EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Power System Control I

EE5702R Advanced Power System
Analysis:: Power System Control I

Panida Jirutitijaroen
Fall 2013
10/10/2013
10/9/2013
EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen
Outline
Control of active and reactive power
Frequency & Voltage control
Basic control loop
Frequency control
Turbine-governor control
Load frequency control
10/9/2013
Reading Materials
Todays material
Chapter 11.1-11.6 Power Systems Analysis 2nd
edition by Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal
Chapter 12.1-12.5 Power System Control, Power
System Analysis by Hadi Saadat
Dynamics and Control of Electric Power Systems
Lecture 227-0528-00, ITET ETH, Gran Andersson,
EEH - Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zrich,
February 2012
10/9/2013
Syllabus
Week
1:15/08
2:22/08
3:29/08
4:05/09
5:12/09
Topics
Introduction and Network equations
Power flow analysis
Power flow analysis
Power flow analysis
e-learning week: Overview of power
system stability and control
6:19/09
23/09
7:03/10
8:10/10
9:17/10
10:24/10
11:31/10
12:07/11
13:14/11
29/11
Power system stability

Recess week
Power system stability
Power system control
Power system control
Power system state estimation
Power system state estimation
Case study presentation
Case study presentation
Final exam (30%) from 9-11am
10/9/2013
Assessment
Assignment
Project 1 (20%), Due 23/09
Quiz 1 (5%)
Quiz 2 (5%)
Case study (10%), list of

group members.
Quiz 3 (5%)
Project 2 (20%), Due 31/10
Quiz 4 (5%)
Quiz 5 (5%)
Physical Structures
Voltage control
Frequency control
Source: http://www.powerworld.com/files/T01ModelRelationships.pdf
10/9/2013
Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition (SCADA)
Computer
Systems that
monitor and
control energy
system. The
crucial part of
Energy
Management
System.
Source: ABB
10/9/2013
Energy Management Systems
Source: FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS by Xiao - Ping Zhang

10/9/2013
Control structure
Time scale
Basic generator control loop
POWER SYSTEM CONTROLS
10/9/2013
Hierarchical Control Structure

Source: Dynamics and Control
of Electric Power Systems
Lecture 227-0528-00, ITET
ETH Gran Andersson EEH Power Systems Laboratory
ETH Zrich, February 2012
The lecture
focuses on
how we can
control
generators.
10/9/2013
Time Scales of Power System Control

Frequency control
Generator-Voltage
control
Reactive power
control
Turbine-Governor
control
Real power control
Load-Frequency
control
Source: Dynamics and Control of Electric Power
Systems Lecture 227-0528-00, ITET ETH Gran
Andersson EEH - Power Systems Laboratory ETH
Zrich, February 2012
10/9/2013
Bring frequency back

to the nominal value.
10
Schematic Diagram of a
Steam-Turbine Generator
Frequency control
Voltage Control
10/9/2013
11
Basic Generator Control Loops

Reference
power
+
Reference
voltage
+
-
SpeedGovernor
Steam valve
position
Voltage
Regulator
Turbine
+
-
Electrical
power
output
Mechanical
power
output
Field
voltage
Generator
Terminal
voltage
Exciter
Stabilizer
10/9/2013
12
Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Generator Excitation System
The exciter delivers DC
power to the field winding
on the rotor of a
synchronous generator.
Automatic Voltage
Regulator (AVR)
Reactive power control of a
generator.
10/9/2013
Other Voltage Control Devices

Reactive shunt devices
Transformer tap changers
Flexible AC transmission
system (FACTS) controllers
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
STATic Synchronous
COMpensator (STATCOM)
Unified power flow controller
(UPFC)
13
Real Power and Frequency Control

