03 - Energy (And Carbon) in Buildings - Jamie Goggins

IBCI Building Control Conference 2012 | Athlone, 28-29
March 2012
Sustainability and Embodied

Energy (and Carbon) in Buildings
Dr Jamie Goggins | Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Affiliations:
College of Engineering & Informatics, NUI Galway
Ryan Institute for Environment, Marine & Energy Research
College of Engineering & Informatics
Energy in Buildings - Sustainability

What is a sustainable solution?
Sustainability Embodied energy and embodied
carbon as indicators
Why should embodied energy and embodied carbon
be considered?
Material choice
Concrete and cements
Steel
Timber
Case study
Summary
Energy in buildings What is a

sustainable solution?
Social
Equitable
Bearable
Sustainable
Economic
Environmental
Viable
Sustainable construction
Main impacts of construction industry and buildings (Sev 2008)
Raw material extraction and construction, related resource
depletion
Land use change, including clearing of existing fauna
Environ Social Economic

-mental
Energy use and associated emissions of greenhouse gases
Other indoor and outdoor emissions
Aesthetic degradation
Water use and waste water generation
Increased transport needs, depending on site
Waste generation
Opportunities for corruption
Disruption of communities, including through inappropriate
materials
Sev, design
A. 2008and
How
can the construction industry contribute to sustainable development? A
Health framework.
risks on worksites
and forDevelopment
building occupants
conceptual
Sustainable
17 (2009) 161-173
Material choice
Minimise
Maximise
Emissions
Local employment
Waste
Fuel self-sufficiency
Fossil fuel use
Resource recovery
Local impacts
Community benefits
Transport
Biodiversity
Material usage
Total material use of the man-kind in 2005

F. Krausmann et al. / Ecological Economics 68 (2009) 26962705
Structural Design
Lean design
Recycled materials
Renewable materials
Minimise waste
Design for long life

Holistic design
Sustainability Embodied energy and

embodied carbon as indicators
What is embodied energy (EE) and embodied

carbon (EC)?
1
Embodied energy (EE) is the energy
Carbon
consumed over the duration of a
dioxide
products life cycle
(CO2)
25
Methane
Embodied carbon (EC) refers to the
PFCs
(CH4)
CO2e consumed over the duration of a
products life cycle
CO2e
298
These refer to the energy and green
Nitrous
house gases required for the raw material HFCs
oxide
extraction, transportation, manufacture,
(N2O)
assembly, installation, disassembly,
Sulphur
hexafluoride
deconstruction and/or decomposition for
(SF6)
any product or system.
UNFCCC (1998). Kyoto protocol to the
EE and EC are linked.
United Nations framework convention on
climate change.
Measure of sustainability
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
Life Cycle Profiles

Cradle to Gate, Cradle to Site & Cradle to Grave
Production stage (raw material supply, transport, manufacturing of

products, and all upstream processes from cradle to gate).
Construction process stage (transport to the building site and wastage

from building installation/construction only) including transport and
disposal of waste.
Use stage: repair, replacement, maintenance and refurbishment

including transport and disposal of waste over the life cycle study year
period.
Demolition: is expected to occur any time at or after the end of the

study period and is included within its environmental profile. It includes
transport and disposal of waste.
Cradle
Gate
Site
Grave
Recycling/reuse: to take account of all or part of the product that is recycled or

Cradle
reused at the end of its life
EE and EC databases
ICE database (http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/)
GaBi database
SIMAPRO
Canadian Raw Material Database

DEFRA UK
DIM1.0/ eVERdee
Ecoinvent
Boustead model
worldsteel
* Many databases use process based analysis to determine intensities
EE and EC databases
ICE database (http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/)
Embodied energy (MJ/kg)
Timber
Timber
Embodied carbon (kgCO2e/kg)
Why should embodied energy and embodied

carbon be considered?
Life Cycle Energy of a Building

xx
Dixit M. K., Fernndez-Sols J. L., Lavy S. and Culp C. H. (2010). "Identification of parameters for
embodied energy measurement: A literature review." Energy and Buildings 42(8): 1238-1247.
Why is embodied energy (EE) and

embodied carbon (EC) important?
The built environment is
responsible for 40% of European
energy consumption.
The upcoming EPBD 2010 will
require all buildings to move
towards low energy standards.
The EE/EC for a low energy
buildings total energy and carbon
over a full life cycle can be over
30% of the total consumed.
Operational Energy vs. Embodied
Energy.
Policy & influence
.
Policy & influence

