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Mechanism/Pathway
1. Semi conservative
Double stranded DNA is separated, which one of the strand is used as a template to form
new daughter cell, as a result it forms 2 DNA double helix which its strand is made up of
parental and new strand
2. Conservative
Two DNA strands are separated then back together after replication has occured. One
daugther cell consist of fully from parental strands whereas the other one consist of all
newly synthesized material
3. Dipersive
Material in the two parental strands is distributed more or less randomly between two
daughter molecules (DNA in strand selang seling from old and new strand)
PROCESS IN EUKARYOTES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. RNA primer is removed and then replaced by appropiate DNA nucleotides, however if the
RNA primer that is being removed is located at the end of the DNA it will form telomere
(hanging end)
10. Gaps between Okazaki fragment and new DNA nucleotides which replace RNA primer is
joined by ligase
11. New histones will also be produced, the offspring will have both parental histones and newly
formed histones
PROCESS IN PROKARYOTES
1. Helicase unwind double staranded DNA and SSB react with single strand DNA to prevent it
from winding back again
2. RNA primase create RNA primer in leading strand
3. DNA pol 3 add complementary bases to the leading strand (5-3 direction)
4. RNA primase create RNA primer in lagging strand
5. Lagging strand is folded as DNA pol 3 is a holoenzyme and only can work in 1 direction
6. DNA pol 3 add complementar bases to the lagging strand (3 5 direction) discontinously
creating series of short fragments
7. RNA primer is removed by DNA pol 1 forming Okazaki fragment, and then was replaced with
appropiate DNA nucleotides by DNA pol 1
8. Gaps between Okazaki fragment and new DNA nucleotides which replace RNA primer is
joined by ligase
Eukaryotes
Histones are not removed and the offspring will
have both parent & newly formed histone
Linear replication
DNA pol alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
did not work as holoenzyme
Two way replication process, DNA pol is not
holoenzyme so folding of lagging strand is not
neede
After primers are remvoed, it will create a
hanging end as it does not have complementary
base pair (TELOMERE)
Many origin sites
TELOMERE
Is hanging end which odes not have any complementary base that is present in eukaryotic
DNA
How does it forms?
o At first, during replication RNA primase will create primers in the replicated strand in
order for replication to occur. However, after the replication process is finished, RNA
primer is removed thereby creating a gap between replicated DNA. If the RNA
primer that is being removed is located at the middle of the strand (between
replicated DNA) this gap can be filled by appropiate DNA nucleotides. However if it is
located at the end of the DNA, it cannot be filled with DNA nucleotides as there is no
foundation (existing nucleotide) for DNA pol. to work. As a result, it will form
telomere, a hanging end (strand that did not ave any complementary base).
Why it is not present in prokaryotes?
o In prokaryotes the gap, formed after RNA primers is removed, is filled by DNA pol I
which is not present in eukaryotes.
What happened to telomere during replication?
o If the DNA strand, containing telomere, is replicated again, the telomere will be cut
off. However since a too short telomere can cause death to the cell, enzyme
telomerase is used to elongate the telomere therefore prevent its shortening.
is pieces (fragment) of lagging strand DNA after RNA primers are removed.
How does it forms?
o In replication process, lagging strand is replicated discontinously by creating series of
short fragment containing RNA primer and replicated DNA sequence.
o
o
After the replication is finished and the RNA primer is being removed, it will create
gap between the replicated DNA or Okazaki Fragment.
Then the gaps, between these fragment will later be filled in DNA polymerase and
then joined together with the help of ligase.
DNA Repair:
Process of repairing cells DNA
Base Excision
Repair (BER)
Mismatched
Repair (MMR)
Mechanism
Double Strand
Break (DSBs)
Nucleotide
Excision Repair
(NER)
repaired by NHEJ
in mammal cell
1. Transcription
Coupled Pathway
2. Global
Genomic
Pathway