Lecture 1

MEASUREMENT &
INSTRUMENTATION

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Course
ME - 471

Measurement & Instrumentation(2, 1)

Significance of measurement, planning of experiments, general
measurement system, calibration, static and dynamic measurement
sensitivity, range, accuracy, precision, repeatability, and uncertainty
of instruments, measurement errors, instruments for measurement
of length, force, torque, frequency, pressure, temperature, density,
viscosity, humidity, velocity, flow rate, sound level, light intensity,
introduction to data acquisition through computers, A / D and D / A
converters.

Recommended books
1.
Measurement Systems Applications and Design, by E. Doeblin, McGraw Hill
2.
Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements, by R. Figliola, And D.
Beasley, John Wiley.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

MEASUREMENT

Measurement is the estimation and

determination of ratio, extent,

dimension or capacity, usually in
relation to some standard or unit of
measurement.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Comparison To a Standard
In general, a metric is a scale of measurement

defined in terms of a standard

For example, if one says I am 5, that person is

indicating a measurement without supplying an

applicable standard. It could mean I am 5 years old
or I am 5 feet high.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Units of Measure
What is a unit of measure?

Act of measuring involves comparing the

magnitude of a quantity possessed by an

object with a standard unit by using an
instrument under controlled conditions.
Examples of measuring instruments

include:

Thermometer (Deg.)
Current Meter (Amps)
Pressure sensor (psi)

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Units of Measure

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

System of Units

System International (SI units)

British System of English units

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Fundamental Units of Measure

(SI Units)

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Purpose of Measurement System

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Essential Elements Of Measurement System

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Sensing Element
In contact with the information carrier and medium
Giving the signal output in related to the quantity

being measured
For Example:
Strain gauge: R depends on mechanical strain
Thermocouple: V depends on temperature

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Signal Conditioning Element

Prepare Sensors Output suitable for further

processing and presentation

Mostly use various conditioning circuits
For Example:
Deflection bridge: Converts a resistance change in
to Voltage change
o Amplifier: Amplifies millivolts to Volts

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Data Display Element

Display or store measured signal in recognizable

form
Use of Analogue to Digital form
For Example:
Visual display unit, oscilloscope
Digital screen

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Calibration
The relationship between the physical measurement

variable and the signal variable

A sensor or instrument is calibrated by applying a

number of known physical inputs and recording the

response of the system.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus