brick masonry
constructions in Malaysia are constructed using mortar grade III.
Figure 2.4 Mean compressive strength of walls against brick strength for 102mm
thick brickwork in various mortars (Hendry, 1990).
2.3.2.3 Bonding Strength

Bonding strength is the adhesive strength developed between the mortar and
bricks and is influenced by both of them (David Lenczner, 1972). Several parameters
that will affect the mortar bond are mortar type, water-cement ratio, properties of the
bricks, workmanship and curing condition. For the mortar, correct mortar type and
proper water-cement ratio enable the mortar to flow in order fill up the gaps between
bricks. As for the bricks, the surfaces of the bricks must also be rough enough for the
18
bonding with mortar. The initial rate of absorption of the bricks helps to bond the
mortar to the rough surface of bricks.
2.3.2.4 Elastic Properties

The elastic properties of mortar are important because they affect
significantly the elastic properties of brickwork as well as its strength (David
Lenczner, 1972). Generally, mortar tends to deform under axial load especially
during the construction process. When vertical compression is applied onto the
brickwork, the unreinforced mortar will have lateral expansion. As the bricks are
bonded to the mortar, they are forced to strain equally in horizontal direction. The
bricks will be in the state of tension as the bricks are being pulled by the mortar. As
the bricks are weak in tension, when the tensile force is high enough, tensile cracking
happened and eventually the brickwork collapsed.
2.4 Properties of Brickwork

2.4.1 Behaviour of Brickwork in Compression
Brickwork is a composite material with bricks as the building units and the
mortar as the jointing material. When this two element combined to form a
brickwork unit, the properties of the materials, bricks and mortar, also affect the
brickwork that going to be produced. High compressive strength bricks together with
high strength mortar are able to produce brickwork with high compressive strength.
Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 show the relationship between brick and mortar strength to
brickwork strength.
19
Figure 2.5 Brick strength against brickwork cube strength (David Lenczner, 1972)
Figure 2.6 Mortar strength against brickwork cube strength (David Lenczner, 1972)
20
The relationship between mortar strength against brickwork cube strength is
found to be more precise than relationship between brick strength against brickwork
cube strength. Comparison of brickwork wall strength and brickwork cube strength
with the same materials shows that a typical value of the ratio wall strength per cube
strength is approximately 0.7 (David Lenczner, 1972). This relationship is important
in making assumption for the relationship between brickwork wall strength and
brickwork cube strength in the laboratory.
Other factors which can affect the strength of brickwork are curing duration,
mortar joint thickness, water absorption by bricks and workmanship. After 7 days of
curing, the brickwork will achieve 80% of its ultimate strength and increase to 95%
at the age of 14 days. At the age of 28 days, the brickwork almost reached its
ultimate strength. As for the mortar joint thickness, the thinner the mortar joint, the
higher the compressive strength of the brickwork.
Based on a past research made by Jahangir Bakhteri and Shamala
Sambasivam with the paper titled Mechanical Behaviour of Structural Brick
Masonry: An Experimental Evaluation, brickwork models with mortar joint 7.5 mm
have the highest compressive stress among models with mortar joint 7.5 mm, 12.5
mm, 10.0 mm, 15.0 mm, 17.5 mm and 20.0 mm. Figure 2.7 and Figure 2.8 show the
experimental results obtained from the research.
Figure 2.7 Stress-strain curves for full scale models

(Jahangir Bakhteri, Shamala Sambasivam)
21
Figure 2.8 Effect of mortar joint thickness on masonry compression strength in full
scale models (Jahangir Bakhteri, Shamala Sambasivam)
Based on another past research made by B. V. Venkatarama Reddy,

Richardson Lal and K. S. Nanjunda Rao with the paper titled Influence of Joint
Thickness and Mortar-Block Elastic Properties on the Strength and Stresses
Developed in Soil-Cement Block Masonry, masonry prisms with joint thickness 6.0
mm have the highest compressive stress compared to other masonry prisms with 12.0
mm, 20.0 mm and 30.0 mm joint thickness. Figure 2.9 and Figure 2.10 are parts of
the results obtained from the research.
Figure 2.9 Variation in the wet compressive strength of masonry prism with mortar
joint thickness (B. V. Venkatarama Reddy, Richardson Lal, K. S. Nanjunda Rao)
22
Figure 2.10 Stress-strain relationships for SCB masonry prisms with different joint
thicknesses (B. V. Venkatarama Reddy, Richardson Lal, K. S. Nanjunda Rao)
After numerous experiments and analysis, A. W. Hendry (1981) had derived

a formula for brickwork strength in compression based on an elastic analysis of
brick-mortar complex. The formula is as showed below.
c =
vb +

vm m - vb
1+rm
Where,
c
= brickwork strength in compression
= stress corresponding to tensile failure of the brick
vb
= Poissons ratios for brick
vm
= Poissons ratios for mortar
Eb
= elastic modulus for brick
Em
= elastic modulus for mortar
= depth of brick
= thickness of mortar joint
23
2.4.2 Mechanism of Failure in Brickwork under Axial Load
Failure in brickwork under axial compression is normally by vertical splitting
due to horizontal tension in the bricks (David Lenczner, 1972). Figure 2.11 shows
the typical failure pattern in a brickwork wall.
Figure 2.11 Typical failure patterns in a brickwork wall.
The reason for this type of failure is due to the different strain characteristic
of the bricks and mortar joint. The mortar is less rigid compared to the bricks which
cause the mortar joint tend to spread outward laterally when load is applied.
However, the strong bond between mortar and brick prevent the spreading to happen
so greatly. Subsequently the mortar is put into a state of biaxial compression and the
brick into biaxial tension. Failure in brickwork occurs when the tensile stress in the
brick reaches its ultimate tensile strength (David Lenczner, 1972). So, the properties
of both mortar and bricks will have influence to the ultimate strength of brickwork.
24
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General
This research was carried out for the purpose of having a detailed
understanding of the effect of mortar joint thickness to the compressive strength of
brickwork. To achieve the objectives stated previously, several laboratory testing
were conducted. By using appropriate apparatus and methods, testing was conducted
on the required materials, bricks and mortar, and small scale brickwork models or
better known as wallete specimens. The testing methods and procedures were based
on standard guides of the Code of Practice. All of the testing was done in Structural
and Material Laboratory, Civil Engineering Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Skudai.
3.2 Required Materials