Turbine-Governor control
Primary control loop
Real power control
Immediate (automatic)
action to sudden change of
load.
Governor
accelerate/decelerate,
which affects the frequency
Load-Frequency control
Secondary control loop
Automatic Generation Control,
AGC.
Detect deviation in frequency
and tie-line power flows.
Adjust the input power to
each generator to bring back:
System frequency
Tie-line flow agreement
to nominal value.
10/9/2013
14
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
10/9/2013
15
Purpose of AGC
To maintain power balance in the system.
Make sure that operating limits are not
exceeded: Generators limit
Tie-lines limit
Make sure that system frequency is constant

(not change by load).
10/9/2013
16
3 Components of AGC
Primary control Turbine-Governor Control
Immediate (automatic) action to sudden change of load.
For example, reaction to frequency change.
Secondary control Load-Frequency Control

To bring tie-line flows to scheduled.
Corrective actions are done by operators.
Economic dispatch
Make sure that the scheduled of units are done in the most
economical way.
This presentation covers only primary and secondary control

of AGC.
10/9/2013
17
Basic Control Theory

Analysis and design of a control system
requires the mathematical modeling of the
system.
Transfer function method
State variable method
In this lecture, we will use transfer function

method.
See the lecture note on basic control and
MATLAB simulink.
10/9/2013
18
Generator model
Load model
Generator-Load model
Turbine (Prime mover) model
Governor model
Turbine-Governor model
BASIC CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM
10/9/2013
19
Basic Frequency Control Loops

Reference
power
PC
SpeedGovernor
Mechanical
power output
Steam valve
position
Pv
Turbine
Pm
Electrical power
output
Pe
Generator
Pe
Pm
PL
10/9/2013
20
Real Power Control: Block Diagram

Prime mover Model
Generator Model
Pe
Pm
Load
Model
System
Network
PL
Speed-Governor Model
10/9/2013
21
Generator Model
According to swing equation to small
perturbation (linearized model):
M Pm Pe
Taking Laplace transform, we have.
Pm Pe Ms
2
10/9/2013
22
Generator Model: Block Diagram

The block diagram of the generator model is
given below.
As the transfer function is derived from swing
equation, we call Rotor angle transfer function.
This model assume that the damping D of the
generator is negligible.
Pm
1
Ms 2
Pe
10/9/2013
23
Load Model
For resistive load, the impedance is
independent of frequency.
For motor loads, the power drawn is sensitive
to frequency, depending on speed-load
characteristics and is approximated by,
Pe PL DL
Taking Laplace transform, we have.
Pe PL DL s
10/9/2013
24
Load Model: Block Diagram

The block diagram of the load model is given
below.
Pe
D s
L
PL
We will now eliminate Pe by combining
generator and load model.
10/9/2013
25
Generator-Load Model
Pm
1
Ms 2 DL s
PL
10/9/2013
26
Turbine (Prime Mover) Model

Prime mover is the
source of mechanical
power such as hydraulic
turbines, steam
turbines, or gas
turbines.
This model relates the
changes in mechanical
power output Pm to
the change in steam
valve position Pv
10/9/2013
The simplest model can

be approximated with a
single time constant (T)
as shown in the
following transfer
function.
Pv
1
1 s T
Pm
27
Governor Model
The speed governor compares the control set point Pc
to the change of power consumed that is measured by
the deviation in frequency .
It is assumed that the deviation in frequency causes
the change in power consumption proportionally. This
type of governor is characterized as a proportional
controller with a gain of 1/R.
Consider a time constant (G) of the governor, we can
write the following transfer function.
1
1
Pc
Pv
R
1 s G
10/9/2013
28
Governor Model: Block Diagram

The inputs of this model are the frequency
deviation and the control set point.
The output of this model is the valve position
command Pv.
1
R
PC
10/9/2013
1
1 s G
Pv
29
Turbine-Governor Model
1
R
PC
1
1 s G
Pv
1
1 s T
Pm
1
R
PC
10/9/2013
1
1 s G 1 s T
Pm
30
Speed-Power Relationship
From synchronous turbine-governor,
1
1
Pm
Pc
1 s G 1 s T
R
At steady state (s = 0), we have,

