Effective Properties of Micro-Heterogeneous

Materials
Regular Course in Summer Term 2011
Lectures: Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani (V15 S06 D21)
Dates: Tuesday 9:45 - 12:00, V15 S04 C57 (rotation with exercise)
Exercises: Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani
Dates: Tuesday 9:45 - 12:00, V15 S04 D22 (rotation with lecture)
Examinations: seminar paper written with Latex (critical review on scientific
paper) and oral examination
Course material: lecture notes and additional literature
Moodle: all announcements (room changes, news, etc.) and all files required for
the exercises as well as the lecture notes are provided at moodle
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Preliminaries
Who attended the modules...?
Finite-Element-Method 1
Continuum Mechanics
Finite-Element-Method 2
At which level are your programming skills?
Matlab is required for the exercises, so please make sure before the first exercise
that you know about the basics of matlab
Do you know Latex?
Latex is a document language for the professional editing of scientific books,
papers or reports.
The seminar paper has to be written in Latex, thus, please make yourself familiar
with the basic structural elements and commands.
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Homogeneous Materials?

Macroscale Mesoscale (Microscale) Microscale

Usual procedure:
1. Assume homogeneous material
2. Perform (macroscopic) experiments to determine macroscopic material behavior
3. Construct suitable constitutive law, e.g. Hooke ( = E)
4. Calculate (macroscopic) structural problems
Limitation: Usage of simple constitutive laws is not possible for all material
classes ( anisotropy, damage evolution, plasticity, microscopic eigenstresses)
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

The Problem of Scales

Timescale:

days

Macroscale

Lengthscale:

sec

Mesoscale

meters
Systems
Structures

mm

material
matrix-/
inclusions

106 sec

1014 sec

Microscale

Nanoscale

nm

grains
crystals

molecules
atoms

Focus in this course: Different lengthscales rather than timescales

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Nanoscale Problems

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Multiphase Steels
Field of applications:
light-weight constructions, bridge structures
enhancement of crash safety

Material behavior governed by complex

composition of microstructure
several phases: inclusion phases + matrix phase

Ferritic-/perlitic steel

Ferritic-/perlitic-/martensitic steel

Stonecutters Bridge Hong Kong

Ferritic-/martensitic steel (DP-steel)

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Analysis of a DP-steel
/max[M ]

Martensite (M )

Volfrac-computation (
)
DP-steel
Ferrite (F )

l/l0

1. Laboratory generation of pure ferritic and pure martensitic steel

2. Mechanical testing (uniaxial tension) of individual phases
3. Adjustment of a simple material law to experiments
4. Identification of martensitic volume fraction (VM 0.2) and computation of
volumetric average
= VM M + VF F (volfrac computation)
Oversimplified volfrac-computation does not fit experiment of DP-steel
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Polycrystalline materials

Ferritic steel

Damascus steel

Micro-heterogeneities need not to be necessarily defined by the existence of

different materials
Polycrystals (as e.g. ferritic steels): different grains are characterized by different
crystal orientations
No matrix-inclusion microstructure
Higher stiffness at grain boundaries leads to a grain size dependency of the
material behavior
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Natural Material: Wood

Composition:

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Human Bodies are Multiscale Systems

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Hierarchical Structure of Bones

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Histology of Arterial Walls

Healthy elastic artery (Junqueira [1991]:

Collagen fibers:

Membrana
elastica interna
Endothel
Media
Intima

Adventitia

Differentiate two types of arteries:

Elastic arteries (large diameter, located close to heart, e.g. aorta)
Muscular arteries (located at periphery, e.g. cerebral arteries)
Composition:
Ground-substance
Embedded fibers (collagen-/elastin fibers, smooth muscle cells)
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Reinforcing Collagen Fibers are Substructured

columns

overlaps

microfibril
300 nm

Tropocollagen
Collagenfibril Collagenfiber
With columns
(dark stripe,
35 nm)

overlaps
(10 % of the length of Tropocollagen;
light stripe)

bundle of
Collagenfibers

67 nm

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Further Multiscale Engineering Materials

Polymers:

Glass-filled polymer

Single polymer chains

Engineering Composite Materials:

Carbon-fiber tube

Sandwich construction

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Simple Example for Scale-Bridging

Attempt to explain linear elasticity based on the description of the atomic bonding
Macroscopic observation:

At the macroscale many materials undergoing small deformations can be

described by Hookes law:
= E

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Simple Model for Atomic Bindings

Material constants (depending on kind of atoms): A and B

The stiffness of the binding is then computed by
dF
S=
dr
Evaluation of stiffness at reference state leads to

dF 
S0 =
dr r0
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Elasticity of a Crystal Lattice

Mechanical stress is computed by

Body-Centered-Cubic (BCC)

= N F = N S0(r r0)

Face-Centered-Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal-Closest-Packing (HCP)

With N bindings/unit area

1
N 2
r0
and by defining the strain
r r0
=
r0
we obtain the stresses
S0
1

2 S0 r0 =
r0
r0
and the elasticity modulus yields
S0
E , attention: r0 = f ()
r0

Crystal materials behave linear elastic in the small strain domain!

c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen

Micro-Structural Analysis
Microscale

Real micro-heterogeneous
material behavior

Approximative homogeneous
behavior at the macroscale
Macroscale

Is it possible to find the properties of a homogeneous material that approximates

the behavior of the original micro-heterogeneous case based on micro-mechanical
considerations?
c Dr.-Ing. Daniel Balzani, Institut f

ur Mechanik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen