Lecture 5 - Pump Selection

Lecture outline
Different types of pumps

Application of Bernoulli equation
Pump selection and hydraulic

design
in pumping system
Pump characteristic & system
curves
Flow control & affinity law
Series vs. parallel operation
Copyright@Dominic Foo
H82PLD - Plant Design
Pump - 2
Positive displacement pumps
Introduction
Purpose of pumps:
To transport
To supply energy in the form of pressure
Major types of pumps:
Piston pump
Plunger pump
Reciprocating diaphragm pump

Pump - 3
Pump - 4

Contains inlet & outlet valves
Screw pump
Pump - 5
Centrifugal pumps
Single cylinder
Delivery rate
Internal gear pump
Delivery rate
External gear pump
During liquid suction, the camber is filled with liquid, with

inlet valve open & outlet valve closed; during discharge,
inlet valve closed & outlet valve opened.
Valves opening & closing cause fluctuating flowrate &
discharge pressure reduced by multiple cylinders in
parallel.
Time
Multiple cylinder
Time
(Coulson & Richardson, 1998)
Pump - 6
Centrifugal pumps
Impeller
Most widely used type in the chemical &

petroleum industries.
Handle liquids with wide ranging properties &
suspensions with high solid content (e.g. cement).
May be constructed from a wide range of corrosion
resistant materials.
Fluid is fed to the centre of a rotating impeller &
thrown outward by centrifugal action.
Due to high speed rotation, the liquid acquires a
high kinetic energy.
(Seider et al., 2003)

Pump - 7
Pump - 8
Advantages of centrifugal pumps
Disadvantages
Simple in construction made in a wide range of

materials
Completely absent of valves
Operates at high speed couple directly to
electric motor
Steady delivery
Lower maintenance cost than other type
No damage if delivery is blocked (in short period)
Smaller than other pumps of equal capacity
Handle liquid with high proportions of suspended
solid
Single pump does not develop high pressure

Multiple-stage pumps develop greater heads but
very expensive & cannot be made by corrosiveresistant material
High efficiency only to a limited range of
conditions
Not self-priming
If no valve installed, liquid may return to suction
tank once pump stops
Viscous liquid cannot be handled efficiently
Pump - 9

Pump - 10
Some comparison
Centrifugal pump selection

104
Multi-stage
High speed
single* or
multi*
Single stage
1750 rpm
102
Single stage
3500 rpm
10
10
102
103
3
Flowrate, m /h
104
105
Centrifugal
Positive
displacement
Efficiency
Positive
displacement
103
Total head, m
Total head, m
Reciprocating
Flowrate, m3/h
Flowrate, m3/h
* Single stage > 1750 rpm;

multi-stage 1750rpm
(www.pumpschool.com)
(Sinnott, 2005)
Pump - 11
Centrifugal
Pump - 12
Factors influence pump selection
More resources on pumps
Quantity of liquid:
Affect the size of pump
Determine the use of parallel pumps
Head against the liquid to be pumped

Pressure difference
Vertical height of the downstream & upstream reservoirs
Friction losses in the delivery line
INTERNET
Nature of liquid
Liquid viscosity determines the friction losses & power
Corrosive nature determine the material of construction
Pump clearances must be large handling liquid with suspensions
Nature of power supply high speed centrifugal or rotary pump is
preferred with the use of electric motor/internal combustion engine
Intermittent use corrosive troubles more likely than continuous
operation
It may be advantageous to select a cheap pump & pay higher maintenance costs
than to install expensive/high efficiency pump.
Pump - 13
Why pump is needed?
Why pump is needed?
(a) Supply pressure
(b) Supply height

(c) Supply velocity
Pressure
sensor
(d) Overcome friction

Energy
Energy
Energy
Pump - 14
Energy
Change in
elevation
Fluid
with
velocity
(Wood, 1995)
Pump - 15
Obstructions
in the line
(Wood, 1995)
Pump - 16
Why pump is needed?
Application of Bernoulli Eq.
All these pressure needs can be summed to yield

the total pressure requirements:
Case 1
Pressure Height Velocity Friction

+
+
+
Total needs =
difference difference difference loss
It is convenient to express this total needs in unit

of pressure that would be independent of the
liquid density.
Can be done by dividing pressure by gravity force
acting on a mass contained in a unit volume of
fluid:
Pressure
= unit of distance called " head"
g
(Wood, 1995)
Pump - 17
Application of Bernoulli Eq.

Case 2: Source below pump level
ZD
ZS
HP
Include energy losses into Bernoulli Equation:
PS
v2
P
v2
+ Z S + S H LS + H P = D + Z D + D + H LD
g
2g
g
2g
where HLD & HLS = head loss due to piping, fittings & other equipment
in discharge (D) & suction (S).
When level changes are slow, i.e. vL & vD 0:
P P
H P = D S + (Z D Z S ) + (H LD + H LS )
g
Pump - 18
Flow conditions at the pump suction are of special

importance & care must be taken if cavitation is to be
avoided.
Cavitation: formation of vapour bubbles (flashing of liquid)
as pressure drops below the vapour pressure at flowing
temperature.
During cavitation, vapour bubbles collapse pressure builds,
lead to severe damage at impeller & pump performance
drops.
To ensure the pressure cannot drop below the vapour
pressure, pump manufacturers specify the total suction
head must exceed the head equivalent, i.e. called the nett
positive suction head (NPSH).
PD
HP
PS
HP =
PS
Nett positive suction head

ZD
ZS
PD
PD PS
+ (Z D + Z S ) + (H LD + H LS )
g
NPSH available =
Change of sign
PS
v2
P
+ Z S + S H LS VP ; PVP = vapour pressure@flowing T
2g
g
g
NPSH available > NPSH specified by pump manufacturer

Pump - 19
Pump - 20
Hydraulic & actual power
Characteristic curves
Hydraulic power input of a pump:
Actual power =
Actual input
Efficiency
Head
Head, m
Power = m Hp g = Q Hp g
where m = liquid mass flowrate, Q = volumetric
flowrate
Actual power input:
Power
Efficiency reaches its

maximum & then falls
Head falls slowly
initially & falls off
rapidly
where = efficiency
Flowrate, m3/h
Pump - 21
Characteristic curves effect of

rotation rate
Characteristic curves effect of

impeller diameter

Pump - 22
Pump - 23
Pump - 24
System curve
System curve
Static head:
PD
Independent of flowrate
Can be calculated immediately for any pumping service
PS
ZD
ZS
Dynamic head loss:

Dependent on flowrate (increase as flowrate increases)
At no flow, term is zero (HLS + HLD = 0)
HP =
System curve: a plot of total liquid head vs. liquid flowrate
PD PS
+ (Z D Z S ) + (H LD + H LS )
g
Static head
Dynamic
head loss
Head
Pump is not shown as we are concerning about head input

by the pump.
2 components in the pressure head to be supplied by pump
in a piping system: static head & dynamic loss
Bernoulli equation can be interpreted as follow:
Static head
Flowrate
Dynamic head loss

Pump - 25
Suction head & system curve
Head, m
Pump
head
ZD
ZS
Operating
point
Head
Head
H1
Dynamic
head loss
System
Static head
Flowrate, m3/h Q1 = design

flowrate
Flowrate
Flowrate
Given the pump

characteristics & system
curve, if we superimpose
one on the other, the
operating point (Q1, H1) is
obtained.
However, the flowrate
achieved is not always
what we need flowrate
control needed.
Dynamic
head loss
ZS+ZS
Pump - 26
Interaction of pump & system curves
ZD
ZS
(Wood, 1995)
Pump - 27
(Wood, 1995)
Pump - 28
Flowrate control for pumping
Flowrate control for pumping
Main methods of flow control

Throttling of pump discharge, with pump runs at constant speed
Varying pump speed suitable for larger pump (e.g. steam turbine)
Varying pump speed:
Throttling of pump discharge

Throttling (globe) valve is added to pump discharge.
As valve progressively closed, operating point moves up the head vs.
flowrate curve.
Valve
closed Valve
H
closed
Valve fully
PD
opened
PS
Throttling
valve
Pump
HP
head
More economic technique

with regards to power
consumption.
System
N3
N2
N1
Flowrate is increased Q1

Q2Q3 by increasing pump
speed
Q1 Q2 Q 3
Q
Pump - 29
Affinity laws
Mapping for rotation
Mapping for power
System curve & head vs.

flowrate data for a pump
operating at 2800 rpm are
given.
Questions:
Power
System
H2
P2
H1
P1
N1
N
H 2 = H 1 2
N1
Summary:
Pump - 30
Q2
N
Q2 = Q1 2
N1
Q1
N
P2 = P1 2
N1
Q2
N
Q2 = Q1 2
N1
Q ND 3 ; H ( ND ) 2 ; P N 3 D 5
Pump curve:
Q (m3/h)
40
80
120
H (m)
38.7
37.4
36.1
If varying pump speed is

used for flow control, what System curve:
speed is needed to produce
Q (m3/h) 0
a flowrate of 114 m3/h?
Make a rough estimation of
H (m)
20
power saving as compared
to pump discharge
throttling on 2800 rpm.
[Ans: 27%]
N2
Example 1
Q1
Pump - 31
80
110 140
26.4 30.5 35.4
Pump - 32
Example 1
Series/parallel operation
40
H, m
Parallel operation
Series operation
30
Head, m
Head, m
20
Double
pump
h
10
Single pump
2h
h
50
Flowrate, m3/h
100
134
Example 2
Q
2Q
150
Pump - 33
Double
pump
Single pump
Flowrate, m3/h
Flowrate, m3/h
Pump - 34
Example 2
60
2 identical pumps (with