1
Pm Pc
R
R is called speed regulation or droop. It refers

to the variation of frequency with turbine
mechanical power output.
The unit of R depends on the units of and Pm.
10/9/2013
31
The Unit for Regulation (R)

Unit for regulation (R) is radian per sec/ MW.
Consider a static-speed power curve in per
unit system,
1
PM PC
R
PM ,p.u .
Or,
This means that,
10/9/2013
PM PC
B
SB
S B R S B B
1
PC ,p.u .
p.u .
Rp.u .
Rp.u .
SB
32
Static Speed-Power Curve
Slope = -R
0
0
At steady state, the

change in frequency can
be related to power
output linearly.
2
1
1
Pm Pc
R
L
Pm
PC1= Pm1 PC 2 Pm 2
Pm 0
10/9/2013
33
Example 11.2 (Bergen and Vittal)

A standard figure for R is 0.05 p.u. (or 5%).
This relates fractional changes in to
fractional (per unit) changes in Pm. Thus, we
have /0 = -0.05Pm, where Pm is in p.u.
If the frequency changes from 60 Hz to 59 Hz, find
the increase in Pm.
What change in frequency would cause Pm to
change from 0 to 1 i.e. no load to full load?
10/9/2013
34

Let
Rp.u . 0.05,
(a) Find increase in PM ,p.u .
59 Hz.
PM ,p.u .
p.u .
when frequency change from 60 Hz to
2 59 60 1
2 60
60
1
1 1
PC ,p.u .
p.u . 0
0.333
Rp.u .
0.05 60
(b) Find change in frequency when PM ,p.u .
PM ,p.u .
10/9/2013
1
p.u . 0 1
0.05
changes from 0 to 1.
p.u . 5%
3
60
35
AGC for single generator

AGC for multi generators
Special case: AGC for two generators
AUTOMATIC GENERATION
CONTROL FOR SINGLE AREA
10/9/2013
36
AGC for Single Generator

Combine all the control block diagrams, we
can draw closed-loop real power control of a
synchronous generator as follows.
1
R
PC
1
1 s G 1 s T
Pm
-
1
Ms DL
PL
10/9/2013
37
1
PC
R
PM
1
1 s G 1 s T
10/9/2013
38
Steady-State Frequency Calculation:

Without Load Damping
At steady-state, s=0, we can write:
1
Pm Pc
R
Pm PL
When the control power setting of the generator
remains constant, the change in load will cause
the frequency to vary according to:
PL

1
R
10/9/2013
39
Steady-State Frequency Calculation:

With Load Damping
At steady-state, s=0, we can write:
1
Pm Pc
R
Pm PL DL
When the control power setting of the generator

remains constant, the change in load will cause
the frequency to vary according to:
PL

1
DL
R
10/9/2013
40
Example 12.2 (Hadi and Saadat)

A single area consists of two
Assume that the two units are from
generating units, 600 MVA and 500 the same power plant i.e. ignore the
MVA with 6% and 4% per unit
effect of transmission lines.
based on its own rating. Both units
1
Pm1 Pc1
are sharing 900 MW at the
R1
nominal frequency. Unit 1 supplies
1
500 MW and unit 2 supplies 400
m2
c2
MW at 60 Hz. The load is increased
R2
by 90 MW.
Assume there is no frequencyPm1 Pm2 PL DL
dependent load i.e. D=0. Find the new
steady state frequency and the new
PL
generation on each unit.

1
1
The load varies 1.5 percent for every 1
D
L
percent change in frequency i.e. D =
R1 R2
1.5. Find the new steady state
frequency and the new generation on
each unit.
Ans: 59.76 Hz, (540,450) MW,59.775 Hz, (537.5,446.875) MW
10/9/2013
41

Change the base of the regulation of both units to the same
value. Let the base complex power be 1000 MVA, then
Rp.u ., new
S B, new
S B, old
Rp.u .,old
The per unit load change is 90/1000 = 0.09 p.u.

