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1.2 Philosophical questions and their characteristics.

To understand the universal nature of the philosophical questions and its own elements.
As a human being, you have no choice about the fact that you
need a philosophy. Your only choice is whether you define
your philosophy by a conscious, rational, disciplined process
of thought . . . or let your subconscious accumulate a junk
heap of unwarranted conclusions, false generalizations,
undefined contradictions . . thrown together by chance.
AYN RAND

Philosophizing is the
process of making
sense out of
experience.
Susanne K.
Langer

What is Philosophy?
Truth seemed more glorious, incomparably, than the lust for the ways of the flesh and the dross of
the world. And there is always some wistful tenant in us of that early wooing of wisdom. So much
of our life is meaningless, a self-cancelling vacillation and futility; we strive with the chaos about us
and within; but we would believe all the while that there is something vital and significant in us,
could we but decipher our own souls. We want to understand, we want to seize the value and
perspective of passing things, and so to pull ourselves up out of the maelstrom of daily
circumstance. We want to see things now as they will seem foreverin the light of eternity. We
want to learn to laugh in the face of the inevitable, to smile even at the looming of death. We want
to be whole, to coordinate our energies by criticizing and harmonizing our desires; for coordinated
energy is the last word in ethics and politics, and perhaps in logic and metaphysics too. To be a
philosopher, said Thoureau, is not merely to have subtle thoughts, nor even to found a school, but
so to love wisdom as to live, according to its dictates, a life of simplicity, independence,
magnanimity, and trust. We may be sure that if we can but find wisdom, all things else will be
added unto us. Seek ye first the good things of the mind, Bacon admonishes us and the rest will
either be supplied or its loss will not be felt. Truth will not make us rich, but it will make us free.
1. The object of Philosophy
The word philosophy comes from the two Greek words philein, which means to love, and
sophia, which means knowledge or wisdom. It was Pitagoras who said Wisdom is of such
greatness that most certainly must be originated by the Gods and so men could only have for it
nothing but love. Because knowledge can be discovered in many fields, Greeks, who invented
philosophy, thought of any person who sought knowledge in any area as a philosopher. Thus,
philosophy once encompassed nearly everything that counted as human knowledge.
This view of philosophy persisted for over two thousand years. The full title of Sir Isaac
Newtons Principles, in which Newton set forth his famous theories of mechanics, mathematics,
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and astronomy is Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Even by the seventh century,
then, physics was still thought of as a variety of philosophy. Likewise, nearly every subject
currently listed in college catalogs at some point would have been considered philosophy. Thats
why the highest degree in psychology, mathematics, economics, sociology, and most other
subjects is the Ph.D., the doctorate of philosophy.
Science seems always to advance, while philosophy seems always to lose ground. Yet this
is only because philosophy accepts the hard and hazardous task of dealing with problems not yet
open to the methods of scienceproblems like good and evil, beauty and ugliness, order and
freedom, life and death; so soon as a field of inquiry yields knowledge susceptible of exact
formulation it is called science. Every science begins as philosophy and ends as art; it arises in
hypothesis and flows into achievement. Philosophy is a hypothetical interpretation of the unknown
(as in metaphysics), or of the inexactly known (as in ethics or political philosophy); it is the front
trench in the siege of truth. Science is the captured territory; and behind it are those secure
regions in which knowledge and art build our imperfect and marvelous world. Philosophy seems to
stand still, perplexed; but only because she leaves the fruits of victory to her daughters the
sciences, and herself passes on, divinely discontent, to the uncertain and unexplored.
Shall we be more technical? Science is analytical description, philosophy is synthetic
interpretation. Science wishes to resolve the whole into parts, the organism into organs, the
obscure into the known. It does not inquire into the values and ideal possibilities of things, nor into
their present actuality and operation, it narrows its gaze resolutely to the nature and process of
things as they are. The scientist is as impartial as Nature in Turgenevs poem: he is as interested
in the leg of a flea as in the creative throes of a genius. But the philosopher is not content to
describe the fact; he wishes to ascertain its relation to experience in general, and thereby to get at
its meaning and its worth; he combines things in interpretive synthesis; he tries to put together,
better than before, that great universe-watch which the inquisitive scientist has analytically taken
apart. Science tells us how to heal and how to kill; it reduces the death rate in retail and then kills
us wholesale in war; but only wisdomdesire coordinated in the light of all experiencecan tell us
when to heal and when to kill. To observe processes and to construct means is science; to criticize
and coordinate ends is philosophy: and because in these days our means and instruments have
multiplied beyond our interpretation and synthesis of ideals and ends, our life is full of sound and
fury signifying nothing. For a fact is nothing except in relation to desire; it is not complete except in
relation to a purpose and a whole. Science without philosophy, facts without perspective and
valuation, cannot save us from havoc and despair. Science gives us knowledge, but only
philosophy can give us wisdom.
The object of philosophy has changes continually all throughout of history. It changes as the
number of objects studies increased and as changes in appreciation and ways of looking at the
issues changed. For example, there was a time in which the only worry men had was about
natural phenomena and so, nature was the object of philosophy. There were times in which
philosophers main concern was placed in moral issues, in God and the soul, as for todays concern
is in the social, political phenomena as well as the epistemological issues. The object of
philosophy also changed according to the point of view of the theories of knowledge, in way in
which during a time problems were analyzed almost exclusively form the point of vie of the
psychology, because it was thought that psychology was the origin of any knowledge. The
philosophical theme would also change according to the limits that were established for the human
knowledge; as for the beginning was the real world, then it would be limited according to the
phenomena of this world and sometimes the limit was human beings ideas of the same.
Therefore the object of philosophy is the widest of all, although in different times and by
different philosophers it was necessary to divide it.
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2. Parts of Philosophy.
In a very general way philosophy may be divided in three philosophical approaches which
were developed and changed through history: The science of being, the general science of
knowledge and the question of values. This division comes from the IV Century B.C., specifically
from the Academy of Plato. These names would change although they would still use an essential
Greek root, see the next chart:

CHART 1:
TRADICIONAL DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
(Originated in the IV Century B.C. - Academy of Plato)
Parts of Philosophy Greek names of
antiquity
Being or existence Physics

Modern Greek
names
Metaphysics
Ontology

Subdivisions

Knowledge
Values

Epistemology
Axiology

Theory of knowledge
Ethic, Aesthetics

Logic
Ethic

Cosmology Psychology
and Theology

3. Why just European Philosophy?


Philosophy as we have just described it, is exclusively known like so in Europe. The other
civilizations, like Mesopotamian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Chinese, Aztecs or Guarany, have left a
legacy of brilliant cultures and original in themselves, that is, their own philosophy. That is why the
discipline we are to study should be called European Philosophy, because it contains the
knowledge this part of the world developed.
Nevertheless, we will be using just the word Philosophy referring to the Western thought.
These are the reasons:
Philosophy outside Europe (or outside the west, if you may, given the fact that the postcolonial America as well as Asia and Africa are part of this) are a different scientific
discipline.
From this we can infer that it is almost impossible for one person only to specialize in such
a wide range of knowledge of all this cultures and nations.
The development of the history of European Philosophy can be perfectly understood
without having to claim any of the other.
Is customary for Historians and European philosophers to call the development of their own
philosophy as History of Philosophy, although it is very imprecise title its very brief
and handy for in almost every book on the matter we will see it called this way.

4. Periods of European Philosophy.


The history of European Philosophy has continuity since the beginning to our days. This 25
Centuries have had several divisions and classifications. For practical and methodical reasons we
shall divide our study in 6 stages:
I. Philosophy of Ancient Age, which started in the VI Century B.C. and slowly faded during the IV
Century of our era.
II. Christian Philosophy before the Middle Ages III Century to the VI Century.
III. Medieval Philosophy VI Century to the XIV Century.
IV. Modern Age Philosophy XV Century to the XVIII Century.
V. Contemporary Philosophy XIX and XX Centuries
VI. Todays knowledge panorama.
5. SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY RELIGION COMMON KNOWLEDGE
To be able to place philosophy among the different types of human knowledge, we must end
this introduction establishing the differences between our discipline and other sciences and the
religious or theological and the common knowledge or popular. This distinction has in itself many
versions so we shall mention only the general concepts.
The scientific knowledge as with the rest of the disciplines it seeks the truth, but with a
very strict methodology and empirical demonstrations. It must also have a theoretical
reference that explains the observed experiments.
The philosophical knowledge as science, it also searches for the truth, only it does so
through fundamental questions and their answers, generally, do not need to be answered
empirically. And, as with religion, philosophy makes profound inquiries to explain nature and
the life of the human being focusing it as a rational search for truth.
The religious, theological or spiritual knowledge although each of these terms could
have their singular connotations, they all have in common, as in philosophy, they try to
explain nature, God and life but through revelations of a religious origin.
Common knowledge or popular its the first experience and the most spontaneous of
every human being. And though it lack of technical resources, its the starting point of any
other sort of knowledge.
6. Philosophys Characteristics.

P.P. Presentation

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