Pump curve:
similar characteristic curve) Q (m3/h) 0 19.0 36.5 47.5
are run in parallel.
H (m) 55.5 50.0 40.0 30.0
Questions:
[Ans: 59.5 m3/h]

What happens if one pump
trips & the other continues
running?
System curve:
Q (m3/h)
H (m)
40
H, m
Determine the flowrate

through the system when
both pump are operating.
50
20
40
60
25.0 29.5 35.5 45.0
30
2Q
20
10
[Ans: 41.5 m3/h]
41.5
10
20
30
40
59.5
50
60
70
80
90
100
Flowrate, m3/h
Pump - 35
Pump - 36
Example 3
Example 3
Liquid of density 900
kg/m3
is to be pumped between 2 vessels with

elevations relative to the pump inlet. The liquid depth in each vessel
may vary & the pump is expected to deliver 80 m3/h under all
conditions.
The pressure in the vapour space above the liquid level in the receiving
vessel operates within a defined range whilst the pressure in the suction
vessel is held constant.
Total head losses due to piping & other fittings (including a fully open
globe valve) have been calculated at 25 m for a flowrate 100 m3/h.
2.
Estimate & plot the system curve, including open globe

valve, for the most severe pumping operation.
A pump having the head vs. flowrate characteristic as
shown in table. What would be the resulting flowrate if the
globe valve remains fully open? [Ans: 98 m3/h]
Q (m3/h)
H (m)
Pressure range
3.854 4.119 bar
2 bar
Max liquid level
1m
Min liquid level
4m
3.
15 m
4.
Globe
valve
4m
1m
5m
1.
30
70
100 130
66.0 65.2 63.6 62.0 60.1
If the globe valve is partially closed, make a rough sketch

on your plot of what you think the system curve will look
like to produce a flowrate of 80 m3/h.
What is the very largest flowrate that could be achieved,
and under what conditions? [Ans: 112 m3/h]
HP
Pump - 37
Example 3
Pump - 38
Solution for Example 3
100
1. Most severe case = largest P & Z

4.119 bar
80
H, m
Max liquid level
60
2 bar
1m
5m
40
20
Globe
valve
HP
HP =
PD PS
+ (Z D Z S ) + (H LD + H LS )
g
Data available
20
40
60
80
100
Flowrate, m3/h
120
140
160
Pump - 39
20 m
Data unavailable
(correlation is
needed)
Pump - 40
Additional note for estimating system curve:

H
Head
Dynamic head loss
HP =
PD PS
+ (Z D Z S ) + (H LD + H LS )
g
Static head
Flowrate
From Affinity law:
2. Plot pump characteristic

curve
System
3. When Q = 80 m3/h,
system curve moves
steeper.
H1 Q1
=
25 m
H 2 Q2
2

(H LD + H LS )2 = Q2 (H LD + H LS )1
Q1
100 m3/h
Pump - 41

3.854 bar
Min liquid level
Globe
valve
10 m
4m
15 m
HP
P P
H P = D S + (Z D Z S ) + (H LD + H LS )
g
Q
1
Pump - 42
A liquid of density 950 kg/m3 is to be pumped from a suction

vessel at 3 bar to a receiving vessel at 30 bar. The liquid level
in the suction vessel is 9 m below the pump and the level in the
receiving vessel is 15 m above the pump. At a flowrate of 200
m3/h, the dynamic head losses of the whole piping system,
including the resistance of a fully open throttling valve for flow
control, are equivalent to a head of 30 m of liquid. The kinetic
energy change can be omitted in this system. The
characteristics of the pump at a speed of 3000 rpm is given in
the following table.
Flowrate (m3/h)
50
100
150
200
450
440
403
340
250
(H LD + H LS )2 = Q2 (H LD + H LS )1
System
Data unavailable
Data available
Problem for revision 1
4. Largest flowrate achieved by a fully open valve
2 bar
80 98 112
Q
Pump - 43
Head (m)
Pump - 44
Problem for revision 1 (cont.)
Problem for revision 2
Sketch a schematic diagram of the pump system and write the Bernoulli
Liquid of density 850 kg/m3 is to be pumped between two

vessels with elevations relative to the pump inlet (see figure).
The liquid depth in each vessel may vary and the pump is
expected to deliver 60 m3/h under all conditions. The pressure
in the vapour space above the liquid level in the receiving
vessel operates within a defined range whilst the pressure in
the suction vessel is held constant. Total head losses due to
piping and other fittings (including a fully open globe valve)
have been calculated at 30 m for a flowrate 120 m3/h. The
characteristic data for the pump are given as:
equation for this system. [2 marks]