Government white paper
25% increase in CO2 emissions in last 15 years

33% renewables by 2020
20% energy savings by 2020
Green procurement
We will revise and update existing social housing design guidelines to

ensure that all new capitally funded housing schemes are socially,
environmentally and economically sustainable, achieving energy efficiency
both at construction stage and during the lifetime of the scheme, e.g. by
climate sensitive design which takes account of the orientation,
Energy efficiency
Alternative energy systems
21. We are requiring developers of new buildings of
over 1,000m2 to investigate the feasibility of using
alternative energy systems.
Policy & influence

SEAI strategic plan
Minimising environmental impacts of materials in
25 years
Construction industry review

Using renewable materials
Using low-embodied energy materials
Building regulations
Minimum standards
EU directives and commission documents

2002/91/EC
2003/87/EC
2007/589/EC
Policy & influence

National Action Plan on Green Public
Procurement (GPP) (Draft June 2011)
The draft National Action Plan proposes seven priority
product groups for which the public sector should
seek to green their tendering processes on a
national basis, including construction.
Will provide a framework for the development of GPP
in a consistent, progressive and coherent fashion.
Will highlight existing best-practice procurement
Will outline what further improvements can be made
that would boost the percentage of GPP
LCA (Carbon) of Buildings NUIG Case Studies

LCA Carbon (%) - Semi-Detached
Bungalows - B2 Rating
4%
30%
66%
Embodied Carbon
(KgCO2e)
LCA Carbon (%) - 2 Storey - B3

Rating Embodied Carbon
4%
19%
(KgCO2e)
Operational Carbon
(KgCO2e)
Operational Carbon
(KgCO2e)
Reoccuring
Embodied Carbon
(KgCO2e)
Reoccuring
Embodied Carbon
(KgCO2e)
The above examples show

the various contributions of
EC, RC and OC to each case
study buildings overall
carbon footprint.
77%
LCA Carbon (%) - Apartment Block

- C1 Rating
4%
21%
Embodied Carbon
(KgCO2e)
Operational Carbon
(KgCO2e)
75%
Reoccuring
Embodied Carbon
(KgCO2e)
LCA (Carbon) of Buildings other case studies

A2 rated 3-bed A2 rated 2-bed
Semi-D
Apartment
OLoughlin, N. (2010), Embodied CO2 of housing

construction in Ireland, Architecture Ireland 247, pp70-71
Office
Warehouse
Supermarket
House
Sturgle
Associates
LLPLLP
Indicative
Whole
Life Carbon
Emissions,
RICS Research
magazine,
May 2010.
Sturgle
Associates
Indicative
Whole
Life Carbon
Emissions,
RICS Research
magazine,
May 2010.
Future GHG in electricity generation?
Jones, C. (2011), Embodied Carbon: A Look Forward

Sustain Insight Article: Volume I, Sustain, Jan 2011
Jones (2011)
Material choice
Material Choice
Material choice can be very influential in the carbon
footprint outcome of any building.
A product may have a low Operational Carbon (OC)
and high Embodied Carbon (EC) but may be required
to be changed frequently
LCA - Material Breakdown

Sample case studies conducted by researchers at NUIG
EC of Construction Materials (%)
EC of Construction Materials (%)

Aggregate
Alluminium
Aggregate
Vinyl
Zinc
Aggregate
Alluminium
Alluminium
Blocks
Blocks
Zinc
Vinyl
Aggregate
Carpet
Alluminium
Concrete
Carpet
Blocks
Tiles
Carpet
Concrete
Glass
Timber
Tiles
Slates
Insulation
Lead
Paint
Concrete
Sand
Plaster
Plastic
Mortar
Paint
Plastic
Other
Slates
Paint
Other
Plaster
Sand
Insulation
Lead
Glass
Steel
Carpet
Mortar
Plastic
Paint
Plaster
Plaster
Plastic
Concrete
Steel
Insulation
Lead
Tiles
Glass
Timber
Vinyl
Timber
Vinyl
Sand
Slates
Mortar
Tiles
Semi-detached
Bungalows
Lead
Other
Other
Slates
Insulation
Blocks
Steel
Sand
Mortar
Steel
Glass
Timber
2 Storey House
Zinc
Concrete and cements
Energy inputs to the concrete manufacturing

process (cradle to site)
Concrete is the most widely used man made material by volume.

It has an extremely energy intensive manufacturing process and
therefore, has high EE and EC.
.
Cement production.
1
13
1
BES 6001
Environmental
&
10
Alternative
fuels:
Chipped tyres
Meat and
bonemeal
Secondary
liquid fuel
SRF solid
recovered fuel
12
CMI (2011)The foundation of our nation

Cement production energy flow.
Woodward R. (2011). Material and energy flow analysis of

the Irish construction sector. MSc thesis, CIT.
Cement production.
Direct energy intensity for CEM I
cement in Ireland for 2005
49%
Direct GHG (CO2e) emissions for

CEM I cement in Ireland for 2005
58%
19%
11%
14%
4.25MJ/kg
0.89kgCO2/kg
McCaffrey M. (2011) An I-O hybrid methodology for environmental LCA of embodied energy and
carbon in Irish products and services A study of reinforced concrete, MEngSc thesis, NUI
Galway.
Cement production reduction in emissions.
CMI member cement sales
Alternative fuel usage

0.75kgCO2/kg
CMI (2011)The foundation of our nation

GGBS.
*
0.79
0.072
* This may change in future burden sharing with steel industry?

Family of common cements EN 197-1.

a
Composition (proportion by mass )

Main consituents
Pozzolans
Fly ash
Limestone
Main Notation of the 27 products Clinker BlastMinor
Silica
Burnt
Natural
furnace
types (types of common cement)
additional
Siliceous Calcareous shale
fume Natural
calcined
slag
constituents
b
K
S
P
Q
V
W
T
L
LL
D
Portland
CEM I
CEM I
95-100
0-5
cement
Portland-slag
CEM II/A-S 80-90
6-20
0-5
CEM II/B-S 65-79 21-35
0-5
cement
Portland-silica
CEM II/A-D 90-94
6-10
0-5
fume cement
CEM II/A-P 80-94
6-20
0-5
PortlandCEM II/B-P 65-79
21-35
0-5
pozzolana
CEM II/A-Q 80-94
6-20
0-5
cement
CEM II/B-Q 65-79
21-35
0-5
CEM II/A-V 80-94
6-20
0-5
Portland-fly ash CEM II/B-V 65-79
21-35
0-5
CEM II cement
CEM II/A-W 80-94
6-20
0-5
CEM II/B-W 65-79
21-35
0-5
Portland-burnt CEM II/A-T 80-94
6-20
0-5
CEM II/B-T 65-79
21-35
0-5
shale cement
CEM
II/A-L
80-94
6-20
0-5
PortlandCEM II/B-L 65-79
210-5
limestone
CEM II/A-LL 80-94
6-20
0-5
cement
CEM II/B-LL 65-79
210-5
Portlandcomposite
c
cement
CEM II/A-M
CEM II/B-M
80-94
65-79
6-20
21-35
0-5
0-5
CEM III/A
35-64 36-65
0-5
CEM III/B
20-34 66-80
0-5
CEM III/C
5-19
81-95
0-5
Pozzolanic
CEM IV/A
65-89
11-35
0-5
CEM IV
CEM IV/B
45-64
36-55
0-5
cement c
Composite
CEM V/A
40-64 18-30
18-30
0-5
CEM V
31-50
CEM V/B
20-38 31-50
0-5
cement c
a) The values in the table refer to the sum of the main and minor additional constituents.
b) The proportion of silica fume is limited to 10 %.
c) In Portland-composite cements CEM II/A-M and CEM II/B-M, in Pozzolanic cements CEM IV/A and CEM IV/B and in composite cements
CEM V/A and CEM V/B the main constituents other than clinker shall be declared by designation of the cement (For example see clause 8).
CEM III
Blastfurnace
cement
Family of common cements EN 197-1.

Minor
additional
constituent
Composition (proportion by massa)