In this research, the required materials for brickwork are bricks and mortar.
The bricks that were used to construct wallete specimens were oven-backed common
clay bricks. As for mortar, mortar grade III with cement, lime and sand as materials
was chosen to be used in this research. The design proportion of cement, lime and
sand for the mortar was based on BS 5628-1:2005. Ordinary Portland cement, OPC
was used in the mortar mixture. Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2, Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4
showed the materials used in the research.
25
Figure 3.1 Bricks used in constructing wallete specimens
Figure 3.2 Ordinary Portland cement used in mortar mixture
Figure 3.3 Lime used in mortar mixture
26
Figure 3.4 Sand used in mortar mixture
3.3 Tests on the Materials

Before the construction of wallete specimens, the properties of the materials
used had to be known. The knowledge of the properties of the brick would assist the
analysis afterward. Several testing were conducted to bricks and mortar to obtain
their properties.

There are several tests which are commonly used to obtain various properties
of the brick. However in this research, only two bricks tests were required. The two
bricks tests were measurement of the dimensions of the bricks and the determination
of compressive strength of the bricks. The procedures of the testing were based on
British Standard Specification for Clay Brick, BS 3921: 1985.
3.3.1.1 Measurement of Dimensions

For the bricks dimensions measurement, the procedures were based on
Appendix A, BS 3921: 1985. The required apparatus in this test was measuring tape.
27
In this test, a total of 24 bricks were selected randomly from the bricks stack.
Any blister, small projections or loose particles of clay that adhered to each brick had
to be removed. The bricks were then placed in contact with each other in a straight
line upon a level surface. The method of arranging the bricks depended on which
dimension to be measured; length, width or height. The Figures 3.5 shows the
arrangement of bricks respect to the dimension measured.
Figure 3.5 Arrangement of bricks for measurement of

(a) length, (b) width, and (c) height
The overall dimension (length, width or height) for 24 bricks was measured
to the nearest millimetre using measuring tape. Each result was recorded and
compared with the dimensional deviations stated in BS 3921: 1985.
Table 3.1 Limits of bricks dimensions recommended by BS 3921: 1985

Limit of size
Work size
Overall measurement of 24 bricks (mm)

Maximum
Minimum
215
5235
5085
102.5
2505
2415
65
1605
1515
28
3.3.1.2 Determination of Compressive Strength
For the compressive strength testing of brick, the procedures were based on
Appendix D, BS 3921: 1985. The required apparatus in this testing was compression
machine.
The test started by preparing 10 bricks which were chosen randomly from the
brick stack. The bricks were immersed in water for 24 hours before undergo further
testing.
After 24 hours, each brick specimen was removed from the water. The
overall dimensions of each brick were measured and the area of the bed face of the
specimen was calculated.
For the compression machine, the bearing surfaces of all the platens were
wiped clean. Any loose grit or other material was removed from the surfaces of the
specimen which were to be in contact with the platens. To ensure a uniform bearing
for the brick specimen, the specimen was placed between 3 mm thick plywood sheets
to take up irregularities. Then, load was applied onto the specimen without shock
with the rate of loading 3.0 kN/sec and maintained this rate until failure. Failure
occurred when the indicator needle fall back in spite of progressively adjusting the
machine controls or the specimen experienced explosive collapse. The maximum
load (in kN) carried by the specimen during the test was recorded.
To obtain the strength of each specimen, the maximum load obtained from
the compressive strength test was divided by the area of the bed face determined
earlier. The strength was recorded in N/mm2 to the nearest 0.1 N/mm2. Finally, the
compressive strength was calculated by taking the average of the strengths of the 10
specimens of the sample to the nearest 0.1 N/mm2. Figure 3.6 showed the machine
used for compressive testing.
Compressive Strength N mm2 =
Applied Load (N)

Area of Bed Face (mm2 )
29
Figure 3.6 Testing of brick specimens
3.3.2 Tests on Mortars Constituents

To design the volume of materials required to produce mortar grade III, the
properties of the materials themselves had to be known. Several tests had to be done
to obtain the properties of those materials. The required tests were sieve analysis for
sand grading and compressive strength test on mortar cubes.
3.3.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand Grading

Sand is one of the important components in producing mortar. Before the
sand was being used, the grade of the sand had to be ensured pass the sieve analysis
test. The sand was used to produce mortar grade III. Referring to BS 5628-1: 2005,
the proportion by volume for mortar grade III is 1 part of cement, 1 part of lime and
5 to 6 part of sand. By knowing the grade of the sand, a more accurate proportion of
material can be determined.
For the sieve analysis test, method and procedures were based on BS 812103.1: 1985 and BS 882: 1992. The required apparatus for the test were balance, test
sieves, mechanical sieve shaker and trays.
The test started by weighing 3 kg of dry sand to the nearest 1 g. The selected
sieves as proposed in BS 882: 1992 were assembled onto the sieve shaker. The sieve
30
with the finest size was placed onto the receiver and assembled onto the shaker.
Sieves were assembled with the size gradually increasing and the sieve with the
coarsest size at the top. The sample sand was then placed into the top sieve. The top
was covered with a lid and the sieving was conducted for 5 minutes. Then, the sand
particles which were trapped at each sieve were transferred to a tray. The sand
collected was weighed. Calculation was done to obtain the percentage passing.
Figure 3.7 showed the sieves and shaker used.
Table 3.2 Percentage by mass passing BS sieve, BS 882: 1992

Percentage by mass passing BS sieve
Sieve
Size
Overall Limit
Additional limits for grading