Sketch the system curve and determine the maximum possible flowrate
that can be achieved by the pump. [8 marks]
If the globe valve was adjusted to bring the flow to a new desired
flowrate of 120 m3/h. Make a rough sketch on your plot showing what
the system curve will look like. On the other hand, if varying pump
speed is to be used for flow control, while keeping the globe valve fully
open, what speed is needed to produce a flowrate of 120 m3/h (only two
iterations are needed for the trial-an-error calculation)? How much
power saving can be achieved as compared to pump discharge at 3000
rpm? [Ans: 13.7% saving; 8 marks]
In a different situation, if another identical pump is to be operated with
the existing pump in parallel, what will be the maximum possible
flowrate that can be achieved by the pumps? [Ans: 260 m3/h; 4 marks]
Flowrate (m3/h)
Head (m)
30
60
90
120
150
180
105
102
95
85
73
55
36
[Final exam Spring 2006]

Pump - 45
1m
Max liquid level
7m
Min liquid level
2 bar
Globe
valve
5m
20 m
1m
3m
HP
Pump - 46
Pressure range
5.34 6.17 bar
Pump - 47
Estimate and plot the system curve, including the open

globe valve, for the most severe pumping operation
(conversion factor: 1 bar = 1 x 105 Pascal).
Plot the pump curve to determine the resulting flowrate if
the globe valve remains fully open.
If the globe valve is partially closed, make a rough sketch
on your plot of what you think the system curve will look
like to produce a flowrate of 60 m3/h.
What is the very largest flowrate that could be achieved,
and under what operating conditions?
If another identical pump is to be run in parallel with the
existing pump, what will be the smallest and largest
flowrates, with the globe valve remains fully open? What
would be the smallest and largest flowrates when the two
pumps are operated in series? [Ans: 105, 129, 144, 153m3/h]
[Final exam Spring 2007]
Pump - 48

Lecture 5 - Pump Selection

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Lecture 5 - Pump Selection

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Lecture outline

Different types of pumps

Pump selection and hydraulic

H82PLD - Plant Design

Positive displacement pumps

Major types of pumps:

Reciprocating diaphragm pump

H82PLD - Plant Design

H82PLD - Plant Design

Positive displacement pumps

Positive displacement pumps

H82PLD - Plant Design

Internal gear pump

External gear pump

During liquid suction, the camber is filled with liquid, with

H82PLD - Plant Design

Most widely used type in the chemical &

(Seider et al., 2003)

(Coulson & Richardson, 1998)

H82PLD - Plant Design

H82PLD - Plant Design

Advantages of centrifugal pumps

Simple in construction made in a wide range of

Single pump does not develop high pressure

(Coulson & Richardson, 1998)

H82PLD - Plant Design

(Coulson & Richardson, 1998)

H82PLD - Plant Design

Centrifugal pump selection

* Single stage > 1750 rpm;

H82PLD - Plant Design

H82PLD - Plant Design

Factors influence pump selection

More resources on pumps

Head against the liquid to be pumped

Nature of power supply high speed centrifugal or rotary pump is

preferred with the use of electric motor/internal combustion engine

Intermittent use corrosive troubles more likely than continuous

H82PLD - Plant Design

Why pump is needed?

H82PLD - Plant Design

Why pump is needed?

(a) Supply pressure

(b) Supply height

(d) Overcome friction

H82PLD - Plant Design

H82PLD - Plant Design

Why pump is needed?

Application of Bernoulli Eq.

All these pressure needs can be summed to yield

Pressure Height Velocity Friction

It is convenient to express this total needs in unit

H82PLD - Plant Design

Application of Bernoulli Eq.

Include energy losses into Bernoulli Equation:

H82PLD - Plant Design

Flow conditions at the pump suction are of special

Nett positive suction head

NPSH available > NPSH specified by pump manufacturer

H82PLD - Plant Design

H82PLD - Plant Design

Hydraulic & actual power

Hydraulic power input of a pump:

Efficiency reaches its