Chemical Bonding

Prepared by Alan Teng Feb 2014

Types of Chemical Bonding

Bonding

Strong Bonding

Weak Bonding

Strong Bonding
Ionic

All these are

STRONG
BONDINGs

Transfer of one or more

electrons from one atom
to another

Bonding

Metallic

Atoms arranged in lattice

structure and electrons freely
move from one atom to
another

Covalent

Sharing of outer
electrons by 2
or more atoms

Weak Bonding
Van Der
Waal`s
Forces

All these are

WEAK
BONDINGs

IM
Forces
Hydrogen
Bonds

Special force of attraction between

Hydrogen atoms and Oxygen, Nitrogen
and Fluorine atoms.

London Dispersion Forces,

Temporary dipole-inducd dipole
forces

Weak Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction

Permanent
Dipole-dipole
Forces

Molecule has electrons

assymetrically
distributed so
becomes polar.

Metallic Bonding
A metal is a lattice of positive metal 'ions' in a 'sea' of delocalised
electrons.
Metallic bonding is due to the interaction between the delocalised
electrons and the metal nuclei.

Metallic Bonding
Physical properties of metals are the result of the delocalisation of the
electrons involved in metallic bonding.
The physical properties of solid metals include:
Heat conducting
Electricity conducting
generally high melting and boiling points
strong
malleable (can be hammered or pressed out of shape without breaking)
ductile (able to be drawn into a wire)
metallic lustre
opaque (reflect light)

Metallic Bonding
Solid and liquid metals can conduct heat and electricity.
Delocalised electrons move freely in the solid lattice. These
mobile electrons can act as charge carriers in the conduction of
electricity or as energy conductors in the conduction of heat.

Metallic Bonding
Malleable and Ductile
Metals are malleable and ductile.
The delocalised electrons in the 'sea' of electrons in the metallic
bond, enable the metal atoms to roll over each other when stress
is applied.

Animation of Metallic Bonding

Metallic Bonding
Melting Points

In general, metals have high melting and boiling points because of the
strength of the metallic bond. The strength of the metallic bond
depends on the : number of electrons in the delocalised 'sea' of electrons.
(More delocalised electrons results in a stronger bond and a higher
melting point.)
packing arrangement of the metal atoms.
(The more closely packed the atoms are the stronger the bond is and the
higher the melting point.)

Metallic Bonding
The table below shows the approximate melting points (OC) of the metals from
lithium to indium.

Group I metals have relatively low melting points compared to other metals because
they:
only have 1 electron to contribute to the delocalised 'sea' of electrons
are not forming as many metallic bonds as other metals because Group I atoms
are inefficiently packed
have large atomic radii so the delocalised electrons are further away from the
nucleus resulting in a weaker metallic bond

Ionic Bonding
Positive Ions are formed when atoms lose one
or more electrons. Metals usually lose electrons.
Eg. Na Na+ + e-,
MgMg2+ +2 e Negative Ions are formed when atoms gain one
or more electrons. Non metals usually gain
electrons.
Eg. Cl2 + 2e- 2 ClO2 + 4e- 2 O2-

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding
Positive Ions.
Eg. Na Na+ + eSodium has the electronic structure [2,8]+
Has same electronic configuration as Neon but has a
positive charge
Negative ions
Eg. Cl2 + 2e- 2 ClChloride has the electronic structure [2,8,8]Has the same electronic configuration as Argon but has a
negative charge.

Ionic Bonding
When metals combine with non-metals the valence
electrons (electrons in the outer shell) of the
metal atom are transferred to the outermost shell
of the non-metal atom.
The result is a complete set of electrons (duplet or
octet rule) for both atoms.

They have electron configuration of noble gases.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding
The strong force of attraction between the
oppositely charged positive and negative ions
results in an ionic bond.
Ionic bonding also called electrovalent bonding.
In ionic structure the ions are arranged in a regular
repeating pattern so makes it very strong.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding
When two nonmetal atoms share one or
more pairs of electrons they form covalent
bonds.

A shared pair of electrons is called a single

covalent bond.

Covalent Bonding

Covalent Bonding
A shared pair of electrons
forming the covalent bond.

Covalent Bonding

Lone pair of
electrons

A shared pair of electrons

forming the covalent bond.

Covalent Bonding
Lone pair of
electrons

A shared pair of electrons

forming the covalent bond.

Covalent Bonding
A shared pair of electrons
forming the covalent bond.

Lone pair of
electrons

Covalent Bonding
Identify the bonded pairs and the lone pairs
of electrons.

Covalent Bonding
Multiple Covalent Bonds.
Eg. Double covalent bonds

Covalent Bonding
Non duplet or octet cases.

Covalent Bonding
Why? Excitation

Covalent Bonding
Why? Excitation

Covalent Bonding
Why? Excitation followed by hybridisation.

Covalent Bonding
Why? Excitation followed by hybridisation.
But further studies suggest a more complex
reason. This explanation is acceptable for
A-levels

Covalent Bonding
In BF3, the Boron only has 6 electrons. It is
said to be electron deficient.

Covalent Bonding
In SF6, the Sulfur has 12 electrons. It is said
to have an expanded octet.

Covalent Bonding
N2 has triple covalent bond.

Coordinate Bonding
Co-ordinate bonding (or also called dative
covalent bond) is formed when one atom
provides both the electrons needed for a
covalent bond.

Coordinate Bonding
NH3 has 3 bonded pairs of
electrons and 1 lone pair
of electrons.

The lone pair of electrons

can fill up the unfilled
orbital of another atom.
Eg. H+

Coordinate Bonding

Coordinate Bonding

Coordinate Bonding
Aluminium in AlCl3 is electron deficient.
Aluminium chloride sublimes (turns straight
from a solid to a gas) at about 180C. If it
simply contained ions it would have a very
high melting and boiling point because of
the strong attractions between the positive
and negative ions. The implication is that it
when it sublimes at this relatively low
temperature, it must be covalent.
Measurements of the relative formula mass of
aluminium chloride show that its formula in
the vapour at the sublimation temperature is
not AlCl3, but Al2Cl6. It exists as a dimer
(two molecules joined together).

Coordinate Bonding

Bond Energy
Bond Energy is the energy required to
break a mole of a given bond in a
gaseous molecule.
Bond

Bond Energy/ kJ mol-1

Bond Length/ nm

C-C

350

0.154

C=C

610

0.134

C-O

360

0.143

C=O

740

0.116

Bond Energy
Bond Energy measures the strength of the bond.

Bond strength can influence the reactivity of a

compound.
N2 triple bond takes a lot of energy to break that
is why N2 is unreactive. 994 kJ/mol
O2 double bond only requires 496 kJ to break a
mole of the bond that is why oxygen is more
reactive.