C
10.00 mm
100
5.00 mm
89 to 100
2.36 mm
60 to 100
60 to 100 65 to 100 85 to 100
1.18 mm
30 to 100
30 to 90
45 to 100 70 to 100
600 m
15 to 100
15 to 54
25 to 80
55 to 100
300 m
5 to 70
5 to 40
5 to 48
5 to 70
150 m
0 to 15
Figure 3.7 Sieving process for the sand
31
3.3.2.2 Compressive Strength Test on Mortar
For the compressive strength test on mortar, the testing procedures were
based on Code of Practice for Use of Mortar, BS 4551: 1980. The required apparatus
for this testing were 100 mm cube steel moulds, palette knife and compacting bar
having a straight edge 25 mm square and a mass of 1.8 kg.
For the compressive strength test, 6 specimens of mortar with the shape of
100 mm cube were produced and tested. Three specimens were prepared for testing
at the age of 7 days and another three specimens were tested at the age of 28 days.
The testing began by preparing the mould. The mould was assembled with
the joints tight enough to avoid any leakage when the mortar was filled in. Grease
was applied equally onto the inner corners and surfaces of each mould.
The mortar was prepared by mixing the materials which were sand, cement
and water together. The proportions of the materials were determined with the testing
of sand, cement and cement-water ratio. The mixing of the materials was made
equally to avoid any raw materials still available within the mixture.
After the mortar was ready, the mould was filled to about half height with
mortar and the layer of mortar was compacted by ramming it with the compacting
bar in a uniform manner over the mortar. To avoid segregation, 25 strokes were
made using compacting bar to compact the mortar. Then, the mould was overfilled
with more mortar and this layer was compacted as before. Finally, the surface plane
and level the top of the mould was struck off using the palette knife or a trowel. Each
mould was marked for later identification
The next step was to cover the moulds with plastic sheets or wet sags for 24
hours. After 24 hours, the specimens were demoulded without damage, and
immediately immersed the specimens in the water for subsequent curing. The age at
demoulding was recorded.
On the seventh day, three specimens were removed from the curing water.
The specimens were tested immediately on removing from the curing water in which
they were still in a wet condition. Any loose grit or other material was removed from
the sides of the cube. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine were wiped with
32
clean cloth and a specimen was placed in the testing machine in such a manner that
the load was applied to sides of the cube. The cube was carefully centred on the
lower machine platen. Load was applied onto the specimen without shock and at a
uniform rate of 3.0 kN/sec until failure occurred. The maximum load (in kN) carried
by the specimen during the test was recorded.
The compressive strength was calculated as the maximum load carried by the
cube divided by the cross sectional area. The compressive strength was recorded to
the nearest 0.05 N/mm2 for individual results and to the nearest 0.1 N/mm2 for the
mean of the three tests.
The compressive strength testing procedures above were repeated for another
three specimens which were tested on the 28th day. Figure 3.8 showed the hardened
mortar cubes and Figure 3.9 showed the compressive testing on mortar cube.
Compressive strength of mortar calculated using following equation,

Compressive Strength N mm2 =
Applied Load (N)

Cross Sectional Area (mm2 )
Figure 3.8 Hardened mortar cubes for further curing
33
Figure 3.9 Compressive strength testing for mortar cubes
3.4 Tests on Wallete Specimens

After the testing on the materials, the properties of the materials obtained can
assist in designing the volume or weight of materials required for the mortar in
constructing the wallete specimens.
3.4.1 Construction of Wallete Specimens

A total of 18 wallete specimens were constructed for testing. Two types of
brickwork bonding were constructed; 5-bricks prisms and stretcher bond wallete
specimens. For each type of bonding, 3 thicknesses of mortar joint were used in
constructing the specimens; 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm. For each thickness, 3
wallete specimens were constructed. Table 3.3 shows the total of 18 specimens
according to bonding type and mortar thickness. Figures 3.10 and Figure 3.11 show a
much clearer views of the wallete specimens that shall be constructed.
34
Table 3.3 Total of 18 specimens according to bonding type and mortar thickness
Bonding type
5-bricks prisms
Mortar Thickness (mm)

Model
7.0
10.0
Stretcher bond wallete

15.0
7.0
10.0
15.0
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Figure 3.10 Model of 5-bricks prism specimens
Figure 3.11 Model of stretcher bond wallete specimens
In constructing the wallete specimens, the apparatus required were jig, trowel,
measuring tape and others to ease the process of constructing the wallete specimens.
35
3.4.1.1 Construction of 5-Bricks Prism Wallete Specimens
The construction of wallete specimens began by placing a single brick onto
the brickwork frame with bed face of the brick facing downward or upward. A
plywood sheet was placed at the side of the brick to ensure the quality of the
brickwork. Then, a layer of mortar was applied onto the bed face of the brick. Slowly
the second brick was placed onto the mortar layer and the mortar layer was pressed
till it achieved the required mortar joint thickness which is 7.0 mm. The excess
mortar from the joint was removed by striking it off using trowel. After the second
brick being laid, by using a plywood sheet, the bricks were clapped and both of the
plywood sheets were pressed together. This process was to ensure the brickwork
done was always vertical upward and levelled. The procedures were repeated until
the brickwork reached the height of five bricks. The finished specimens were then be
cured by covering it with sack soaked with water. The specimens were cured for 7
days before it is being tested.
The same procedures were repeated to produce wallete specimens with
mortar joint thickness of 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm. Figure 3.12 shows the completed 5brick prism specimens.
Figure 3.12 Completed 5-bricks prism specimens
36
3.4.1.2 Construction of Stretcher Bond Wallete Specimens
The procedures of constructing stretcher bond wallete specimens were similar
to the procedures of constructing the 5-bricks prisms specimens.
The construction of specimen began by placing 2 bricks onto the brickwork
frame. Plywood sheet was placed at the side of the bricks. A layer of mortar was
spread onto the brick and the brick was joined with another brick. Measurement was
made to the layer of mortar to ensure it achieved the required thickness. After
finishing the first layer of 2 bricks, brickwork frame was used to adjust the quality
of the brickwork. Work continued till the brickwork reached the height of five bricks.
The wallete specimens were left to cure for 7 days before testing.
The same procedures were repeated to produce wallete specimens with
mortar joint thickness of 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm. Figure 3.13 shows the
completed stretcher bond wallete specimens
Figure 3.13 Completed stretcher bond wallete specimens
3.4.2 Compressive Strength Test on Wallete Specimens