Main consituents
Clinke
Pozzolans
Fly ash
Limestone
BlastMain Notation of the 27 products
Silica
Burnt
Natu Natural Silice Calcar
furnace
types (types of common cement)
fume
shale
ral calcined ous eous
slag
b
K
S
P
Q
V
W
T
L
LL
D
Portland
CEM I
CEM I
95-100
0-5
cement
CEM II/A-V 80-94
6-20
0-5
Portland-fly ash CEM II/B-V 65-79
21-35
0-5
cement
CEM II/A-W 80-94
6-20
0-5
CEM II/B-W 65-79
21-35
0-5
CEM II
CEM II/A-L 80-94
6-20
0-5
PortlandCEM II/B-L 65-79
21-35
0-5
limestone
CEM II/A-LL 80-94
6-20 0-5
cement
CEM II/B-LL 65-79
21-35 0-5
CEM III/A
35-64 36-65
0-5
Blastfurnace
CEM III
CEM III/B
20-34 66-80
0-5
cement
CEM III/C
5-19
81-95
0-5
a) The values in the table refer to the sum of the main and minor additional constituents.
b) The proportion of silica fume is limited to 10 %.
c) In Portland-composite cements CEM II/A-M and CEM II/B-M, in Pozzolanic cements CEM IV/A and CEM IV/B and in
composite cements CEM V/A and CEM V/B the main constituents other than clinker shall be declared by designation of the
Cement production.
, CKD
Cement production.
EU cements types
Source: CEMBUREAU 2008

Steel
Iron and Steel making flow chart

Ref: Worldsteel (2008)
(75% of world production)

(25% of world
production)
(3%)
(66%)
(6%)
(25%)
Energy Intensity26.4 41.6 19.8 31.2

28.3 30.9
(GJ/t):
(*Energy associated with mining is excluded).
9.1 12.5
Energy reduction in steel making
Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2

Limit of current
technology?
Source: Worldsteel
End-of life fate of materials

Concrete
77% crushed
Landfill avoided
Primary aggregates
saved
Downcycling
Steel
Timber
99% recycled or reused
Landfill avoided
Primary steel saved
True recycling
16% recycled??
80% landfill??
Decomposition CO2 CH4
Landfill gas capture (51%)
Ref: Sansom M. (2011)

Recycling
Content vs. Potential
Why collection rate does make a difference
The water bottle example
Before drinking
After drinking
Water 50 Cent
Water 50 Cent
Bottle 50 Cent
Bottle 50 Cent
Recycling Content
Cost = 50 Cent
returned
Recycling Potential
Cost = 50 Cent
Recycling
Content vs. Potential
Why collection rate does make a difference
The water bottle example
Before drinking
After drinking
Water 50 Cent
Water 50 Cent
Bottle 50 Cent
Bottle 50 Cent
Recycling Content
Cost = 50 Cent
lost
Recycling Potential
Cost = 100 Cent
Databases
Different methods UK Sections
Ref: Sansom M. (2011)

Different methods
PAS 2050 Recycled content approach
Allocates full recycling benefits to input side
No consideration of the benefits of recyclability
Worldsteel Substitution approach (Closed loop system

expansion)
Creation of recyclable material is allocated the full
benefit of recycling at end-of-life
ISO compliant
Bath ICE 50:50 method
Allocates half of the benefits of using recycled
materials at start of life and half of the benefits of
creating recycled materials at end of life
Different methods
Bath ICE 50:50 method
Approach represents a balance of:
Accommodating the use of reused and recycled
materials and
The design for reuse and recovery
Timber
Timber
GHGs
Wood products
store carbon Reuse
Panel factory
(further
processing)
Energy (sunlight) + H2O +

6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
GHGs
GHGs
Sawmill (sawing,
planing, wood kiln
drying, transport)
GHGs
GHGs
CO2
GHGs
Old forests release their stored

carbon slowly as they decay or
rapidly through wildfire
Bioenergy is
produced from mill
and forest residues
Fertiliser
Pesticides
GHGs
Reforestation and
sustainable forest
management practices
ensure the carbon cycle
continues
Growing forests absorb carbon and release oxygen

Timber
Renewable source
Carbon sequestration
Different methods of forest management affect the affect

of carbon sequestration in trees*
Requires minimum amount of energy-based processing
*Source: Perez-Garcia et al, 2005

Timber
Embodied energy of timber
*Source: ICE database

Note: These values were difficult to estimate because timber has a high
data variability.
These values exclude the energy content of the wooden product (the
Calorific Value (CV) from burning).
Embodied carbon of timber
*Source: ICE database

Biogenic carbon storage and carbon sequestration are excluded from the
data.
Data separates carbon dioxide emissions released from fossil fuels and
those from the burning of biomass fuel (i.e. timber off cuts).
Timber
National Action Plan on Green Public Procurement (GPP)
(Draft June 2011)
Implement the FLEGT Action Plan in Ireland (by 2011)
Establish a Due Diligence for operators placing timber products on the
market for the first time (commencing 2013)
By 2017, it will be mandatory that construction timber will be procured
only from verified legally logged sources and from independently verified
sustainable sources.
Material Choice Case study
Material Choice - Case study

A 3-storey office block located in Galway city in Ireland
RC Flat slab
5 x 5 grid
7m x 5m bay
30MPa concrete mix
Reinforcement: 130kg/m3
A comparison is made using two mix designs:

Mix design 1: 100% OPC
Mix design 2: 50% OPC + 50% GGBS
Cradle-to-site
Goggins J., Keane T., Kelly A. (2010) The assessment of

embodied energy in typical reinforced concrete building structures
in Ireland, Energy and Buildings 42 (2010) 735744.

