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SUBJECT CODE
DAB21002
TEST
JAR TEST
NO. OF PAGES :
1/6
EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the optimal coagulant dose which will produce the highest removal of a given water turbidity.
3.0 THEORY
Raw water and wastewater is normally turbid containing solid particles of varying sizes. Particles with sizes greater
than 50 m settle fairly rapidly. The settling velocities of colloidal particles of sizes less than 50 m are very slow.
Thus, these particles are encouraged to collide leading to coalescence of particle to form flocs particles, which are
bigger and heavier. These particles will have higher settling velocities and easily settle out. Colloidal particles do not
agglomerate by itself due to the presence of repulsive surface forces. A process is needed to suppress these forces
so as to allow flocs formation. This process is called coagulation process. It is actually the addiction of chemical
coagulant to the raw water or wastewater. Coagulant that are normally used are salts of aluminium namely aluminium
sulphate and ferric salts namely ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride. The next processs that follows the coagulation
process is flocculation. It is the process that promotes particles collision due to gentle agitation resulting in
agglomeration of smaller non-settleable particles into flocs (bigger particles) which settles easily to produce clarified
water. Addition of coagulant aid such as synthetic polymer will accelerate settling.
SIGNATURE
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
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EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
04
EFFECTIVE DATE :
01/12/2007
AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
4.0
REAGENT
1. Aluminum sulfate (alum) with a known concentration or anionic/cationic coagulant such as ferrous
sulfate and ferric chloride.
5.0
PROCEDURES
1.0 Select any coagulant aid from the bench.
2.0 Prepare samples of wastewater into six different beakers with one litre each and label the
beakers.
3.0 Add in coagulant aid with different dosage and one control sample.
4.0 Run the experiment.
5.0 Observe the results.
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DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
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AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
8.0 DISCUSSION
1.
Al +
3H2O
Al(OH)3
3H
Describe the mechanism of reaction if the aluminium sulphate is replaced by ferum chloride
(FeCl3).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
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AMENDMENT DATE :
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Very fine
Fine
Moderately fine
Moderate
Coarse
Very Coarse
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Jar No
pH
Coagulant dose
(mg/L)
Agitate (minute)
Fast (rpm)
Slow (rpm)
Settling depth (mm)
Turbidity (NTU)
Floc formation (final
10 minutes) *
control
* Floc formation can be recorded by referring to the measurement scale as depicted in Figure 1.
SIGNATURE
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
none
none
none
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EDITION :
MA4
REVISION NO. :
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EFFECTIVE DATE :
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AMENDMENT DATE :
20/11/2007
Jar No
pH
Coagulant dose
(mg/L)
Agitate (minute)
Fast (rpm)
Slow (rpm)
Settling depth (mm)
Turbidity (NTU)
Floc formation (final
10 minutes) *
1
6.0
2
6.0
3
6.0
4
6.0
5
6.0
* Floc formation can be recorded by referring to the measurement scale as depicted in Figure 1.
SIGNATURE
DATE
: 20 NOVEMBER 2007
6
6.0
control
none
none
none