The final testing in this research was the compression test of the wallete
specimens. The method of testing and the procedures were based on Code of Practice
for Use of Masonry, BS 5628-1:1992. The required apparatus was compression
testing machine.
37
The wallete specimen was first measured for its dimensions. The specimen
was placed into the compression machine. 3 mm thick plywood sheets were placed at
the bottom and top of the specimen to ensure the load was uniformly applied onto the
specimen. The load applied at a rate of 0.5 kN/sec. The cracking to the specimen
upon loading was marked using marker pen. Loading applied until the specimen
collapsed. The ultimate compression load taken by the specimen was recorded. The
same steps were repeated for all the 5-bricks prism and stretcher bond wallete
specimens. Figure 3.14 and Figure 3.15 show the compressive test on the specimens.
Figure 3.14 Compressive strength tests on 5-bricks prism specimens
Figure 3.15 Compressive strength tests on stretcher bond wallete specimens
38
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 General
This chapter presents the results obtained from the experiment testing done
on the materials and wallete specimens. Analysis was done on the results obtained
and presented them in the more appropriate formats, such as tables, charts or
statements. Comparison among the results was also done for the purpose of
evaluation.
4.2 Tests on Bricks

4.2.1 Measurement of Dimensions of Bricks
Measurement of the bricks dimensions was done based on the procedures
provided in BS 3921: 1985. The results of the measurement should comply with the
limits stated in BS 3921: 1985. Table 4.1 below shows the results obtained from the
measurement of 24 bricks.
39
Table 4.1 Dimensions of 24 bricks measured
Total Measurement for
Mean Measurement for
24 Bricks (mm)
Single Brick (mm)
Length, L
5043
210.1
Width, W
2355
98.1
Height, H
1692
70.5
Dimensions
From the measurement done on 24 bricks, the total length, width and height
obtained were 5043 mm, 2355 mm and 1692 mm. By taking the mean for the
dimensions of a single brick, a brick was 210.1 mm in length, 98.1 mm in width and
70.5 mm in height.
4.2.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Bricks

The compressive testing of the bricks was done according to the procedures
in BS 3921: 1985. Table 4.2 shown below are the results from the testing.
Table 4.2 Compressive strength of tested clay bricks

Dimension (mm)
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bed Area,
A (mm2)
212
212
210
206
212
207
207
208
210
210
95
96
97
98
98
98
97
96
97
96
68
70
70
68
68
70
70
68
70
69
20140
20352
20370
20188
20776
20286
20079
19968
20370
20160
Maximum
Loading,
N (kN)
653.5
483.9
729.4
584.5
546.1
604.3
627.4
778.3
590.6
629.7
Maximum
Compressive
Strength, P
(N/mm2)
32.4
23.8
35.8
29.0
26.3
29.8
31.2
39.0
29.0
31.2
40
From the table, the highest and the lowest result obtained were 39.0 N/mm2
and 23.8 N/mm2 respectively. As the difference of the results was quite far, it was
not suitable to take the mean of the results as the characteristic compressive strength
of the bricks. Here, statistical method was used to obtain the value that represents the
characteristic compressive strength of the bricks. The strength of the tested bricks
was calculated using the following formula and shown in Table 4.3.
0 =
= 0 +
2 2 /
=
1
= 1.645
Where,
x
= compressive strength of specimens
= number of models tested
= average compressive strength of specimens
= width of the class interval, selected as 2.5 N/mm2
Fi
= number of observation fallen in the ith class interval
Di
= deviation
= mean
= standard deviation
fk
= characteristic compressive strength of bricks
= 0, 1, 2...
41
Table 4.3 Characteristic compressive strength calculation for bricks
No. Class interval Frequency, Fi Deviation, Di FiDi FiDi2
Cumulative
frequency
22.5 25.0
25.0 27.5
27.5 30.0
12
30.0 32.5
27
32.5 35.0
35.0 37.5
25
37.5 40.0
36
10
10
27
101
0 =
= 0 +
307.5
=
= 30.75 /2
10

27
= 30.75 + 2.5
= 37.50 /2
10
2 2 /
101 27 2 /10
=
= 2.5
= 4.42
1
10 1
= 1.645 = 37.50 1.645 4.42 = 30.23 /2
Therefore, the characteristic compressive strength of the bricks was 30.23

N/mm2. Compared to BS 3921: 1985, the result was less than 50 N/mm2. So, the
bricks used for this research are categorised as common bricks.
42
4.3 Tests on Mortar
4.3.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand
The sieve analysis for the sand was done following the procedures provided
in BS 812-103.1: 1985 and BS 882: 1992. The results obtained are shown in Table
4.4 and Figure 4.1 below.
Table 4.4 Sieve analysis for sand

Mass Retained Mass Passing Percentage
Grading M
(g)
(g)
Passing (%)
10.00 mm
0
3000
100.0
100
4.75 mm
60
2940
98.0
89 - 100
2.36 mm
370
2570
85.7
65 - 100
1.18 mm
959
1611
53.7
45 - 100
600 m
776
835
27.8
25 - 80
300 m
496
339
11.3
5 - 48
150 m
244
95
3.2
0 - 15
Receiver
95
0
0.0
0
= 3000
Percentage Passing, %
Sieve Size
100
80
60
40
20
0
Sieve Size
Research Value
Maximum Limit
Minimum Limit
Figure 4.1 Chart of percentage passing against sieve size for

sand grading sieve analysis
43
Based on the limits given in BS 882: 1992, the sand used for the research is
graded M with moderate percentage of fines.
4.3.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Mortar Cubes