When D = 0, per unit frequency deviation is,
The new steady state frequency is,
Change in generation for each unit can be found from:
10/9/2013
42

When D = 1.5, per unit frequency deviation is,
The new steady state frequency is,
Change in generation for each unit can be
found from:
10/9/2013
43
AGC for Multiple Generators

Consider effect of
power flows in transmission lines, and
loads at each bus
to mechanical power of each generator.

This analysis assumes that every bus is a
generator bus.
10/9/2013
44
Power Balance Equation at Each Bus

At each bus,
Pei PDi Pi
Where
Pei = Electrical power output of
Generator i
PDi = Load power at bus i
Pi = Net power injection from
bus i
Consider a small
change,
Pei PDi Pi
10/9/2013
G1
V1
PD1
G2
Pe2
Pe1
P2
P1
V2
PD 2
V3
Pe3
PD3
G3
45
Load Power Equation (PDi)

Assume that
PDi DLi i PLi DLi i PLi
Where
PLi = Small change of load input

PDi = Small change of load power
i = Small change of voltage angle
Substitute in power balance equation,

Pei PDi Pi
We have
10/9/2013
Pei DLi i PLi Pi

46
Turbine Mechanical Power Output

Linearized equation relating mechanical power to
generator power and generator speed.
Pmi M i i Pei
From,
Pei DLi i PLi Pi
We have
Pmi M i i DLi i PLi Pi

How to represent this term?
10/9/2013
47
AGC for Multiple Generators
Change in tie-line
Pi power flow
1
Ri
PCi
Pmi
1 s Gi 1 s Ti
1
M i s DLi
PLi
GMi s
10/9/2013
1 s Gi 1 s Ti
1
GPi s
M i s DLi
48
Tie-line Model ( Pi )
From power flow equation,
n
Pi Vi Vk Bik sin i k
k 1
Approximate at normal operating condition, we

n
have
Pi Bik i k
k 1
Then, for small change,

n
k 1
k 1
Pi Bik i k Tik i k
Where Tik is called stiffness or synchronizing power coefficient
10/9/2013
49
Tie-Line Block Diagram

n
From Pi Tik i k and

k 1
We have,
i
Pi
Tik
Pi i k
k 1 s
i
1
s
Tik
1

s
+
-
10/9/2013
50
AGC for Two Generators

Governor 1 sense
speed , try to
mechanical power
PC1
G M 1 s
PC 2
Governor 2 sense
speed , try to
mechanical power
10/9/2013
PL1
PM 1 +
Steady state: New

(lower) system
Frequency
1
R1
G P1 s
P1 P12
Transfer power 12
-1
G M 2 s
PM 2+
Frequency 1
+
Different phase angle
P2 P21
G P 2 s
T12
Frequency 2
1
R2
PL 2
Load
51
Static Speed-Power Characteristic

Consider two
generators, each with
different regulation R1
and R2.
When the load
increases, frequency
drops.
Steady state is reached
when the frequency of
both generators are the
same.
10/9/2013
2
1
+
= Change in
total load
PM
PM 1
PM 1 PM 2
PM 2
52
Steady State Frequency Calculation

Consider a special case of 2 generators connected via a
transmission line.
Consider the frequency at steady state,
Pm1 DL1 PL1 Pt line
Pm2 DL 2 PL 2 Pt line
When the control power setting of each generator

remains constant,
1
PM 1
R1
Then,
10/9/2013
PM 2
1

R2
PL1 PL 2

1
1
DL1 DL 2
R1 R2
53
Note that
In single area- multi generators case, we have
not discussed how to systematically bring
back the new steady state frequency by
adjusting control power: Pc.
We will discuss this in the following section.
10/9/2013
54
Simplified Control Model

Area Control Error (ACE)
Example 11.5
AUTOMATIC GENERATION
CONTROL FOR MULTI-AREA
10/9/2013
55
NERC Control Areas
10/9/2013
56
Simplified Control Model

Generators are grouped into control areas.
Consider
An area as one generator in single area, and,
Tie-lines between areas as transmission lines
connecting buses in single area.
We can apply the same analysis to multi-area!!

However, we have to come up with frequencypower characteristics of each area.
Actual application of this model is for power pool
operation.
10/9/2013
57
Area Frequency Response

Characteristic
Consider a one-area system with multiple generators.
Neglecting losses and dependence of load on
frequency, steady-state frequency-power relation can
be found as follows.
Pm Pm1 Pm2 Pm3
1
1
Pc1 Pc 2 Pc3

R1 R2 R3
Pm Pc

10/9/2013
PL
1
1
1

R1 R2 R3
58
Area Frequency Response

Characteristic with Load Damping
From
And
Pm Pm1 Pm2 Pm3
1
1
Pc1 Pc 2 Pc3

R1 R2 R3
Pm PL DL
We can write
Pm Pc

10/9/2013
PL
1
1
1
DL
R1 R2 R3
59
Example 11.2 (Glover, Sarma, Overbye)

An interconnected 60 Hz power system
consists of one area with three turbinegenerator units rated 1000, 750, and 500
MVA. The regulation constant of each unit
is R = 0.05 per unit based on its own
rating. Each unit is initially operated at
one-half of its own rating, when the
system load suddenly increases by 200
MW. Assume that the control power
setting of each generator remains
constant. Neglect losses and the
dependence of load on frequency. Find:
The per-unit area frequency response
characteristic on a 1000 MVA system
base.
The steady-state drop in area frequency.
The increase in turbine mechanical power
output of each unit.
10/9/2013
60
Power Pool Operation

Power pool is an interconnection of the power
systems of individual utilities.
Each company operates independently, BUT,
They have to maintain
contractual agreement about power exchange of
different utilities, and,
same system frequency.
Basic rules
Maintain scheduled tie-line capacities.
Each area absorbs its own load changes.
10/9/2013
61
AGC for Multi Areas

During transient period, sudden change of load causes each
area generation to react according to its frequency-power
characteristics.
This is called primary control.
This change also effects steady state frequency and tie-line
flows between areas.
We need to
Restore system frequency,
Restore tie-line capacities to the scheduled value, and,
Make the areas absorb their own load.
This is called secondary control.

10/9/2013
62
Area Control Error (ACE)

Control setting power of each area needs to
be adjusted corresponding to the change of
scheduled tie-line capacity and change of
system frequency.
For two-area case, ACE measures this balance,
and is given by,
ACE1 P12 B1
ACE 2 P21 B2
B is called frequency bias setting.

10/9/2013
63
Frequency Bias Setting B

The constant B is called frequency bias setting.
The choice of B depends on the control center.
To get the accurate adjustment of the control
power setting of each generator unit, the
frequency bias setting should be set as follows.
1
Bi DLi
Ri
10/9/2013
64
ACE: Tie-Line Bias Control

Use ACE to adjust setting control power Pci of
each area.
Goal:
To drive ACE in all area to zero.
To send appropriate signal to setting control
power Pci
We should therefore use integrator

controller so that ACE goes to zero at steady
state.
10/9/2013
65
AGC for 2-Area with Tie-line Bias Control: Block

Diagram
Governor 1 sense speed ,
try to mechanical power
Governor 1 sense speed1,

R
B1
+
ACE1
P12+
-1
P21+
+
ACE 1 = 0
ACE2
ACE 2 < 0
B2
2
10/9/2013
K1
s
PC1
G M 1 s
PM 1
PL1
-
Frequency 1
Frequency 1
G P1 s
P1 P12Different phase angle +

Transfer power 12
T12
Transfer power 12
-1
Different phase angle Setting control power 2
P2 P21
2
K 2 PC 2
PM 2
2 s
+
G M 2 s
G P 2 s
s
+
Frequency 2
Governor 2 sense speed 1
,
PL 2 Load 2 Frequency 2
R2
Steady state:
+
Governor 2 sense
speed , try to
mechanical power
Maintain Frequency
Set control power 2 > 0
66
AGC for 2-Area with Tie-line Bias Control :

Static Speed-Power Curve
Load in area 2 increases.
Frequency of both area

drops.
ACE makes Control power of0
area 2 increases.

