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Turbine Orientation & ISO Condition

Operationg Principle
Brayton Cycle
Definition of Themodynamic
Main parameters affecting gas turbine performance

External Factors
Internal Factors

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IT DRAWS IN AIR FROM THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

IT COMPRESS IT TO HIGHER PRESSURE
IT INCREASES THE ENERGY LEVEL OF THE COMPRESSED AIR BY ADDING AND BURNING FUEL IN A
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
IT DIRECTS HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE AIR TO THE TURBINE SECTION, WHICH CONVERTS
THERMAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT MAKES THE SHAFT REVOLVE; THIS SERVES, ON
THE ONE HAND, TO SUPPLY USEFUL ENERGY TO THE DRIVEN MACHINE, COUPLED TO THE MACHINE BY
MEANS OF A COUPLING AND, ON THE OTHER HAND, TO SUPPLY ENERGY NECESSARY FOR AIR
COMPRESSION, WHICH TAKES PLACE IN A COMPRESSOR DIRECTLY WITH THE TURBINE SECTION
IT EXHAUST LOW PRESSURE, LOW TEMPERATURE GASES RESULTING FROM THE ABOVE-MENTIONED
TRANSFORMATION INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.

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INLET

COMBUSTOR

TURBINE

COMPRESSOR

EXHAUST

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE

ATMOSPHRIC
LEVEL

PRESSURE

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The thermodiynamic cycle of a gas
turbine is known as the BRAYTON
CYCLE.
The following diagram is useful to
understand the meaning of the
thermodynamic cycle more easily.
FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST
3
4

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

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T
3

FUEL
4

COMBUSTION

2
2

EXHAUST

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

AIR
INLET

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T

3
2

Wc

HR

Wt

Nu

FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

Q1

COMPRESSOR

LOAD

Q2
1

AIR
INLET

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T

3
2

Wc c pm (T2 T1 ) (T2 T1 )

Mesured in

FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

Kj

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

kginlet _ air

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T

3
2

Wt c pm (T3 T4 ) (T3 T4 )

Mesured in

FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

3
4

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

Kj
kg gas

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T

3
2

Q1 c pm (T3 T2 ) (T3 T2 )

S
4

Mesured in

V
FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

3
4

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

Kj
kg gas

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T

3
2

Q2 c pm (T4 T1 ) (T4 T1 )

S
4

Mesured in

V
FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

3
4

kgehxaust_ gas

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

Kj

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T

3
2

(Q1 Q2 )

Q1

S
4

V
FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

3
4

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

This equation tell us that, by parity of

heat Q1, introduced into the
combustion chamber by fuel, efficiency
will increase as heat Q2 dissipated
into the atmosphere decreases

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T

3
2

N u Gturbine _ gas inletWt GairWc

Mesured in

V
FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

3
4

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

Kj

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T

3
2

Q1
HR
Nu

S
4

V
FUEL
COMBUSTION
2

EXHAUST

3
4

COMPRESSOR
LOAD

AIR
INLET

Heat Rate is the inverse of efficiency,

in that it indicates the ratio between
thermal energy, resulting from the
combustion process, and mechanical
energy, obtained on the power shaft.

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In the Brayton Cycle are very important the following

parameters:

FIRING TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE RATIO

P2

T3
1

P1

THERMAL EFFICIENCY

SPECIFIC POWER Kw (kg )

s
1

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Section A refers the so called TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE, wich is the
average temperature of gas at plane A.
Section C refers to the so-called ISO FIRING TEMPERATURE, wich is the
average gas temperature at plane C, calculated as a function of the air and fuel flow
rates via a thermal balance of combustion according to the ISO 2314 procedure.

The difference in the interpretation of temperatures in section A and B consists in the

fact that the section B temperature takes account of mixing with 1st stage nozzle
cooling air, wich was not involved in the combustion process, but mixes with burnt
gases after cooling the surface of the nozzle.
According to the NUOVO PIGNONE-GENERAL ELECTRIC standard, the
temperature that best repreesents point (3) is the one in section B

EFFICIENCY

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COMPRESSION RATIO

SPECIFIC POWER (MW/kg/s)

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A Gas Turbine uses atmospheric air, therefore, its

performance is greatly affected by all factors that influence
T
the weigh flow rate of air delivered to the compressor.
These factor are:

Temperature
Pressure
Relative humidity
In this regard we must remind that reference conditions for
three above mentioned factors are, by convention ISO
standards

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HEAT RATE

EXHAUST GAS FLOW

POWER

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C)

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

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CORRECTION
FACTOR

CORRECTION FACTOR
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE

ALTITUDE - 1000 FEET

CORRECION FACTOR

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SPECIFIC HUMIDITY
ISO= 0,0064

POWER

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY (kg Water vapour/kg Dry Air)

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The internal factors are related to the auxiliary systems of

the gas turbine.
They are:

Pressure losses in the compressor inlet section

Pressure losses in the turbine exhaust system

Fuel type

Air extraction from the axial compressor

Steam injection

Water injection
Evaporative cooling
1

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ISO Condition
and

GAS TURBINE POSITION ORIENTATION

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ISO Condition
Ambient temperature (C)
Atmospheric Pressure (mbar)
Relative humidity (%)

Exhaust and inlet pressure drop (mmH 20)

15
1013
60
0

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Gas Turbine Position Orientation

!
ALF
FOR AERODERIVATIVE
GAS TURBINE

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Gas Turbine Position Orientation

ALF
is
applicable for all
Aereoderivative gas
turbine