The test of the mortar was based on the procedures in BS 4551: 1980. Table
4.5 and Figure 4.2 show the results obtained from the compressive testing on the
mortar cubes.
Table 4.5 Results of compressive strength test on mortar grade III
Sample
28
Weight
(kg)
Density
(kg/m2)
2.065
2.040
2.065
2.059
2.046
2.065
2065
2040
2065
2059
2046
2065
Maximum
Loading,
N (kN)
42.35
44.55
42.75
49.56
51.26
50.85
Compressive
Strength, P
(N/mm2)
4.24
4.45
4.28
4.96
5.13
5.09
Mean,
(N/mm2)
4.32
5.06
6
Compressive Strength (N/mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Curing
days
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
No. of Curing days
Figure 4.2 Graph of compressive strength against number of curing days

for mortar cubes
44
From the results obtained from the testing, the 100 mm x 100 mm mortar
cubes had the mean strength of 4.32 M/mm2 after curing for 7 days. After curing for
28 days, the mortar cubes had the mean strength of 5.06 N/mm2. The strength of
mortar cubes on 7th day was 85.38% of the strength of mortar cubes on 28th day.
4.4 Tests on Wallete Specimens

4.4 1 Compressive Strength Tests on 5-bricks Prism Specimens
Before the compressive testing, the dimensions of each specimen were
measured. The measurements obtained were used in the calculation for bed area of
each specimen. Table 4.6 shows the measurement obtained from each specimen.
Table 4.6 Dimensions of the 5-bricks prism specimens

Mortar Joint
Thickness (mm)
7.0
10.0
15.0
Model
Dimensions (mm)
Bed area, A
Length, L Width, W Height, H
(mm2)
212
95
381
20140
208
98
383
20384
210
96
379
20160
207
97
389
20079
208
96
390
19968
212
98
392
20776
212
94
408
19928
207
96
410
19872
206
98
405
20188
Table 4.7 below shows the results obtained from the compressive testing on
the 5-bricks prism specimens with mortar joint of 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm.
Figure 4.3 provides a better view on the compressive strength of each tested
specimen.
45
Table 4.7 Results of the 5-bricks prism specimens compressive strength test
Mortar Joint
Thickness
Model
(mm)
7.0
10.0
15.0
Bed area,
2
A (mm )
Maximum
Compressive
Loading, N
Strength, P
2
(kN)
(N/mm )
20140
216
10.72
20384
181
8.88
20160
189
9.38
20079
132
6.57
19968
177
8.86
20776
165
7.94
19928
121
6.07
19872
141
7.10
20188
122
6.04
Mean,
(N/mm2)
9.66
7.79
6.40
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
7.0
10.0
15.0
Mortar Joint Thickness (mm)
Figure 4.3 Chart of ultimate compressive strength for nine specimens

according to mortar joint thickness
46
47
48
After obtaining the mean compressive strength of 5-bricks prism specimens
with mortar joint thickness of 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm, a relationship between
the mortar joint thickness and the compressive strength of brickwork could be
established. The easier way to establish this relationship was by plotting a line chart
that connected the three thicknesses. Figure 4.5 shows the variation of compressive
Compressive Stregth of Specimens

(N/mm)
strength of 5-bricks prism specimens with different mortar joint thickness.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
Figure 4.5 Chart of compressive strength of specimens against mortar joint thickness
for 5-bricks prism specimens
4.4.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Stretcher Bond Wallete Specimens

Similar with 5-bricks prism specimens, the stretcher bond wallete specimens
were measured before the compressive tests to obtain the bed area of each wallete
specimen. Table 4.9 shows the measurement of each specimen.
49
Table 4.9 Results of the stretcher bond wallete specimens dimensions measurement
Mortar Joint
Model
Thickness (mm)
7.0
10.0
15.0
Dimensions (mm)
Bed area,
Length, L Width, W Height, H
A (mm2)
532
97
380
51604
534
97
386
51798
535
96
384
51360
543
96
389
52128
541
98
390
53018
537
98
391
52626
549
95
405
52155
543
96
405
49248
547
98
407
53606
Table 4.10 shows the results obtained from the compressive tests on the
stretcher bond wallete specimens with mortar joint 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm.
Table 4.10 Results of stretcher bond wallete specimens compressive strength test
Mortar Joint
Thickness
Model
(mm)
7.0
10.0
15.0
Bed area,
A (mm2)
Maximum
Compressive
Loading, N
Strength, P
2
(kN)
(N/mm )
51604
259
5.02
51798
251
4.85
51360
256
4.98
52128
245
4.70
53018
249
4.70
52626
241
4.58
52155
234
4.49
49248
235
4.77
53606
237
4.42
Mean,
(N/mm2)
4.95
4.66
4.56
50
After obtained the mean compressive strength of the specimens with respect
to the mortar joint thickness, a line chart was plotted to show the relationship of
compressive strength of specimens and mortar joint thickness. Figure 4.6 shows the
variation of compressive strength of stretcher bond wallete specimens with different
Compressive Strength of Specimens

(N/mm)
mortar joint thickness.
5
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
Figure 4.6 Chart of compressive strength of specimens against mortar joint thickness
for stretcher bond wallete specimens
4.5 Theoretical Analysis

Based on the theories stated by Hendry (1981) on the elastic properties of the
mortar joints and bricks, the brickwork strength could be calculated using the
following formula.
c =
vb +

vm m - vb
1+rm
51
Where,
c
= brickwork strength in compression
= stress corresponding to tensile failure of the brick
vb
= Poissons ratios for brick
vm
= Poissons ratios for mortar
Eb
= elastic modulus for brick
Em
= elastic modulus for mortar
= depth of brick
= thickness of mortar joint
Based on several past researches, some of the properties of the materials

