Principles of Chemistry

(Prinsip-Prinsip Kimia)
An Introduction
 Composition of the Course

DURING THE COURSE

30% Continuous Assessment 15%

FINAL EXAMINATION
70% Physical 35%

Stoichiometry and Periodical 35%

table
Total 100%
 Overview
๏ Atom: history of atom, theories, atomic structure, classical and
quantum mechanic, discrete energy concept, electron
configuration

๏ Gas: gas properties, real gas and perfect gas, related equations

๏ Stoichiometry

๏ Periodical table

๏ Lecture notes provided online at: www.kelalangkon.blogspot.com

 What is Chemistry?
๏ Chemistry (a word derived from “alchemy”) is the
science of matter at or near the atomic scale.

๏ Chemistry deals with the composition and

properties of such structures, as well as their
transformations and interactions.
Matter
A Revision
States of Matter
 Laws on Matter
๏ Law of Conservation of Mass / Matter: states that matter
changes form, but cannot be created or destroyed. -
thermodynamic, kinetics, equilibrium

๏ Law of Definite Proportions / Constant Composition: states that,

in a pure compound, the elements combine in definite
proportions to each other by mass. - stoichiometry

๏ Law of Multiple Proportions: states that when element combine,

they do so in a ratio of small whole numbers. - stoichiometry
 Properties of Matter
๏ Intensive property of a system is a physical property of the
system that does not depend on the system size or the
amount of material in the system.
๏e.g. temperature, boiling & melting points, density
๏ Extensive property of a system does depend on the system
size or the amount of material in the system.
๏e.g. mass, volume, energy, heat capacity

WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES?

 2H2 + O2  2H2O
Physical properties Chemical properties

Colourless, Odourless
H2 • Flammable
M.p.: -259°C, B.p.: -253°C

Colourless, Odourless • Supports combustion

O2
M.p.: -219°C, B.p: -183°C • Oxidising agent

Colourless, Odourless • Non-flammable

H2O
M.p.: 0°C, B.p.: 100°C • Does not support combustion
 Definition and Classification
๏ Matter is all that have mass and occupy space.
MATTER

MATERIAL MIXTURE

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

MOLECULES

ATOM

ANY THINGS SMALLER THAN AN ATOM?

 Energy
Energy and persistence conquer all things.
-Benjamin Franklin-
 Definition and Type of Energy
TYPES O
F ENERG
Y
- KINET
ICS
- POTEN
TIAL
Definition - HEAT
- RADIA
T ION
๏ ability to do work - SOUND

๏ potential for causing changes - MECHA

NI CAL
- CHEMI
CAL
๏ does not occupy space - NUCLE
AR
- ELECT
RICAL

Law of Conservation of Energy

states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it
cannot be created or destroyed

Note: similarity in the laws of conservation of mass and of energy

 Kinetic and Potential Energies
E = ½MV2
M

๏ Kinetic energy is energy that a body possesses as a M

result of its motion. It is formally defined as the work
needed to accelerate a body from rest to its current
velocity.
H
๏ Potential energy which depends on mutual positions
of bodies. The energy is defined as a work against a
specific force such as gravity, an elastic force of a
spring in a clockwork motor, electric force, etc (and
is usually named after that specific force).
E = MGH
 Einstein and Atomic Bomb

๏ 1905, as part of his Special Theory of Relativity, E = mc2

๏ 1929, "unconditionally refuse to do war service, direct or indirect... regardless of how
the cause of the war should be judged."
๏ 1941, Bush didn't trust Einstein to keep the project a secret: "I am not at all sure...
[Einstein] would not discuss it in a way that it should not be discussed."
๏ 1946, "I have always condemned the use of the atomic bomb against Japan.“
๏ 1954, "I made one great mistake in my life... when I signed the letter to President
Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification
- the danger that the Germans would make them."
 Atom
The Building Block of Matter
 What is Atom?

๏ nucleus (proton & neutron)

๏ Proton: determine chemical elements

๏ Neutron: determine isotope of an element

๏ Electron: negatively charged, set at different energy

levels (orbitals), determine chemical properties

๏ Isotope: same atomic number, different mass number

(different numbers of neutron)
๏ Mass: centered at the nucleus
 Revolutionary of Atom
Femtotechnology?

Quantum Dots,
Nanotechnology NOW

Industrial revolution – deepest

meaning of atom by advanced
method (Classical theorem) 1900
Quantum Theory: Thomson (1903)
Rutherford (1911), Bohr (1913),
1600
Schrödinger (1923), Chadwick (1932)
400 BC
Democritus (Greek) defines
atomos as smallest possible
individual particle
Abandon of Isotope
 Atomic Mass Scale
๏ Unit for mass of atom is referred to as atomic mass unit (amu)
๏ Standardized against atomic mass of 12C - as 12 amu
i.e. 1 amu = atom mass of 12C
๏ Examples:
๏ 12C – 12.0000000 amu
๏ 13C – 13.0033548 amu
๏ 16O – 15.9949146 amu
๏ 17O – 16.9991360 amu
๏ Also known as relative atomic mass
 Atomic Mass Unit
๏ Average of the atomic masses of all the chemical
element's isotopes as found in a particular environment,
weighted by isotopic abundance.

๏ Example: carbon (with 2 isotopes C and C)

๏ 12C : 98.892% x 12.0000000 = 11.8670 amu

๏ 13C : 1.108% x 13.0033548 = 0.1441 amu

12.0111 amu

LET’S TRY WITH O (THREE ISOTOPES)…!

16O (15.9949)
17O (16.9991)
18O (17.9991)
 Bonding
Heat
Force
Energy
Mole
Electronegativity
Avogadro number

HOW DOES IT “LOOK”?

 Individual Assignment
๏ Task: Compile at least 5 profiles of individual that contribute
strongly to the finding of atom and its components.
Describe their backgrounds and contribution to science.
๏ Format: Arial, 11 pts, not more that 5 pages A4 paper
๏ Dateline: submit before 26 January 2010
๏ E-mail to: hairul@um.edu.my or hairul_tajuddin@yahoo.com
(please put subject as “SCES/P 1200 Assignment”