Steady state is reached
when frequency is back at
the operating point and
generator in area 2 take its
own load.
2
2
1
+
= Change in load 2
PM
PM 1
PM 1 PM 2
PM 2 PM 2
PM 1
10/9/2013
EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P.

Jirutitijaroen
67

Two-area system,
A
PGA0 PLA0 1000 MW

RA 0.015 rad per sec/MW
PGB0 PLB0 10,000 MW
DLA DLB 0
RB 0.0015 rad per sec/MW
PLA 10 MW
Find change in frequency, ACE, and

appropriate control action.
10/9/2013
68
Example 11.5: Frequency Calculation

From,
PMA DLAA PLA PAB PLA PAB

PMB DLB B PLB PBA PBA
And,
And,
1 2
1
P
RA
A
M
We have,
1
P
RB
B
M
PLA
10

0.0136 rad per sec

1
1
1
1
RA RB 0.015 0.0015
10/9/2013
69
Example 11.5: ACE Calculation

First, find
PAB
from
1
1
P

0.0136 0.9091 MW
RA
0.015
PMA PLA PAB PAB PMA PLA 9.091 MW
A
M
Then,
PBA PAB 9.091 MW
1
1
0.0136 10 MW
ACE A PAB
9.091
RA
0.015
1
1
0.0136 0 MW
ACE B PBA
9.091
RB
0.0015
10/9/2013
70
Example 11.5: Control Action

ACE indicates each area action to the change
of load.
ACE of area B is zero, this means that nothing
should be done in area B.
ACE of area A < 0, this means that area A
should increase the setting control power by
(-10) = 10 MW to cover its own load.
10/9/2013
71
ERCOT Frequency Plot

60.1
Primary Control
60.05
60
Recovery
59.95
59.9
59.85
59.8
Secondary Control
From www.ercot.com
59.75
10/9/2013
72
ERCOT ACE
Operating requirement: Standard BAL-001-0 Real Power Balancing Control
Performance, effective April 1, 2005 from www.ercot.com
10/9/2013
73
Economic Dispatch
The last component of AGC is economic
dispatch.
The main goal of economic dispatch is to make
sure that the scheduled of units are done in
the most economical way.
This section is covered in Lecture 4: Economic
dispatch and optimal power flow.
10/9/2013
74
Next Lecture
Relation between voltage and reactive power
Reactive power and voltage control
Generator excitation control
Other voltage control devices
Voltage stability analysis

North American August 2003 Blackout
10/9/2013
75

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EE5702R Advanced Power System

Analysis:: Power System Control I

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Power system stability

Case study (10%), list of

Project 2 (20%), Due 31/10

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Supervisory Control and Data

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Energy Management Systems

Source: FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS by Xiao - Ping Zhang

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

POWER SYSTEM CONTROLS

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Hierarchical Control Structure

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Time Scales of Power System Control

Bring frequency back

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Basic Generator Control Loops

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Other Voltage Control Devices

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Real Power and Frequency Control

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Make sure that system frequency is constant

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Secondary control Load-Frequency Control

This presentation covers only primary and secondary control

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Basic Control Theory

In this lecture, we will use transfer function

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

BASIC CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Basic Frequency Control Loops

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Real Power Control: Block Diagram

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Generator Model: Block Diagram

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Taking Laplace transform, we have.

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Load Model: Block Diagram

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Turbine (Prime Mover) Model

The simplest model can

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

Governor Model: Block Diagram

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE5702R Advanced Power System Analysis:: Control I by P. Jirutitijaroen

At steady state (s = 0), we have,