(bricks and mortar) which required in the calculation for the compressive strength
could be obtained. The properties obtained were as shown below.
vb
= 0.1
vm
= 0.25
Eb
= 37000 N/mm2
Em
= 20000 N/mm2
Other required information was obtained from the results of experimental

testing in this research. The information obtained was as shown below.
b
= 30.23 N/mm2
= 70.5 mm
= 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm
For each mortar joint thickness, the strength of brickwork was calculated.
t = 7.0 mm
=
37000
=
= 1.85
20000
70.5
=
= 10.07
7.0
52
c =
vb +

vm m - vb
1+rm
=
0.1 +
30.23
= 255.18 kN
0.25 1.85 0.1
1 + 10.07 1.85
t = 10.0 mm
=
70.5
=
= 7.05
10.0
c =

vm m - vb
1+rm
vb +
=
0.1 +
30.23
= 240.27 kN
0.25 1.85 0.1
1 + 7.05 1.85
t = 15.0 mm
=
70.5
=
= 4.70
15.0
c =

vm m - vb
1+rm
vb +
=
0.1 +
30.23
= 220.03 kN
0.25 1.85 0.1
1 + 4.70 1.85
By using the formula derived by Hendry (1981), the strength of brickwork

with mortar joint thickness 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm was 255.18 kN, 240.27
kN and 220.03 kN respectively. The difference between the experimental results and
theoretical values would be discussed in the later sub-chapter.
53
4.6 Discussions and Comments
For the tests that had been done on the bricks, several statements could be
made based on the results obtained and observation done during the tests. From the
measurement to obtain the dimensions of the bricks, it seem that the bricks used for
this research did not complied with the size limits as stated in BS 3921: 1985. The
total dimensions of 24 bricks obtained were 5043 mm in length, 2355 mm in width
and 1692 mm in height. The results of the measurement showed that the total length
and the width of the bricks were less than the limits. The total length and width of the
bricks each was 42 mm and 60 mm less than the limits. The total height of the bricks,
however, had exceeded the limits stated in BS 3921: 1985 by 87 mm. There were
several factors that might contribute to this problem. The major factor was the
quality of the bricks production.
During the compressive tests on the bricks, failure could be seen occurred
along the horizontal middle axis of four sides of the bricks. The sides of the bricks
were broken off in the form such that several layers were being peeled off from the
sides of the bricks when loading was applied onto the specimens. After the tests, the
tested bricks had the shape of two pyramids meeting at the summit. This mode of
failure to the bricks under axial load was due to the development of tensile forces
within the bricks when compressive forces were applied. The surfaces of the bricks
were less restrained compared to inner part of the bricks. So, the surfaces were
broken off instead of cracking at the middle of the bricks. Figure 4.7 show the shape
of the brick after test. The characteristic compressive strength of the bricks obtained
was 30.23 N/mm2.
54
Figure 4.7 Shape of the bricks after test
.
4.6.2 Tests on Mortar
4.6.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand
After the sieve analysis and plot were done for the sand, the grading of the
sand obtained was M according BS 882: 1992. By considering sand particles with the
size less than 1.18 mm as fines, the sand contained higher percentage of fines. So, the
proper proportion for mortar grade III could be decided, which was 1:1:5
cement:lime:sand.
4.6.2.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Mortar Cubes

From the observation made on the compressive strength test on mortar cubes,
the failure occurred to the mortar cubes was similar with the bricks. The sides of the
mortar cubes were broken off due to the tensile forces developed when compressive
forces were applied. Figure 4.8 shows the shape of the mortar cubes after test. The
compressive strength of the mortar was 4.32 N/mm2 on 7th day and increased to 5.06
N/mm2 on 28th day.
55
Figure 4.8 Shape of the 100 mm x 100 mm mortar cubes after test
4.6.3 Tests on Wallete Specimens

4.6.3.1 Tests on 5-bricks Prism Specimens
From the observation made when conducting the compressive strength tests
on 5-bricks prism specimens, failure occurred to the brickworks in the form of
vertical cracking along the centre of the brickworks or the bricks were detached from
the mortar joints. The vertical cracking failure to the brickwork was due to different
properties of bricks and mortar joints. When axial load was applied, mortar tended to
spread outward and pulled the bricks along with it. In the end, bricks which were
weak on tensile forces failed by splitting apart. Failure of bricks detached from the
mortar joints was due to the quality of work during the construction of the specimens.
The bricks were not properly laid on the wet mortar resulting weak bond between the
bricks and mortar joints. These two failure modes are commonly known as brick
failure and bond failure. Figure 4.9, Figure 4.10 and Figure 4.11 show the failure
occurred to the 5-bricks prism specimens.
56
Figure 4.9 Failure of 5-bricks prism specimen with mortar joint 7.0 mm, 3rd model
57
Based on the results obtained from the compressive strength tests on 5-bricks
prism specimens, specimens with mortar joint of 7.0 mm had the highest mean
compressive strength compared to specimens with 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm thick
mortar joints. This was due to the tensile forces developed by the 7.0 mm thick
mortar joints was lesser. So, more compressive forces could be applied onto the
specimens until the tensile forces reached the level that caused failure to the
specimens. As more compressive forces were applied, the vertical displacements
experienced by the 5-bricks prism specimens with 7.0 mm thick mortar joints were
also greater.
4.6.3.2 Tests on Stretcher Bond Wallete Specimens

From the observation made on the compressive test on stretcher bond wallete
specimens, the general failure occurred to the specimens was vertical cracking
parallel to the direction of the compressive load. However, the degree of failure of
each specimen was different with respect to the mortar joint thickness. Wallete
specimens with mortar joint thickness of 15.0 mm had higher degree of failure
compared to specimens with mortar joint 7.0 mm and 10.0 mm. Specimens with
mortar joint 15.0 mm had wider and longer cracks. The reason for this is the tensile
forces developed by the 15.0 mm mortar joint were greater.
Based on the results obtained, stretcher bond wallete specimens with 7.0 mm
mortar joint had the highest mean compressive strength, which was 4.95 N/mm2.
Similar to 5-bricks prism, thinner mortar joint developed less tensile forces and
hence, the wallete specimens can withstand more compressive load before failure
occurred. Figure 4.12, Figure 4.13 and Figure 4.14 show the failure occurred to the
stretcher bond wallete specimens.
58
Figure 4.12 Failure of stretcher bond wallete specimen

with mortar joint 7.0 mm, 1st model


59
4.6.4 Theoretical Compressive Strength of Wallete Specimens
After the analysis had done on the experimental data, the results obtained for
5-bricks prism and stretcher bond wallete specimens were compared with the
theoretical values obtained using the formula derived by Hendry (1981). Table 4.11
and Figure 4.15 below show the comparison between the experimental results and
the theoretical values.
60
61
15.0
4.56
4.64
10.0
4.66
4.72
Experimental
Theoretical
4.95
4.82
7.0
Figure 4.15 Chart of comparison between experimental results and theoretical values
for stretcher bond wallete specimens
The experimental results obtained were less compared to the theoretical

values calculated. This was because there were several factors that influence the final
results of the experiment. One of the factors was the materials used for constructing
the specimens. The properties of the materials, bricks and sand, were not uniform.
Specimens constructed using poorer materials naturally had lower compressive
strength. Another factor was the workmanship in constructing the specimens. Certain
skills were needed to construct specimens that can provide better results.
The difference between experimental results and theoretical values for 5bricks prism was quite large. So, it meant that formula by Hendry (1981) was not
used in analyse 5-bricks prism specimens. For stretcher bond wallete specimens, the
difference between experimental results and theoretical values was quite small. This
also meant that the formula derived by Hendry (1981) can be used to estimate the
compressive strength of the specimens. As research on stretcher bond wallete
specimens was a simulation to the walls in the construction industry, formula by
Hendry (1981) can also be used in designing walls subjected to axial load.
Despite the differences between the values, the variations of compressive
strength with respect to the mortar joint thickness for both experimental and
62
theoretical were quite similar. Brickworks with mortar joint thickness 7.0 mm had
the highest compressive strength compared brickworks with 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm
thick mortar joints.
4.6.5 Computerised Analysis on Wallete Specimens

For further understanding of the behaviour of the 5-bricks prism specimens
subjected to axial loading, finite element software, LUSAS, used to model and
analyse the specimens. In modelling the specimens, the dimensions of the bricks
were based on the results obtained from the previous laboratory works. With some
rounding up made to the measurements, Figure 4.16 shows the dimensions of the
specimens modelled. Same as before, three mortar joint thicknesses were used to
model three different models: 7.0 mm, 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm. Figure 4.17 shows the
completed model along with the applied load and boundary conditions set to the
model.
Figure 4.16 Dimensions of a typical 5-bricks prism specimen
63
Figure 4.17 Prism divided into 8-noded brick elements along with applied load and
boundary conditions
Based on the results of the past research, the properties of the elements,
bricks and mortar, could be obtained. The properties of the elements used as shown
below.
Eb
= 37000 N/mm2
Em
= 20000 N/mm2
vb
= 0.1
vm
= 0.25
Mb
= mass density of brick
= 2400 kg/m3
Mm
= mass density of mortar
= 2400 kg/m3
= applied load
= 100 kN
In this finite element analysis, two properties of the specimens that were
being evaluated, vertical stress and horizontal strain of the specimens subjected to
axial loading. Figure 4.18, Figure 4.19 and Figure 4.20 show the vertical stress
contour of the specimens with respect to each mortar joint thickness. (Note: negative
sign of the values represents compressive, unit in N/m2)
64
Figure 4.18 Vertical stress contour of the specimen with 7.0 mm mortar joint
65
From the comparison of the three figures, the compressive stress of the 7.0
mm mortar joint was higher than 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm mortar joint. Taking the
compressive stress of the entire model, specimen with 7.0 mm mortar joint thickness
had higher compressive stress compared to the specimens with 10.0 mm and 15.0
mm mortar joint thickness. This result supported the outcome of the experimental
and theoretical analysis done previously where specimens with 7.0 mm mortar joint
thickness had the highest compressive strength.
From the observation made during the compressive testing, the general failure
mode occurred to the wallete specimens was vertical cracking parallel to the
compressive loading. A finite element analysis was also done to obtain the strain of
the model subjected to axial loading. Figure 4.21 shows the horizontal strain contour
of a specimen (Note: the signs of the strain values indicate the direction of the strain).
As can be seen, the specimen was being pushed apart in the opposite direction at the
vertical centre of the specimen. This also meant that if the specimen was left to fail,
it would fail by deforming or breaking apart at the vertical centre of the specimen.
This analysis supports the observation made during the compressive testing where
the specimens failed by vertical cracking.
66
Figure 4.21 Horizontal strain contour of the specimen with 7.0 mm mortar joint
67
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 General
This chapter presents the conclusion made based on the experiment and data
analysis done. Several recommendations to the research are also being brought out.
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the experimental results and analysis done, the objectives of the
research stated at the early phase have been achieved. Here, four conclusions had
been made as below.
1.
From the research made on one of the materials used in the brickworks which
was the clay bricks, it concluded that the common clay bricks used in Malaysia do
not comply with the British Standard, BS 3921: 1985. Although the strength of the
clay bricks was sufficient, 30 N/mm2, the size of the bricks had fallen outside the
limits. So, a proper solution should be taken to ensure the quality of the clay bricks
produced in Malaysia.
2.
The compressive strength testing on the mortar grade III with proportion of
1:1:5 cement:lime:sand showed that the mortar achieved 85% of the final strength on
the 7th day compared to the final strength achieved on the 28th day.
3.
The increment of the thickness of the mortar joint will directly reduce the
compressive strength of the brickworks. The compressive testing on the 5-bricks
68
prism specimens showed that the brickworks with 7.0 mm thick mortar joint have
higher compressive strength compared to brickworks with 10.0 mm and 15.0 mm
thick mortar joint. The compressive testing on stretcher bond wallete specimens also
supported the statement made. The general failure mode occurred to the brickworks
is vertical cracking parallel to the direction of the axial loading. The failure occurred
due to the development of tensile forces by mortar joint.
4.
The comparison between experimental results and theoretical values showed
that the results of stretcher bond wallete specimens compressive testing fulfilled the
theories stated by Hendry, one of the pioneers in loadbearing study. Both
experimental and theoretical also proved that the compressive strength of brickworks
is reduced as the thickness of the mortar joint increased.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on personal experiences in conducting the research and the results of
the experiment carried out, several recommendations are proposed. Brick-laying is a
work that required certain skills and precision in order to produce research specimens
that give more accurate results. Several modifications should be made to the standard
experimental procedures with respect to the scope of the research.
A new product is being introduced to the construction industry which is the
thin joint technology. The thin joint mortar is a Portland cement based powder mix
which is polymer reinforced. This technology has further reduced the mortar joint to
less than 3 mm. Research can be conducted to study how this technology improved
the compressive strength of brickworks compared to conventional mortar joint.
In this research, stretcher bond wallete specimens are being tested as a
simulation to the brick walls in construction industry. Other than stretcher bond,
other types of masonry bonding such as English bond and Flemish bond can also be
study to explore how each bonding affect the compressive strength of the brick
masonry. Besides brick walls, research that simulate masonry column or beam can be
carry out to understand the behaviour of these components if subjected to axial
69
loading. These studies can help for a better understanding of brick masonry and also
to improve the future brick based construction industry.
70
REFERENCES
A.W. Henry, B. P. Sinha, S. R. Davies (1981) An Introduction To Load Bearing