Embodied Energy
Mix design 1
(100% OPC)
Mix design 2
(50%OPC+50%GGBS)
Total 3,337GJ
Total 2,705GJ
Savings = 630GJ (i.e. 19%)
Equivalent to:
the energy used by 32.5 average homes in Ireland in one year

Embodied Carbon
Mix design 1
(100% OPC)
Total 412,792kgCO2e
Mix design 2
(50%OPC+50%GGBS)
Total 285,391kgCO2e
Savings = 127 tonnes (i.e. 31%)
Equivalent to:
41 cars off the road for one year
absorption of CO2 by 15.9 acres of managed Irish forest for one year.
Summary
Summary
Sustainability Environmental, Economic, Social
Public sector will be required to green their tendering
process on a national basis, which includes construction
Embodied energy and/or embodied carbon can be used
as indicators in sustainability assessment
Operational energy vs. embodied energy and carbon
assessment
Material choice need technical understanding
The benefits of carrying out an EE/EC

assessment
Hot Spots in a product chain can be identified and
reduced;
Stakeholders in any project will be able to make
informed decisions regarding the energy and carbon;
Those decisions can then allow trade-offs between
cost analysis and carbon analysis to be made;
Public awareness of energy intensive materials will
be highlighted thus allowing the actual sustainability of
products to be assessed;
Companies developing sustainable products will be
able to highlight and market their products based on
energy and carbon savings.
Thank you for your attention!

Dr. Jamie Goggins, National University of Ireland, Galway
Jamie.Goggins@nuigalway.ie
We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it

from our children

03 - Energy (And Carbon) in Buildings - Jamie Goggins

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IBCI Building Control Conference 2012 | Athlone, 28-29

Sustainability and Embodied

College of Engineering & Informatics

Energy in Buildings - Sustainability

College of Engineering & Informatics

Energy in buildings What is a

College of Engineering & Informatics

College of Engineering & Informatics

Environ Social Economic

Energy use and associated emissions of greenhouse gases

Other indoor and outdoor emissions

Increased transport needs, depending on site

Opportunities for corruption

Disruption of communities, including through inappropriate

Fossil fuel use

College of Engineering & Informatics

Total material use of the man-kind in 2005

Design for long life

College of Engineering & Informatics

Sustainability Embodied energy and

College of Engineering & Informatics

What is embodied energy (EE) and embodied

Life Cycle Profiles

Production stage (raw material supply, transport, manufacturing of

Construction process stage (transport to the building site and wastage

Use stage: repair, replacement, maintenance and refurbishment

Demolition: is expected to occur any time at or after the end of the

Recycling/reuse: to take account of all or part of the product that is recycled or

College of Engineering & Informatics

Canadian Raw Material Database

Embodied energy (MJ/kg)

Embodied carbon (kgCO2e/kg)

College of Engineering & Informatics

Why should embodied energy and embodied

College of Engineering & Informatics

Life Cycle Energy of a Building

Why is embodied energy (EE) and

Policy & influence

Policy & influence

25% increase in CO2 emissions in last 15 years

We will revise and update existing social housing design guidelines to

Policy & influence

Construction industry review

EU directives and commission documents

College of Engineering & Informatics

Policy & influence

College of Engineering & Informatics

LCA (Carbon) of Buildings NUIG Case Studies

LCA Carbon (%) - 2 Storey - B3

The above examples show

LCA Carbon (%) - Apartment Block

LCA (Carbon) of Buildings other case studies

OLoughlin, N. (2010), Embodied CO2 of housing

College of Engineering & Informatics

Future GHG in electricity generation?

Jones, C. (2011), Embodied Carbon: A Look Forward

College of Engineering & Informatics

College of Engineering & Informatics

LCA - Material Breakdown

EC of Construction Materials (%)

College of Engineering & Informatics

Concrete and cements

College of Engineering & Informatics