Brickwork Design. New York: Ellis Horwood Ltd.
A.W. Henry, B. P. Sinha, S. R. Davies (1987) Design of Masonry Structures. London:
E & FN Spon.
Arnold W. Hendry (1990) Structural Masonry. Houndmills: Macmillan Education
Ltd.
B. V. Venkatarama Reddy, Richardson Lal, K. S. Nanjunda Rao (2009) Influence of
Joint Thickness and Mortar-Block Elastic Properties on the Strength and
Stresses Developed in Soil-Cement Block Masonry. Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering. ASCE, USA. 535-542.
British Standard Institution (1980) Methods of testing Mortars, screeds and plasters.
London, BS 4551.
British Standard Institution (1985) British Standard Specification for Clay bricks.
London, BS 3921.
British Standard Institution (1985) Testing Aggregates - Part 103: Methods for
determination of particle size distribution, Section 103.1 Sieve tests. London,
BS 812.
British Standard Institution (1992) Specification for Aggregates from natural sources
for concrete. London, BS 882.
British Standard Institution (1992) Use of Masonry - Part 1: Structural use of
unreinforced masonry. London, BS 5628.
71
David Lenczner (1972) Elements of Loadbearing Brickwork. Oxford: Pergamon
Press.
Jahangir Bakhteri, Ahmad Mahir Makhtar, Shamala Sambamivam (2004) Finite
element Modelling of Structural Clay Brick Masonry Subjected to Axial
Compression. Jurnal Teknologi, 41(B). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia. 57-68.
Jahangir Bakhteri, Shamala Sambamivam (2003) Mechanical Behaviour of
Structural Brick Masonry: An Experimental Evaluation. Proceeding of 5th
Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction conference. Malaysia.
305-317.
R. C. Smith (1973) Materials of Construction. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Robert G. Drysdale, Ahmad A. Hamid and Lawie R. Baker (1994) Masonry
Structure: Behavior and Design. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Yapsiehorngaa060243d10ttt PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Yapsiehorngaa060243d10ttt PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDY OF BRICK MASONRY

SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOADING

YAP SIE HORNG

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH STUDY OF BRICK MASONRY

YAP SIE HORNG

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Faculty of Civil Engineering

This report is dedicated to my beloved and supportive father and mother.

I also express my appreciation to all my friends who involved indirectly to

Kertas kerja ini membentangken kesan ketebalan sambungan mortar ke atas

Statement of the Problems

Objectives of the Research

2.2.1 Type of Bricks

2.2.1.1 Clay Bricks

2.2.1.2 Sand-lime Bricks

2.2.1.3 Concrete Bricks

2.2.2 Properties of Clay Bricks

2.2.2.1 Compressive Strength

2.2.2.2 Water Absorption

2.2.2.3 Fire Resistance

2.2.2.4 Chemical Resistance

2.2.2.5 Thermal Resistance

2.2.2.6 Sound Absorption and Transmission

2.3.2 Properties of Mortar

2.3.2.1 Workability of Wet Mortar

2.3.2.2 Compressive Strength

2.3.2.3 Bonding Strength

2.3.2.4 Elastic Properties

2.4.1 Behaviour of Brickwork in Compression

2.4.2 Mechanism of Failure in Brickwork under Axial

Tests on the Materials

3.3.1 Tests on Bricks

3.3.1.1 Measurement of Dimensions

3.3.1.2 Determination of Compressive Strength

3.3.2 Tests on Mortars Constituents

3.3.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand Grading

3.3.2.2 Compressive Strength Test on Mortar

Tests on Wallete Specimens

3.4.1 Construction of Wallete Specimens

3.4.1.1 Construction of 5-Bricks Prism Wallete

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Measurement of Dimensions of Bricks

4.2.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Bricks

4.3.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand

4.3.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Mortar Cubes

Tests on Wallete Specimens

4.4 1 Compressive Strength Tests on 5-bricks Prism

4.4.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Stretcher Bond

Discussions and Comments

4.6.1 Tests on Bricks

4.6.2 Tests on Mortar

4.6.2.1 Sieve Analysis for Sand

4.6.2.2 Compressive Strength Tests on Mortar

4.6.3.2 Tests on Stretcher Bond Wallete

4.6.4 Theoretical Compressive Strength of Wallete

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Sizes of Bricks, BS 3921: 1985

Classification of bricks by compressive strength and water

Classes of calcium silicate bricks

Requirements for mortar, BS 5628

Limits of bricks dimensions recommended by BS 3921:

Percentage by mass passing BS sieve, BS 882: 1992.